DOCSLIB.ORG

Comprehensive Climate Risk Management Promising Pathways to Avert, Minimise and Address Loss and Damage

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comprehensive Climate Risk Management Promising Pathways to Avert, Minimise and Address Loss and Damage Comprehensive Climate Risk Management Promising pathways to avert, minimise and address Loss and Damage Impacts of climate change – a growing challenge Averting, minimising and addressing Loss & for sustainable development Damage – international policy discourse Impacts of climate change can already be felt today. Recent The topic of growing risks from climate change is reflected in climate projections anticipate a significant increase in the fre- the international policy agendas of the Sendai Framework, as quency and/or magnitude of extreme weather events such as part of the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster storms and floods as well as slow-onset changes, for instance Reduction (UNISDR) and the United Nations Framework sea level rise and desertification. These trends pose a growing Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Under the UNFCCC, risk in all countries to achieve the sustainable development the topic of L&D has gained growing attention, which led to goals, particularly for poor and vulnerable people in develop- the establishment of the Warsaw International Mechanism ing countries. They affect livelihoods, ecosystems, economic for Loss and Damage (WIM) in 2013. In 2015, the Paris Agree- performance, key assets and jeopardise poverty eradication ment emphasised its importance by introducing L&D as achievements. standalone article. Irrespective of ongoing climate policy efforts, some degree “ Parties recognize the importance of of residual risk of climate change remains in all countries for averting, minimizing and addressing loss all plausible scenarios. They affect human and natural systems and damage associated with the adverse and may result in economic and non-economic losses and damages. To effectively respond to the entire spectrum of risks, effects of climate change….” the diverse set of adaptation approaches needs to be under- ARTICLE 8 OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT stood as complementary pieces of a puzzle, linking existing with more innovative tools in a more comprehensive way. This would allow managing these growing risks effectively to avert, minimise and address loss and damage. Under all assessed scenarios for mitigation and adaptation, risk from residual damage is unavoidable (very high confidence). IPCC 2014 Published by: Averting, minimising and addressing L&D – To avert L&D, mitigating greenhouse gases and sustainable a risk-based approach development at global level remain paramount. To minimise L&D, it combines a smart mix of instruments that are already GIZ advocates a risk-based approach to manage L&D. By applied in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduc- analysing risks and identifying suitable solutions on a technical tion. These tools are complemented by more innovative level, this approach supports decision makers from the public adaptation tools, such as risk finance and transformational and private sector in forward-looking planning. approaches to address L&D. These tools include risk insurance, social protection, human mobility, flexibility in decision making Comprehensive Climate Risk Management (CRM) is an and adaptive management. approach that aims to manage risk along the entire risk continuum, from short-term extreme weather events such as CRM implies that all sectors factor risks into plans, including storms and floods to long-term gradual changes such as sea considering how risks may affect action across sectors. At pre- level rise and desertification. Instead of applying individual sent, existing approaches to include CRM and L&D in national and standalone measures, it involves a combination of proven policy rely on their strong linkage to and possible integration and innovative instruments that enlarges our understand- into current processes such as National Adaptation Planning ing of adaptation as integrated, participatory and iterative (NAP), development planning, existing Disaster Risk Reduction approach to manage climate-related risk. and Management (DRR/DRM) policy, as well as the (re)orienta- tion of national policies towards sustainable development. Institutional integration is crucial for mainstreaming CRM and L&D considerations into new and existing development plan- ning and budgeting processes, within all relevant institutions, sectors, and levels. © e) G ag I Z am / G D lo nd ba a l P ss ro Lo gr e ( am ng m ha e o e C n R at isk Clim Asse n to ssmen ptatio t and Management for Ada DECISION MAKING & IMPLEMENTATION CLIMATE RISK ASSESSMENT Based on the identified CRM measures and related costs, Climate risk assessment builds the foundation for successful CRM. decision makers from the public and private sector are enabled By identifying risk, assessing the magnitude of impacts on people, to better prioritise, fund and implement options assets and ecosystems CRM shows possible options for action and (How will we respond?). answers the question: How could we respond? Monitoring and evaluating the implemented measures leads The assessment shows how climate change and extreme weather