Education and Training in Bangladesh
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Education Division documents.No.4 Education and training in Bangladesh. SIDA A sectorsurvey with special emphasis on the vocational sub- sector. A.Gorham, J. I. Lofstedt. The Institute of International Education at the University of Stockholm. .@- mlltlulll DiriLnuu; ] @ = % Il * fe IE?) - September 1982. [ ~" [" m[ UU@U [U mmé July, 1982 EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BANGLADESH: A Sector Survey with Special Emphasis on the Vocational Sub- sector. Alex Gorham Jan- ingvar Löfstedt Institute of International Education University of Stockholm TABLE oF CONTENTS Page PREFACE iV GLOSSARY Vi 1 BASIC FACTS ABOUT BANGLADESH 1 1.1 The People 1 1.2 The Economy 2 1.3 Manpower and Labour 2 1.4 The Political System 4 1.5 The Administrative System 5 2 THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 7 - 2.1 The First Five Year Plan 7 2.2 The Second Five- Year Plan 7 3 THE ROLE oF EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT STRA"EGY Si 3.1 Education in the Early 19705 €9 3.2 Early Plans and Achievements €9 3.3 The SFYP strategy 1 () 3.4 The New Educational Structure 1 22 4 PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION oF EDUCATION 1 13 4.1 Reorganization 1 13 4.2 Education Projects Under the Ministry of Education 1 7' 4.3 The Role of Other Ministries 1 5) 5 THE FORMAL EDUCATION SECTOR 22 13 5.1 Enrolment ;2 13 5.2 The Heritage ;Z I3 5.3 Selection System ;2 23 5.4 Primary Education ;Z 13 5.5 Secondary Education ;2 7' 5.6 Tertiary Education ZZ €) 5.7 Statistical Summary 5.8 13 1 Islamic Education 13 1 5.9 Technical Education 23;2 6 ALLOCATION oF RESOURCES 23(3 6.1 Priorities 23(3 7 SUMMARY oF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN FORMAL EDUCATION 13 £3 7.1 General 7.2 Primary Education I3 €3 7.3 Secondary Education :3 £3 7.4 Tertiary Education 2359 23 EJ 8 LITERACY PROMOTION Z+ 1 8.1 The Literacy Rate ei 1 8.2 The SFYP on Literacy 8.3 Literacy Organizations Z+ 1 fi 1 8.4 Feasibility and Problems £.;2 11 TABLE oF CONTENTS (continued) Page 9 FOREIGN ASSISTANCE 43 9.1 Size 9.2 Aid Agencies 43 9.3 Primary Education 43 9.4 Secondary Education 43 9.5 Tertiary Education 44> 9.6 Technical Education £44 9.7 Total Aid £44 -44 VOCATIONAL TRAINING SECTOR £+5 10 INTRODUCTION €45 10.1 Skilled Manpower Requirements: Estimates of Demand and Supply 10.2 Major Issues in Vocational Training 4fS 10.3 Technical and 4(3 Vocational Training in Bangladesh: The 10.3.1 Polytechnics Formal System £47 10.3.2 Monotechnics 4 7 10.3.3 Vocational Training Å49 Institutes (VTIS) 5() 10.3.4 Technical Training Centers (TTCS) 5 1 10.4 Underlying Causes of Low Productivity and Capacity 10.4.1 Teachers Utilization .53 10.4.2 Physical Facilities 513 10.4.3 5f5 The Costs of Vocational and Technical Training 10.4.4 Course Content and Length 156 10.4.5 Labour Market Links 6() 10.4.6 Coordination 6 1 €32 10.5 Non-Formal Skill Development 64. 10.5.1 Existing Non-Formal Programs 6Å4 10.5.2 Community Schools and Non-Formal Training 10.5.3 Organization - (36 of Non Formal Training at Community Schools 10.5.4 The Modular Approach 6 7 10.5.5 The Proposed IL0 Non- €38 Formal Program in Bangladesh 65) 10.6 Conclusions 10.6.1 Recommendations 619 7 1 REFERENCES 713 APPENDICES 1 Consultants' Program in Bangladesh 2 Population Statistics 3 Basic Statistics on Population and Education for Bangladesh in the 19705 4 Participation of the 15-22 Age Group in Technical and Vocational Education in the 19705 - a Comparative Perspective 5 The Administrativestructure of Technical and in Bangladesh Vocational Training 6 Technical and Vocational Education in the Bangladesh System of Education in the 19705 7 Some Voluntary Organizations Involved in Non-Formal Programs Education and Receiving Financial Assistance from Abroad 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) APPENDICES (cQntinued) 8 Labour Migration from Bangladesh to the Middle east 1976- 1979 9 Population and Labour Force in Bangladesh 1979- 1985 10 Capacity Utilization of Technical Training Institutions in Bangladesh 1979 11 lntake Capacity and Trade Coursts Offered at Vocational Training Institutes 12 Allocation of Trades to VTIS - 1 3 SIDA Supported VTI Equipment Scheme: Summary of Project Components and Costs - 1 4 SIDA Supported VTI Programme: Smmnary of Capital Costs - 1 5 SIDA Supported VTI Equipment Scheme: Time Schedule for Project Implementation 1 6 Training Statistics from 5 TTCX - 1 7 Intake Capacity of Full Time Courses Offered at 5 Technical Training Centres - 1 8 Part Time Trade Courses Offered at TTCS 1 9 Uacca Polytechnic: Rates (Z) of Dropouts, Passes and Output, 1974-79 2() Intake Capacity of Trade Courses Offered in Bangladesh Polytechnics 2 1 Entrance Qualifications and Intake Capacity of Trade Courses at Monotechnics (1979- 80) 212 Ministry of Youth Development: Enrolment in Modular Courses (6 months) at VTIS 1980-81 2 3 Ministry of Manpower Development and Social Nelfare: Apprenticeship and In - plant Training