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Loss and Damage from Climate Change Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Reinhard Mechler · Laurens M. Bouwer Thomas Schinko · Swenja Surminski JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer Editors Loss and Damage from Climate Change Concepts, Methods and Policy Options Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Series editors Reinhard Mechler, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria Swenja Surminski, London School of Economics, London, UK This book series is devoted to the growing body of studies that provide analytical insight for policy-making and implementation for bridging climate change adaptation, disaster management and development sectors. It is reflective on all aspects of the climate risk management process, including assessment, mapping, identification, communication, implementation, governance and evaluation of climate risks and management responses. Topics may span across global, national, regional, sectoral and local scales. The series invites multi-disciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, combining insights from natural science, engineering and social sciences; emphasizing existing gaps, particularly in the area of decision-making, governance and international relations. The series furthermore offers both theoretical and practical contributions, with the aim to further academic study and thinking, as well as advancing policy making and implementation of climate risk management processes and tools. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15515 Reinhard Mechler • Laurens M. Bouwer Thomas Schinko • Swenja Surminski JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer Editors Loss and Damage from Climate Change Concepts, Methods and Policy Options Editors Reinhard Mechler Thomas Schinko International Institute for Applied International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria Laxenburg, Austria Laurens M. Bouwer Swenja Surminski Deltares London School of Economics Delft, The Netherlands London, UK and JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer International Institute for Applied Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) Systems Analysis Hamburg, Germany Laxenburg, Austria ISSN 2510-1390 ISSN 2510-1404 (electronic) Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance ISBN 978-3-319-72025-8 ISBN 978-3-319-72026-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018950207 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword I: Perspective from Saint Lucia In his valedictory address, my son recently quoted a passage from a Dr. Seuss book that I often read to him and his brother at bedtime: “You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose”. Words cannot describe how proud I am of both of my courageous young boys and their well-earned accomplishments and expectations of the bright future ahead. And yet, I am concerned that this future may not unfold on the small Caribbean island that my family calls home. I fear that the feet in those shoes will soon be submerged by rising seas and the direction in which they will be able to steer themselves will grow more and more limited, as our small island economy continues to be battered by the effects of climate change. For those of us from small island developing states climate change threatens our very survival, as sea levels rise, storm surges become ever more devastating, hurricanes become increasingly severe, the ocean acidifies, and rising temperatures lead to aridity and dwindling freshwater resources. This is why representatives from Small Island Developing States (SIDS) fought so hard for the 1.5 °C global temperature limit in the Paris Agreement. For us, it is a matter of survival. While I remain optimistic that concerted global action will achieve the ambitious goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit tem- perature rise to 1.5 °C, in the interim, the particularly vulnerable, including our small island populations, will experience impacts from climate change to which it will be impossible to adapt. The recognition that climate change will cause loss and damage that is “beyond adaptation” has been acknowledged by the IPCC as “limits to adaptation” and has further led to the establishment of a dedicated mechanism under the UNFCCC—the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM)—to address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts. It has further resulted in the treatment of loss and damage in a stand-alone article in the Paris Agreement (Article 8). But recognition must be followed by action. SIDS and other vulnerable countries must be supported, as they bear the brunt of coping with unavoidable loss and damage associated with changes to the climate that are attributable to others. This is no easy task and the world needs to maintain the Paris momentum of 2015 for this global fight. v vi Foreword I: Perspective from Saint Lucia The scientific community is called upon to support policy-makers to ensure that we handle the challenge in the most effective and well-informed manner. This book provides a valuable contribution to this effort. For the first time, the current sci- entific research and resulting knowledge on loss and damage has been collected in one comprehensive volume, allowing us to take stock of what we know and don’t know, especially in areas of critical importance to SIDS, including implementing comprehensive climate risk management approaches; addressing slow onset events; financing efforts to address loss and damage; and understanding what institutional and legal arrangements are required to ensure the most effective responses. Of particular importance to the sustainable future of small islands are the impacts from slow onset events—including sea level rise, permanent rises in temperature and ocean acidification. Understanding the nature of these events and their impacts will require dedicated attention, because they are already beginning to affect countries and are certain to continue. Slow impact events severely limit the applicability of traditional risk management approaches and require novel solutions. It is my hope that this book will lay a foundation for further research in this area and foster enhanced understanding and closer cooperation between the scientific community and policy-makers on this and other critical matters. This is essential as we move forward in our work with the aim of addressing loss and damage. There is much to be gained in terms of facilitating effective decision-making that is grounded in science and far too much to be lost if we continue to tarry or get it wrong on this exigent issue of loss and damage. Dawn Pierre-Nathoniel Deputy Chief, Sustainable Development and Environment Officer Department of Sustainable Development Saint Lucia Foreword II: Perspective of Germany Climate change can manifest itself in many ways, often with the most dramatic consequences for the poor and vulnerable. While our generation still has the means to avert catastrophic outcomes by drastically cutting carbon emissions, some con- sequences are already felt today, with a profound effect to already pressing social, environmental and economic issues. “Every year a thousand people die here from cholera that is spread by flooding, and during the rainy season, many people are forced from their homes”, Daviz Simango, Mayor of Beira, Mozambique, explains. The global community increasingly acknowledges climate risks and puts ever more effort into finding innovative ways to cope with them on the ground. Equally, development efforts need to build resilience against climate-related shocks and stressors. The Paris Agreement provides a solid basis and reminds rich countries of their responsibility. This is why Germany via the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
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