to continuous learning that feeds into the CRM cycle and events interact with socio-economic factors. The interaction informs future decisions. of these factors determines the overall risk for the affected population. The assessment includes evaluating the magnitude of the expected impacts and identifying the costs and benefits of the most promising risk management options. Opportunity costs show that anticipatory planning pays off. This integrated evaluation demonstrates effective measures for dealing with risks and forms the basis for the integration of climate policy measures into public budgets and national policies. © e) G ag I Z am / G D lo nd ba a l P ss ro Lo gr e ( am ng m ha e o e C n R at isk Clim Asse n to ssmen ptatio t and Management for Ada CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES To identify the smartest mix of instruments, it is crucial to and marginalised populations on top of the cost-benefit-ratio of understand the organisational and economic ability of countries, measures. Uncertainty regarding future climate change implies communities and the private sector to adapt and respond to risk. that measures of incremental nature will not always be sufficient. These factors play an important role for identifying the right In addition, measures that have transformational character and measures ensuring climate-resilient development pathways. Due involve fundamental changes need to be considered to appropri- to the partly subjective nature of risk assessment, it is not pos- ately manage current and future climate-related risk. sible to identify appropriate CRM measures solely through cost benefit analysis. Many important aspects cannot be quantified Comprehensive climate risk management builds on the strong and/or monetized but might have a significant impact especially participation of stakeholders from different sectors and scales. It on poor people. Identifying appropriate measures is context-spe- proposes a set of instruments that enables stakeholders to take cific and needs to consider the following factors: a suitable com- timely action for enhancing preparedness to climate-related bination of different measures, measures that foster sustainable extreme events and for strengthening overall resilience, including development and stakeholder participation to include affected slow-onset events: Averting L&D – mitigation and sustainable development at global level The magnitude of adverse impacts by climate change depends largely on the global emissions pathway in the coming years and decades. To keep climate change manageable, climate change mitigation is paramount. Hence, taking action to keep global warming well below 2° C compared to pre-industrial levels, as agreed to in the Paris Agreement, and to even limit it to 1,5° C, is an important step for managing climate-related risk. Sustainable development at all levels includes using renewable energy or switching to low-carbon transportation and lifestyles. Sustainable development paths offer multiple co-benefits such as better air quality and energy access. Adaptation measures like afforestation of mangroves and agroforestry entail similar co-benefits. Minimising L&D – smart combination of proven tools already applied in adaptation Main definitions according to the IPCCC and disaster risk reduction Impacts Instruments that are already applied in the field of climate change “[…] Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, adaptation (e.g. “drought-resistant crops”, “climate-proof cities health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services, and infrastructure”, ecosystem-based adaptation) are combined and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate changes with tools of disaster risk reduction (e.g. contingency planning, or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific early warning systems). time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system. […]” Incremental Adaptation “Adaptation actions where the central aim is to maintain the Addressing L&D – innovative adaptation essence and integrity of a system or process at a given scale.” instruments, e.g. risk finance and insurance as well as transformational approaches Transformational adaptation “Adaptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a © e) G ag Addressing L&D is another critical pillar of adaptation and IZ m system in response to climate and its effects.” / a G D comprehensive CRM. lo nd ba a l P ss ro Lo gr e ( Risk am ng Risk finance mechanisms such as climate risk insurance, contin- m ha e o e C n R
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climate Action Plan Executive Summary