Programmes 2 4 ADB Community Schools Project: Summary of Project Costs 2 5 ADB Community Schools Project: Equipment Cost Estimates 2ZéS Repayment Performance on Rural Loan Schemes: The Grameen Bank Project 2 7 Repayment Performance on Rural Loan Schemes: The Rural Family and Child Nelfare Project iV PREFACE During the 19705 Swedish aid to education in Bangladesh has concentrated on efforts to increase the output of skilled manpower from the country's vocational training system. While attention has generally been focused on formar training instituticns, there iF also a growing lnterest in the potential of informal and non- formar modes of training for meeting these manpower goals and requirements. In particular, there is a desire on the part of both national educational authorities and support - ing development agencies alike, to explore the possibilities for using existing education structures, equipment and personnel to extend a wide range of training services to various target groups in both the urban and rural sector. Clearly, a prerequisite to such efforts is an overall aware- ness of the different education and training facilities presently available in Bangladesh, especially as regards those which are designed for the development of skilled manpower to meet the country's economic needs. The purpose of this paper therefore is to provide an up- to - date description of the educational sector in Bangladesh Hud, within the general framework, to analyse various aspects of the country's vocational training sub- sector. Thus, while we will look at all aspects of the educational system in Bangladesh, we will be primarily concerned with those projects and programmes which deal with labour market oriented voc - ational training. dur conclusions and recommendations also reflect this priority. The present study has been cQmmisaioned by tbe Swedish lnLör national Development Authority(SIDA) and has been carried out in accordance with the terms of a research agreement between SIDA and the Institute of International Education, University of Stockholm. The study has gone through the following stages: on the basis of available documentation, a desk study of education and training in Bangladesh was carried out in Stockholm in late 1981. These findings were then discussed with SIDA personnel in early 1982 and SErVCd as a framework for a consultants' visit to Bangladesh in - February March,1982. During a three week stay in the country, additional material was collected, various educational and training programmes visited and discussions held with educat- ional authorities in Dacca and at the regional and local levels. This combined information has been used to revise the original draft desk study and to prepare a final report with specific recommendations regarding areas of future SIDA support to education and training in Bangladesh. A number of individuals and authorities have contributed to this study. In particular we would like to thank Mr. Sven- Bertil Magnusson, who participateo in the consultants visit to Bangladesh and whose observations have been incorporated into the final report. Appreciation is also expressed to Mr. Lennart Nilsson, SIDA Project - Advisor in Bangladesh who provided a number of important insights into the Vocational Training Institute project supported by Swedish develop- mont aid, and to Mr. Habibur Rahman, who acted as our guide and interpreter while we were in Bangladesh. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the assistance received from SIDA personnel both at the Education Division in Stockholm and at the Development Co-operation Office in Dacca. Stockholm, 2 June,1982 Alex Gorham Jan- ingvar Löfstedt Vi GLOSSARY ADB Asian Development Bank BANBEIS Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics BARD Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development BMET Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute DTE Directorate of Technical Education FFYP First Five- Year Plan FREPD Foundation for Research on Educational Planning Gram Sarkar Village Council HSC Higher Secondary Certificate IL0 International Labour Office LDC Lees Developed Country MOE Ministry of Education MOLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives MOLIN Ministry of Labour and Industrial Welfar - 1 MOLMSN 1/ Ministry of Labour, Manpower and Social Nelfare MOHDSW Ministry 1/ of Manpower Development and Social Welfare- MWA Ministry of Nomens'Affairs MYD Ministry of Youth Development NCSDT National Council for Skill Development and Training NFRRHD National Foundation for Research on Human Resources Development NSI National Skill Instructor PTI Primary Teachers' Training Institute RSSC Rural Social Service Centre - SEIB Socio economic Indicators of Bangladesh SFYP Second Five- Year Plan SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SSC Secondary School Certificate SSCI Small Scale and Cottage Industries SYB Statistical Yearbook 1/ MOLIW and MOMDSN were merged to form HOLMSW in 1982, but are referred to as separate ministries in several documents.