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General News Biocontrol News and Information 29(1), 1N–18N pestscience.com General News Biological Control of the Mexican Bromeliad Most final instars of the parasitoid exited their host Weevil 13–16 days after initial exposure to the flies. The technology was subsequently refined and expanded The Mexican bromeliad weevil, Metamasius calli- for M. callizona in the quarantine facility at UF’s zona, is destroying native bromeliad populations Hayslip Biological Control Research and Contain- throughout south Florida (USA). Southern Florida ment Laboratory at the Indian River Research and has 16 native species of bromeliads, of which 12 are Education Center. Pineapple crowns obtained from susceptible to attack by the weevil. The female local grocery stores are exposed to M. callizona weevil lays her eggs in the bromeliad leaf and soon females for one week, after which they are removed. after the larva emerges it bores into the plant’s stem. The pineapple crowns are held at 25ºC for three After extensive feeding by the weevil grub, the plant weeks, at which time the weevil larvae inside the dies before producing seeds. The weevil was first crowns should be in the third instar. Twelve infested detected in Florida in 1989, certainly as a result of crowns are placed five days per week in a large para- infested plants being imported from southern sitization cage containing 150–300 adult L. franki of Mexico1. In 1993, a tachinid fly parasitizing the mixed ages; crowns remain in the cage for ten days. related bromeliad-eating weevil Metamasius quadri- Afterwards, the crowns are placed in a smaller cage lineatus was found in the montane forests of to monitor the emergence of any adult flies that were Honduras. It turned out that the fly was a new spe- hiding in the crown at the time of its removal from cies, and therefore was recently described and the parasitization cage. Weevil larvae are collected named Lixadmontia franki in honour of University from the pineapple crowns, placed in plastic cups and of Florida (UF) Professor J. Howard Frank2. Early fed fresh pineapple leaves twice weekly. Puparia of observations in the laboratory indicated that the fly maggots that emerge from hosts are placed in cups readily parasitizes the larvae of M. callizona, thus with moistened paper towel and held in a rearing becoming the focal point of a biological control pro- room at 21ºC and with >70% relative humidity. As gramme directed against the ‘evil weevil’, as adult flies emerge, they are sexed and either placed bromeliad aficionados call it. in the breeding colony or accumulated in a small portable cage to await release in the field. Female L. franki are ready to find hosts approxi- mately eight days after mating. It is unclear yet From June 2007 to January 2008, releases of over whether the female fly deposits mature eggs or 1200 adult L. franki were made at seven sites neonate larvae deep among the bases of the leaves of throughout south Florida. These sites include the a weevil-infested plant. Whichever the case, the Lake Rogers Northwest Equestrian Park in Hillsbor- young tachinid maggot burrows through the macer- ough Co., Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge in ated plant tissue and frass produced by the weevil Palm Beach Co., Enchanted Forest in Brevard Co., larva. Once a host is contacted, the maggot bores Big Cypress National Preserve and Collier Seminole through the host’s integument quickly to live as an State Park in Collier Co., Highlands Hammock State endoparasitoid. Susceptible weevil hosts are in the Park in Highlands Co., and Savannas Preserve State third to fifth instar, rarely in the second and never in Park in St Lucie Co. The tree vegetation at these the first instar. Parasitized weevils continue to feed sites varies from mixed pine–oak to oak–palm to and often advance to the next instar; they may even cypress. Flies taken to the release sites were 5–10 construct a pupal chamber made of macerated plant days old as adults. Releases always took place at tissue and saliva. However, parasitized weevils about 9:00 a.m. in an area where a large weevil pop- always die before pupating. Usually, only one mature ulation was known to exist. The number of flies L. franki larva emerges from a parasitized host, but released varied from 51–164 with an equal sex ratio it is not uncommon to see two or three larvae come or slight female bias. out of a cadaver. On rare occasions, as many as five to nine maggots will emerge from a single host; in Evaluation of establishment of L. franki begins six these cases, the resulting adult flies are much weeks following a release. The procedure uses sen- smaller than their solitary counterparts. One to two tinel pineapple crowns obtained from local grocery days after emerging from its host, the fly larva will stores and infested with third instar weevils. These pupate. Total time from penetration of a host to are