Tense and Aspect in Caesar’S De Bello Gallico IV-V

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Tense and Aspect in Caesar’S De Bello Gallico IV-V 5/25/2013 Tense and Aspect In Caesar’s De Bello Gallico IV-V Simon Aerts GHENT UNIVERSITY Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Ghent Master Thesis TENSE AND ASPECT IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO IV-V Simon Aerts Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics and Literature – main subject English - Latin Supervisor: prof. dr. M. Janse 2012-2013 Word count: 21828 of which 7221 constitute text samples from DBG, IV-V, and their translations Acknowledgements Before he left Ghent University to return to Oxford, my supervisor for my research paper, professor de Melo, made sure he left me and my soon-to-be master thesis in the capable hands of professor Janse. I thank them both for guiding me in writing this scription, professor Janse because he accepted to be my supervisor although he is normally engaged only in Greek linguistics, and prof. de Melo for being my officious supervisor, and for advising me from overseas with only e-mail as a means of communication. I thank them both for sharing their profound linguistic knowledge with me, and for their warmth and kindness in doing so. I also thank my parents for their patience, their love, and their encouraging words: my father, for volunteering to read over the text although he did not understand a word I was writing; and my mother, for constantly obliging me to hand in my thesis in May. I thank Klaas, for being my companion in two years of writing papers, for keeping me posted on his progress and thereby stimulating my own, for talking long into the night on so many occasions, and for keeping it light until the end. Finally, I thank Lobke, for many of the above reasons, and for many more, but most of all, for her endless love and support. Ghent, 25th of May, 2013 Simon Aerts Summary in Dutch Dit werkstuk behandelt de vraag of de twee werkwoordstammen in het Latijn, de infectum-stam en de perfectum-stam (zo genoemd door Varro), een relatieve tijdswaarde (naar Pinkster, 1983; 1990) of een aspectwaarde (naar Oldsjö, 2001) uitdrukken. De stelling die wordt aangenomen is dat er geen nood is aan de categorie ‘aspect’ in het Latijnse werkwoordsysteem, en dat Pinksters theorie van relatieve tijdswaarde daarom de voorkeur verdient, daar het de meest economische en meest eenvoudige verklaring biedt voor het onderscheid tussen infectum en perfectum. Het werkstuk neemt twee boeken uit Caesars De Bello Gallico, boek 4 en 5, als corpusmateriaal. Om die reden begint het met een inleiding op diens leven, werken en schrijfstijl (hoofdstuk 1). Daarna volgt een bondige status quaestionis (hoofdstuk 2), waarin eerst twee standaardwerken over Tempus en Aspect uit de algemene literatuur worden besproken van de hand van Comrie, gevolgd door een stuk uit Binnick dat handelt over Aktionsarten. Daarna volgt een overzicht van Varro’s kijk op deze materie, zoals het besproken wordt bij Serbat. De status quaestionis wordt afgesloten met de theorieën van Pinkster en Oldsjö. Voor Pinkster duidt de infectum-stam op gelijktijdigheid en de perfectum-stam op voortijdigheid: het imperfectum geeft gelijktijdigheid weer met een referentiepunt in het verleden, het perfectum voortijdigheid met het moment van spreken. Dit eenvoudig en logisch systeem verklaart in één klap het gebruik van alle tijden in het Latijnse tempussysteem. Voor Oldsjö geeft de infectum-stam onvoltooidheid weer, de perfectum-stam voltooidheid: het imperfectum legt de focus op het verloop van de actie, het perfectum op de eindfase. Het nadeel aan deze redenering is dat ze enkel deze twee tijden kan verklaren, en de andere tijden die gevormd worden op de werkwoordstammen, buiten beschouwing laat. In hoofdstuk 3 wordt eerst een statistisch overzicht gegeven van het gebruik van het imperfectum en het perfectum in boek 4 en 5 van De Bello Gallico. Daarna volgt een bespreking van 19 paragrafen uit deze boeken, waarbij volgende vaststellingen gedaan worden. Het perfectum geeft belangrijke gebeurtenissen weer die zich bevinden op de narratieve tijdslijn, of voorgrond. Het imperfectum wordt gebruikt om de situatie te beschrijven die de tijdslijn begeleidt: de achtergrond. Het onderzoek in dit werkstuk bevestigt dat dit resulteert uit het feit dat het perfectum gebeurtenissen voorstelt als voortijdig t.o.v. het moment van spreken, waardoor ze noodzakelijkwijs gebeuren in de volgorde waarin ze voorkomen in de tekst. Het imperfectum duidt op gelijktijdigheid met een verleden referentiepunt, dat bepaald wordt door de perfecta (of vormen in het historisch praesens) in de nabijheid. Daarnaast gebruikt Caesar het perfectum om series van acties en reacties weer te geven. Als hij om een andere reden wil weergeven dat hij al ergens mee bezig was wanneer er zich iets voordoet, kan hij hiervoor het