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The Modernity of Witchcraft in the Ghanaian Online Setting

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The Modernity of Witchcraft in the Ghanaian Online Setting The Modernity of Witchcraft in the Ghanaian Online Setting A Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) By Idris Simon Riahi Bayreuth International Graduate School of African Studies (BIGSAS) University of Bayreuth, Germany Supervisor: Professor Dr. Ulrich Berner 18.09.17 ii Erklärung Ich versichere hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Darüber hinaus versichere ich, dass ich weder bisher Hilfe von gewerblichen Promotionsberatern bzw. –vermittlern in Anspruch genommen habe, noch künftig in Anspruch nehmen werde. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und ist auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Bielefeld, 09/18/17 Idris Simon Riahi iii Widmung Ich widme diese Arbeit meinen geliebten Eltern. Ihr habt nie mehr, aber auch nie weniger verlangt, als dass ich meine Wege selbst wähle und gehe. Dabei wart Ihr immer meine stillen Begleiter. iv Danksagungen Vielen Personen gilt Dank für ihre stille oder offene Unterstützung zur Erstellung dieser Dissertation. Ich denke besonders an meine Lehrer, meine Familie und meine Freunde, die das Entstehen dieser Arbeit begleitet haben. Zuallererst danke ich Prof. Dr. Ulrich Berner, der mich das Thema frei wählen und gestalten ließ. Prof. Berners Ratschläge und seine treffenden Einschätzungen waren wegweisend und haben mir immer wieder geholfen, die konkreten Stärken in meinem Thema zu finden, herauszuarbeiten und schließlich gebündelt darzustellen. Ich danke meinen beiden Mentoren: Prof. Dr. Dirk Johannsen für eine sehr aufmerksame Betreuung. Die vielen Gespräche haben mir Perspektive und Mut gegeben, den Blick auch auf die geschichtlichen Aspekte meines Themas zu lenken. Prof. Dr. Dymitr Ibriszimow danke ich, weil er mir, auch über die Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema hinaus, Freude am wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten bereitet hat, indem er in vielen Gesprächen immer wieder zeigte, wie lohnenswert es ist, kreativ zu sein und gelegentlich über den ‚Tellerrand‘ des Unmittelbaren zu blicken. Jedes Treffen mit ihm war inspirierend. Des Weiteren möchte ich meiner lieben Familie danken, die mir Raum zur Erholung geschaffen hat: meinen Eltern Mustapha und Gisela, meinem Bruder Kerim, meiner Schwägerin Sandra und meinen Neffen Tom und Ben. Meine liebste Laura hat mir insbesondere in den letzten Monaten vor dem Einreichen der Dissertation viel Ruhe, Kraft, Klarheit und schöne erholsame Momente geschenkt. Besonderer Dank gilt meinem Freunden: Arnold Hohmann Sen., der mich immer wieder dazu eingeladen hat, ihm Ideen und ganze Teile der Dissertation ausführlich vorzutragen, um jedes Detail zu prüfen; ebenso danke ich auch Leo Igwe, der mich als Kollege und Freund über die Jahre begleitet hat. Ich bedanke mich bei Florian Koch und seinen Eltern Wolfgang und Karla für die Einladung in einen stillen Rückzugsort zum Verfassen der Arbeit. Martin Ashauer und Hendrik Hornig danke ich für das Lesen und Besprechen von Kapiteln und Teilen der Dissertation; und schließlich spreche ich meinen Dank aus an meine Freunde Jörg Böhner, Michael Güse, Suat Heber, Arnold Hohmann Jun., Cenk Kavakbaşı, Stefan Pohl und Michael Seifert für ihren Beistand und Ablenkung zur rechten Zeit. 5 Table of Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................11 1.1 Witchcraft in Africa – A Primer..............................................................................................................13 1.2 Literature Review: Witchcraft and Magic as a Challenge to ‘Western’ Thinking?.................................17 1.2.1 The Ambiguous Attitude Towards Magic in the West....................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Early Western Scholarship on Witchcraft in Africa...........................................................................21 1.2.3 More Recent Debates on Witchcraft................................................................................................. 25 1.2.4 “The Modernity of Witchcraft in Africa”.......................................................................................... 26 1.2.5 Recent Criticism of the Modernity Paradigm................................................................................... 31 1.2.6 Witchcraft and Popular Culture in Ghana......................................................................................... 34 1.2.7 Witchcraft – A Subject for Religious Studies?.................................................................................. 36 1.3 Studying Witchcraft on the Internet........................................................................................................39 1.3.1 Approaching the Online Setting from a Religious Studies Perspective.............................................39 1.3.2 Internet Use in Africa—Ghana in Particular..................................................................................... 43 1.3.3 Sources, Collection and Material...................................................................................................... 45 1.4 The Historical Data Collection............................................................................................................... 51 2 Historical Background: Early Modern and Modern European Encounters with West African Witchcraft..................................................................................................................................................... 53 2.1 Early Modern, Pre-Colonial Encounters: The Portuguese in West Africa..............................................57 2.1.1 Portuguese Expansion to West Africa in the 15th-Century............................................................... 57 2.1.2 Early Portuguese Encounters with African Witchcraft......................................................................60 2.1.3 African Witchcraft during the Slave Trade........................................................................................65 2.1.4 Contrasting Views on Witchcraft in History—African and Portuguese............................................ 70 2.2 Modern, Colonial Encounters: The Norddeutsche Mission in Ghana.....................................................80 2.2.1 The Norddeutsche Missionsgesellschaft and its Activities Among the Ewe Society in the 19th- and early 20th-Centuries.................................................................................................................................. 83 2.2.2 Missionary Correspondence............................................................................................................. 93 2.2.3 Witchcraft in Bremen Missionary Correspondence.......................................................................... 94 2.3 Summary and Discussion....................................................................................................................... 99 3 Empirical Chapter: Witchcraft in Ghanaian Online Newspapers....................................................... 103 3.1 Witchcraft in Politics and Economy..................................................................................................... 103 3.1.1 The Witch-Hunt Metaphor.............................................................................................................. 104 3.1.2 The Witch Camps........................................................................................................................... 107 3.1.3 Case – Akua Donkor: “I will use my witchcraft to make everything free”.....................................112 3.1.4 Case: Anita De-Soso and “Dwarf Economics”............................................................................... 119 3.2 Witchcraft and Illness........................................................................................................................... 125 3.3 Witchcraft and Violence....................................................................................................................... 127 3.3.1 Homicide........................................................................................................................................ 127 6 3.3.2 Physical Assault.............................................................................................................................. 141 3.3.3 Deprivation of Liberty.................................................................................................................... 147 3.3.4 Witchcraft and Sexual Violence...................................................................................................... 155 3.3.5 Miscellaneous Cases....................................................................................................................... 160 3.4 Witchcraft: Celebrities and Popular People.......................................................................................... 162 3.4.1 Case – Actress Rose Akua Attaa Mensah: “I Am A Witch”............................................................ 163 3.4.2 Case – Richard Kingson: “My Wife Is Not A Witch”..................................................................... 166 3.4.3 Case – Emmanuel Adebayor..........................................................................................................
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