placed in the release site in 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.1 m trays pupation is 2-3 weeks at 21ºC; pupal incubation time with hardware cloth (metal mesh screening used out- is three weeks. side windows for mosquito-proofing) bottoms. Six crowns are placed in each tray and eight trays are The technology for producing large numbers of flies placed in the site for each evaluation period. The in the laboratory was initially developed with M. trays are suspended in the forest canopy by a nylon quadrilineatus at the Escuela Agrícola Panameri- rope secured to four eyelets attached to the four cor- cana in Honduras3. Larvae of M. quadrilineatus ners of the top side of the tray. The trees from which were placed inside pieces of bromeliad stem set in the trays are hung are selected by marking off lines plastic cups. Weevil feeding on the plant material for to each cardinal direction from the centre of where three days was necessary for successful parasitism. the fly was released. In each direction, a tree with at Are we on your mailing list? Biocontrol News and Information is always pleased to receive news of research, conferences, new products or patents, changes in personnel, collaborative agreements or any other information of interest to other readers. If your organization sends out press releases or newsletters, please let us have a copy. In addition, the editors welcome proposals for review topics. 2N Biocontrol News and Information 29(1) least five medium to large bromeliads is selected for Biocontrol of Whitefly on Coconut Palms in the hanging a tray. Four trays are suspended near the Comoros central point of the release site. A whitefly that has been attacking coconut palms in The sentinel plants are collected after they have been the Comoros in the Indian Ocean since 2000 has been in the field for two weeks and taken to the laboratory contained by classical biological control, according to where they are held in cages for emergence of adult a report from the French organization CIRAD flies. Once the sentinel pineapples reach an (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche advanced stage of decomposition, they are dissected Agronomique pour le Développement) in December and all weevil larvae are removed and placed in 2007. plastic cups with food. The larvae are monitored daily for pupation (= unparasitized) or emergence of Aleurotrachelus atratus was first described from fly larvae (= parasitized). Establishment is deter- coconut in Brazil but has spread extensively, espe- cially to tropical islands. In the Comoros, infestations mined by the presence of the fly’s F2 generation in the exposed weevil hosts in the sentinel plants. reached economically damaging levels. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, it resulted in a 55% drop So far, L. franki has only been recovered at one site in coconut yields on the three islands of Ngazidja in one evaluation period, at the Lake Rogers Park fol- (Grande Comore), Ndzuani (Anjouan) and Mwali lowing the first release on 29 June 2007. Two adult (Moheli); Ngazidja, the largest island and site of the females emerged from the sentinel pineapple crowns capital Moroni, was by far the worst affected. The and host cadavers were found in the decomposed insect attacks the fronds and feeds on the palm sap, plant material. Since L. franki originates from cool, excreting honeydew on which sooty mould fungi shady, moist, high elevation tropical forests, there develop. Sooty mould causes the characteristic dark has been concern about the fly’s ability to adapt to a colouring seen on the upper side of the fronds on hot, low elevation subtropical environment. This affected palms. The whitefly problem was all the recovery confirms that released L. franki females are more serious because coconuts play a vital role in able to find hosts in native bromeliads during the Comoran society. humid but hot Florida summer, their adult progeny are able to find mates in subtropical oak hammocks, In the absence of any means of controlling the new pest, a research programme, aimed at identifying and the F1 females are able to locate infested pine- apple crowns to produce a second generation. As and introducing a biological control agent in the additional releases continue, establishment may be region, was launched in 2005 by CIRAD and the aided by the cooler but drier winter and early spring Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment Research months. Institute (INRAPE) in the Comoros within the Crop Protection Network for the Indian Ocean (PRPV). The programme has now been completed. The ultimate goal of the programme is to reduce the populations of the Mexican bromeliad weevil such During the two years of the programme, the that it is no longer a significant ecological pest of an researchers found a species new to science in the important part of the state’s floral natural heritage.
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