imperfectum gebruiken. Om deze redenen lijkt hij met het gebruik van imperfectum en perfectum ook zijn eigen kwaliteiten als generaal (vb. zijn reactievermogen) in de verf te zetten. Uit het onderzoek blijkt ook nog dat het standaardtempus voor statieve werkwoorden het imperfectum is, en voor punctuele gebeurtenissen het perfectum. Dit is niet het resultaat van een verondersteld onderscheid in grammaticaal aspect, maar van het Aktionsart (lexicaal aspect). Daarnaast blijkt ook dat het imperfectum zich zeer goed leent tot het weergeven van motieven, meningen en omstandigheden die een bepaalde beslissing of actie begeleiden. Ten slotte sluit dit werkstuk aan bij Pinkster in de mening dat conatieve en iteratieve interpretaties van imperfecta resulteren uit een botsing tussen tempus, Aktionsart en context die gelijktijdigheid van slechts één instantie van de werkwoorden uitgedrukt door imperfecta, onmogelijk maakt. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Caesar’s life 3 1.2. Caesar’s style and works 5 1.3. Scope and development of this paper 7 2. Status Quaestionis 8 2.1. Tense and aspect in general linguistics 8 2.1.1. Comrie, Tense (1985) 8 2.1.2. Comrie, Aspect (1976) 9 2.1.3. Binnick, Time and the Verb: a Guide to Tense and Aspect (1991) 11 2.2. Tense and aspect in the theory of Varro (in Serbat, 1976) 14 2.3. Tense and aspect in Latin linguistics 19 2.3.1. Pinkster, "Tempus, aspect and Aktionsart in Latin (recent trends 1961-1981)" (1983) and Latin Syntax and Semantics (1990) 19 2.3.2. Oldsjö, Tense and Aspect in Caesar's Narrative (2001) 23 2.4. Conclusion 28 3. Case study: Caesar, DBG IV-V 29 3.1. Statistic overview 29 3.2. Discussion of text samples 33 4. Conclusion 70 5. Bibliography 73 5.1. Editions, commentaries, translations 73 5.2. Other works 73 1. Introduction 1.1. Caesar’s life The sources for this section are: Mommsen & Dickson (1895), Edwards (1917), and Holmes (1923). Gaius Julius Caesar was born in Rome in July of the year 100 BC, into a patrician family called the gens Julia. When he came of age, he started public life with the usual occupations appropriate for a young man of the nobility, like the office of flamen dialis (priest of Jupiter) in Rome and rhetorical training on Rhodes. His political views were those of the populares, progressive politicians who relied on the people for their power, as opposed to the optimates, who were much more conservative in their clinging to senatorial authority. After his admission to the senate and quaestorship in Spain in 68, he was aedile in 65, during which period he greatly indebted himself with the organisation of public games. In 63, he became pontifex maximus (high priest) after much lobbying and bribing. In 62 he was praetor, and afterwards he was rewarded with the governorship of Spain, a time of both military and financial successes. On his return to Rome, he formed the first triumvirate with the mighty generals Pompey and Crassus, who supported his election for consulship in 59. As consul, Caesar secured certain advantages for both his benefactors and himself, including the proconsulship of Gaul: he was allowed to levy legions for his conquest of Gallia Transalpina, thus securing a strong position for himself. During the first two years of his proconsulship, he conquered the bulk of Gaul, for which he was allowed a triumph in 57. At a conference in Luca, where he met with Pompey and Crassus, they settled their newly arisen differences: they decided that 3 Caesar’s proconsulship would be prolonged for another five years, and that Pompey and Crassus would be consuls the following year. In the course of those five years, Caesar occupied himself with consolidating the new territories, crushing local revolts, and even crossing the Rhine to Germany and the Channel to Britain. He greatly impressed Rome with his conquest of a few British tribes, but long-term Roman dominion of Britain was not established until Emperor Claudius invaded the island in 43 AD. With the taking of Alesia, the stronghold of Vercingetorix, who led the last great revolt of the natives in 51, Caesar regarded his conquest of Gaul as complete. Back in Rome, the triumvirate had collapsed: Crassus had been killed in Asia Minor, and Pompey was now collaborating with the optimates to bring Caesar down. In 51, he was forced to contribute two legions to the war in Parthia. However, he was assisted in Rome by Curio, a tribune of the plebs, who vetoed a great deal of measures directed against him. In Gaul, he settled the remaining riots and divided the riches. At the end of his command in Gaul, he had succeeded in his goals to procure a large subjugated territory, a strong financial position and above all, loyal legions. In 49, Caesar was ordered to disband his army. He refused and crossed the Rubicon with his legions, which was forbidden for Roman generals and meant civil war.
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