    Climate Action Plan Executive Summary Commission on Climate Change August 2008 Executive Summary climate action plan • 3 Report Overview n April 20, 2007, Governor Martin O’Malley signed Executive Order 01.01.2007.07 (the Order) establishing the Maryland Commission on Climate Change (the Commission). Sixteen State agency heads and six members of the General Assembly comprise the Commission. The principal Ocharge of the Commission is to develop a Plan of Action (the Climate Action Plan) to address the drivers of climate change, to prepare for its likely impacts in Maryland, and to establish goals and timetables for implementation. The Order emphasized Maryland’s particular vulnerability to climate change impacts of sea level rise, increased storm intensity, extreme droughts and heat waves, and increased wind and rainfall events. It recognized that human activities such as coastal development, burning of fossil fuels, and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are contributing to the causes and consequences of climate change. While noting Maryland’s recent climate initiatives, the Order emphasized that continued leadership by example by Maryland State and local governments is imperative. The Commission is supported by three Working Groups whose members were appointed by the Commission Chair, Shari T. Wilson, Secretary, Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE): Scientific and Technical Working Group (STWG), chaired by Donald Boesch, President, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and co-chaired by Frank W. Dawson, Assistant Secretary of Maryland’s Department of Natural Resources (DNR); Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Mitigation Working Group (MWG), chaired by George (Tad) Aburn, Director of MDE’s Air and Radiation Management Administration, and co-chaired by Malcolm Woolf, Director, Maryland Energy Administration (MEA); and Adaptation and Response Working Group (ARWG), chaired by John R.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS)
    Second Progress Report on the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS) CONTENTS A. The German Adaptation Strategy (DAS): objectives, principles and processes ............................... 4 A.1. The DAS: principles and objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 A.2. The DAS reporting cycle ................................................................................................................................. 5 A.3. The DAS, APA and Progress Report in review ................................................................................................. 8 A.4. European Union and international integration ............................................................................................ 11 B. Current findings and results ........................................................................................................ 13 B.1. Monitoring: climatic changes, impacts and adaptation responses ............................................................. 13 B.2. Vulnerability assessment ............................................................................................................................. 18 B.3. APA II implementation and APA III preparation process .............................................................................. 33 B.4. Adaptation measures by other actors .......................................................................................................... 35 B.5. Evaluation of
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Insurance Into Climate Risk Management
    INTEGRATING INSURANCE INTO CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT Conceptual Framework, Tools and Guiding Questions: Examples from the Agricultural Sector HOSTED BY Authors Gaby Ramm (Munich Climate Insurance Initiative − MCII advisory group member) Kehinde Balogun (Munich Climate Insurance Initiative − MCII) Matthias Range (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH − GIZ) Co-authors Maxime Souvignet (MCII) We thank our contributors for their • Olu Ajayi (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation − CTA) strong partnership and dedication • Florent Baarsch ( International Fund for Agricultural Development – IFAD) to provide in-depth feedback as • Daniela Bohl (GIZ) Peer Reviewers to this document: • Toon Bullens (Microinsurance Association Netherlands − MIAN) • Emily Coleman (IFAD) • Massimo Giovanola (IFAD) • Michael Hamp (IFAD) • Rachael Hansen (MCII) • Jon Hellin (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center − CIMMYT) • Peter Hoeppe (MCII Chairman) • Vilma Hossini (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk − THW) • Rhea Katsanakis (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction − UNISDR) • Nina Koeksalan (Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO) • Soenke Kreft (MCII) • Thomas Loster (Munich Re Foundation) • Jennifer Phillips (MCII) • Sandra Schuster (GIZ) • Mia Thom (Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion − CENFRI) • Branko Wehnert (GIZ) • Sebastian Wiegele (GIZ) • Michael Zissener (MCII) • Sabrina Zwick (MCII) 2 Abstract Today, emerging new risks from climate change and increasing GmbH (GIZ) have
    [Show full text]
  • CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018
    CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018 Page 1 CDP Climate Change Questionnaire 2018 C0 Introduction Introduction (C0.1) Give a general description and introduction to your organization. Response options This is an open text question. MetLife, Inc. (NYSE: MET), through its subsidiaries and affiliates (“MetLife”), is one of the world’s leading financial services companies, providing insurance, annuities, employee benefits and asset management to help its individual and institutional customers navigate their changing world. Founded in 1868, MetLife has operations in more than 40 countries and holds leading market positions in the United States, Japan, Latin America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. MetLife is providing the answers to this Questionnaire at the request of CDP. The statements contained herein do not constitute warranties, guarantees, obligations or commitments. Any forward-looking statements contained herein are based on present knowledge and circumstances, may turn out to be incorrect and are not guarantees of future performance. MetLife is not obligated to correct, revise or update information given in this Questionnaire. (C0.2) State the start and end date of the year for which you are reporting data. Response options Please complete the following table. You are able to add rows by using the “Add Row” button at the bottom of the table. 2017-01-01 - 2017-12-31 (C0.3) Select the countries for which you will be supplying data. Response options Please complete the following table: Page 2 Country Hong Kong Greece Select all that apply: India Hungary [Country drop-down list] Japan Ireland Brazil Malaysia Italy Chile Nepal Poland Argentina South Korea Portugal Australia Vietnam Romania Bangladesh Bulgaria Russia Colombia Cyprus Slovakia Ecuador Czech Republic Spain Mexico France Turkey United States of America China Oman Uruguay Ukraine Qatar Egypt United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Jordan Bahrain United Arab Emirates Kuwait Lebanon (C0.4) Select the currency used for all financial information disclosed throughout your response.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Risk Management
    Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery Bureau for Development Policy/ Energy and Environment Group Climate Risk Management Climate-related hazards, including drought, floods, due to global warming are accompanied by changes in cyclones, sea-level rise and extreme temperatures, the frequency and intensity of these extreme events. have enormous impact on the socio-economic Exposure to climate-related hazards, coupled with development of a society. The frequency, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity to magnitude and duration of damaging climate reduce or respond to damaging consequences, results conditions are changing. It is now widely in disasters and losses. Managing climate-related risks, understood that efforts to address the impacts of therefore, is a key enabler of development. Identifying adverse climatic conditions on human development and reducing risks associated with climate-related must be undertaken within the context of a longer- hazards can help to protect people, livelihoods and term vision of development. UNDP is supporting a assets, thereby promoting the achievement of wide range of countries to manage risks related to development goals. climate variability and change through the Climate Risk Management Technical Assistance Support WHAT IS CRM? Project (TASP). With climate change, it is likely that assumptions concerning the frequency and severity of climate- CLIMATE RISKS AND DEVELOPMENT related hazards derived from historical experience may Risk itself is a disincentive for development. For no longer be a reliable basis for evaluating near-term example, populations in high-risk areas, who risks. Despite growing awareness of climate risks, experience frequent loss of life, destruction of assets national institutions are often inadequately prepared to and other negative effects on physical, mental and respond to and prevent risks related to multiple and social well-being, become risk-averse.
    [Show full text]
  • California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience
    California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 UCLA School of Law Welcome California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Keynote Address: California Insurance Commissioner Ricardo Lara California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Panel 1: Physical Risk Assessment, Impact Mitigation, and Insurance • Alex Hall, UCLA Center for Climate Science • Alice Hill, Hoover Institution • Kristen Torres Pawling, County of Los Angeles • LeRoy Westerling, UC Merced School of Engineering Moderator: Sean Hecht, UCLA School of Law California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Break California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Panel 2: Nature-based Solutions • Secretary of Ecology and Environment Alfredo Arellano, State of Quintana Roo, Mexico • David BurtonPerry, Swiss Re • Deborah Halberstadt, UC Davis Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute • Raghuveer Vinukollu, Munich Re Moderator: Louis Blumberg, Blumberg West Consulting California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience July 23, 2019 | UCLA School of Law Parametric Insurance Policy to Cover Beaches Recovery and Coral Reefs Quintana Roo, México California Climate Risk: Insurance-Based Approaches to Mitigation and Resilience Panel 2: Nature-based Solutions July, 23, 2019 Alfredo Arellano Guillermo Ministry of Environment State Government of Quintana Roo, México [email protected] Beach Erosion 2010 Playa del Carmen 2017 Hotel Porto Real Coastline 2010 Coastline 2017 Coral Reefs on Risk Coral Reefs are affected by: • Diseases • Water Pollution • Bleaching • Recreational activities • Hurricanes: Experts consider that hurricanes category 4 and 5 passing less than 65 km from the reefs are very likely to damage it (Alvarez-Filipp, et.al.
    [Show full text]
  • Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures
    Implementing the Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures June 2017 June 2017 Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure i Contents A Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Structure of Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 2 3. Application of Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 3 4. Assessing Financial Impacts of Climate-Related Risks and Opportunities ............................................................ 4 B Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 11 C Guidance for All Sectors .............................................................................................................................. 14 1. Governance ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Strategy .......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Climate Risk Management for Climate Proofing Projects
    PRINCIPLES OF CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT FOR CLIMATE PROOFING PROJECTS Paul Watkiss, Robert Wilby, and Charles Andrew Rodgers NO. 69 ADB SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT July 2020 WORKING PAPER SERIES ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series Principles of Climate Risk Management for Climate Proofing Projects Paul Watkiss, Robert Wilby, and Charles Paul Watkiss is the director of Paul Watkiss Associates, Andrew Rodgers and works as a senior adaptation consultant for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). No. 69 | July 2020 Robert Wilby is a professor of hydroclimatic modelling at the School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Loughborough University, United Kingdom. Charles Andrew Rodgers is a senior climate change risk management and adaptation consultant at ADB. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. Publication Stock No. WPS200203-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS200203-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Management and Resilience Optimisation for Vulnerable Road Access in Africa
    Climate Adaptation: Risk Management and Resilience Optimisation for Vulnerable Road Access in Africa Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Guidelines Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Paige-Green Consulting (Pty) Ltd and St Helens Consulting Ltd ReCAP Project GEN2014C August 2019 Preferred citation: Le Roux, A., Makhanya, S., Arnold, K., Roux, M. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Paige-Green Consulting (Pty) Ltd and St Helens Consulting Ltd (2019). Climate Adaptation: Risk Management and Resilience Optimisation for Vulnerable Road Access in Africa, Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Guidelines, AfCAP Project GEN2014C. London: ReCAP for DFID. For further information, please contact Alize le Roux, [email protected] ReCAP Project Management Unit Cardno Emerging Market (UK) Ltd Level 5, Clarendon Business Centre 42 Upper Berkeley Street, Marylebone London W1H 5PW United Kingdom The views in this document are those of the authors and they do not necessarily reflect the views of the Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP), the CSIR, Paige-Green Consulting (Pty) Ltd, St Helens Consulting Ltd or Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd, for whom the document was prepared. Cover Photo: Alize le Roux Quality assurance and review table Version Author(s) Reviewer(s) Date 1 A le Roux, S Makhanya, K Arnold, JM L Sampson & Dr J Cook, August 2017 Mwenge Kahinda ReCAP PMU 2 A le Roux, S Makhanya, K Arnold, M Roux L Sampson & Dr J Cook, January 2018 ReCAP PMU 3 A le Roux, S Makhanya, K Arnold, M
    [Show full text]
  • How Insurance Can Support Climate Resilience Swenja Surminski, Laurens M
    opinion & comment COMMENTARY: How insurance can support climate resilience Swenja Surminski, Laurens M. Bouwer and Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer Insurance is gaining importance in and beyond the climate negotiations and offers many opportunities to improve climate risk management in developing countries. However, some caution is needed, if current momentum is to lead to genuine progress in making the most vulnerable more resilient to climate change. as 2015 ‘the year of climate of governments and individuals across value for money. Some critics point out insurance’? Statements emerging the world. that traditional insurance is an expensive Wfrom the G7 leaders and COP21 mechanism with high transaction and in Paris certainly suggest so. Article 8 of the … but some scepticism remains capital costs, making premiums far higher Paris Agreement includes “Risk insurance Any new insurance scheme in developing than expected losses. This suggests that facilities, climate risk pooling and other countries needs to overcome difficult adaptation funds might be better spent on insurance solutions” as areas of action1. challenges, including lack of risk data, other types of safety net rather than on Earlier in the year, at their summit in limited financial literacy, and weak financial buying insurance cover from international Germany, the leaders of the G7 launched a infrastructure; it also needs high levels of insurance markets8. new Initiative on Climate Risk Insurance support to make it viable for people with Critics further caution that subsidized (InsurResilience), pledging to bring very low income. Many of the new pilots insurance can dampen incentives to reduce climate insurance to 400 million currently and pools have been designed with this risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 IPCC SRCCL
    First Order Draft Chapter 7 IPCC SRCCL 1 Chapter 7: Risk management and Decision Making in Relation 2 to Sustainable Development 3 4 Coordinating Lead Authors: Margot Hurlbert (Canada), Jagdish Krishnaswamy (India) 5 Lead Authors: Edouard Davin (France), Francis Johnson (Sweden), Carlos Fernando Mena 6 (Ecuador), John Morton (United Kingdom), Soojeong Myeong (Republic of Korea), David Viner 7 (United Kingdom), Koko Warner (United States of America), Anita Wreford (New Zealand), Sumaya 8 Zakieldeen (Sudan), Zinta Zommers (Latvia) 9 Contributing Authors: Rocio Diaz-Chavez (Mexico), Minal Pathak (India), Darshini Mahadevia 10 (India), Charlotte Strick (Germany) 11 Review Editors: Regina Rodrigues (Brazil), B.L. Turner II (United States of America) 12 Chapter Scientist: Thobekile Zikhali (Zimbabwe) 13 Date of Draft: 08/06/2018 14 15 Do Not Cite, Quote or Distribute 7-1 Total pages: 135 First Order Draft Chapter 7 IPCC SRCCL 1 Table of Contents 2 Chapter 7: Risk management and Decision Making in Relation to Sustainable Development ..... 7-1 3 7.1 Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 7-4 4 7.2 Introduction and Relation to Other Chapters ....................................................................... 7-7 5 7.2.1 Findings of Previous IPCC Assessments and Reports and Gaps ................................. 7-7 6 7.2.2 Emergent, Emerging, and Key Risks ........................................................................... 7-8 7 7.3 Characterising
    [Show full text]
  • Better Understanding Insurance Mechanism in Dealing with Climate Change Risk, with Special Reference to China
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Commentary Better Understanding Insurance Mechanism in Dealing with Climate Change Risk, with Special Reference to China Feng Kong 1,2,* and Shao Sun 3,* 1 College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China 2 Center for Crisis Management Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3 National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.K.); [email protected] (S.S.) Abstract: Climate change risk has become an important challenge for global sustainable development. The insurance industry can play an important role in coping with the increasingly severe climate change risk. This paper first describes the increasing climate change risk and the difficulties of the insurance mechanism in dealing with it. Then this paper summarizes the international practice of using the insurance mechanism to deal with climate change risk from ten different aspects. Based on the summary of the role of the insurance mechanism in dealing with this risk in developing countries, this paper puts forward the main application areas for climate change risk insurance and discusses the policy implications of developing climate change risk insurance in China. Keywords: global climate change; coping with climate change risk; insurance mechanism; compre- hensive disaster risk prevention; China Citation: Kong, F.; Sun, S. Better Understanding Insurance Mechanism in Dealing with Climate Change Risk, 1. Introduction with Special Reference to China. Int. J. Global climate change has become one of the most serious challenges facing human Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, society [1–3], causing frequent natural disasters such as temperature rise, sea level rise, 2996.
    [Show full text]