Da Eschilo Ai Virgin Steele: Il Mito Degli Atridi Nella Musica Contemporanea Bolonia: D.U

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Da Eschilo Ai Virgin Steele: Il Mito Degli Atridi Nella Musica Contemporanea Bolonia: D.U 380 Faventia 34-36, 2012-2014 Ressenyes se incardina con la Antigüedad, además de precisamente aquella en la que estamos un saludable ejercicio de reflexión sobre inmersos. nuestra actividad y la importancia de la Luis Unceta Gómez misma en la sociedad actual. Dar la espal- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid da a este tipo de manifestaciones implica renunciar a buena parte de la herencia cultural que como clasicistas nos interesa, LIVERANI, Elena Da Eschilo ai Virgin Steele: Il mito degli Atridi nella musica contemporanea Bolonia: D.U. Press, 2009, 176 p. Colección Nemo, Confrontarsi con l’antico ISBN 978-88-95451-33-6 La historia de los Atridas, la de la maldición inicios (véase el álbum de Manowar titula- de una familia poderosa y la de la cadena de do Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in 8 parts). crímenes que acarrea la venganza sirvió en Por eso, Liverani dedica la introducción 1999 al cantante y compositor norteameri- de su trabajo a los problemas del metal en cano David DeFeis de clave interpretativa general y a la trayectoria del grupo Virgin de una guerra contemporánea, la de Irak. Steele en particular, para después centrarse Algunos años más tarde, Elena Liverani en la trilogía The House of Atreus en sus realizaba, bajo la dirección de Eleonora aspectos formales, en la reescritura de los Cavallini, su tesis doctoral sobre la trans- personajes, en las alusiones intertextuales y, formación de Esquilo llevada a cabo por finalmente, en los nuevos significados que DeFeis en el álbum conceptual de su grupo el mito transmite. de heavy metal Virgin Steele. Y un poco Señala Liverani que, como corresponde más adelante, su trabajo veía la luz en la al epic metal, este álbum tiene algo de ópera forma del monográfico publicado por d.u. u orquesta sinfónica en su instrumentación press. Se trata de un texto ameno, sincero y composición. No en vano, la idea surge y sin pretensiones, que descubre un aspecto tras el encargo de Walter Weyers a DeFeis habitualmente descuidado de la tradición de escribir los textos para una ópera rock en clásica: su recepción en el seno de una baja Alemania. Respeta la división en tres partes cultura, presente en una trilogía musical (tres CD’s ahora), aunque el contenido de destinada a un público reducido que, no cada una de ellas se ajusta a las exigencias obstante, puede resultar muy fiel a Esquilo. del público musical y al criterio del autor de Liverani analiza en Da Esquilo ai Virgin mantener su atención. En cuanto a la estruc- Steele el texto del álbum The House of tura, una canción y una tragedia clásica son Atreus y lo compara con la Orestíada de formalmente diversas. Este es un álbum Esquilo, con lo cual demuestra la formación conceptual y en cada canción alternan los cultural de un compositor metal a través de elementos que otorgan unidad al conjunto citas casi textuales del dramaturgo griego y y que se repiten con las intervenciones de de un interés profundo por la cultura clásica. los personajes. No se respetan la párodos, El suyo, destaca la autora, no es un fenó- los epeisódia, los stásima mélē ni la éxodos, meno aislado, ya que el llamado epic metal pero, como en la tragedia clásica, también (subgénero musical del heavy metal) viene aquí el texto nace para formar un todo con la interesándose por las mitologías y épicas música. Tampoco se mantiene el número de clásicas, medievales y nórdicas desde sus personajes, sino que se reduce, y el mismo Ressenyes Faventia 34-36, 2012-2014 381 DeFeis interpreta, como un actor clásico, poco, sin ocultar su frialdad ni su dureza, todas las voces: Orestes, Electra, Casandra, retrasando la mención a Ifigenia para que Clitemnestra, Agamenón y las Erinias. sea más efectiva. La reina pierde grandeza Al revisitar el mito DeFeis atribuye ana- y complejidad, porque se acentúa su cuali- crónicamente a los personajes trágicos, una dad de madre. Sin embargo, es un personaje sensibilidad moderna, y así tenemos a un interesante, que busca justicia. En cuanto a Orestes wertheriano, con conciencia, que no Casandra, el autor no introduce novedades quiere ser perdonado, sino que se suicida ni matiza: encontramos el mismo énfasis en al sentirse culpable. De este modo, afirma su desesperación. su libre albedrío, porque vengar al padre Por último, el coro, que confería unidad no fue decisión suya, sino de su hermana. a la trilogía de Esquilo, ve reducido su espa- Sin embargo, Orestes resucita y ha de car- cio en favor de los personajes, y su función gar con la conciencia de su crimen, con un se altera: se trata de un coro musical, que pasado y un destino de los que no es posible acompaña y realza las intervenciones de escapar. El joven Orestes es un collage de los protagonistas. DeFeis respeta el de los impulsos, puesto que en su personalidad no ancianos y el de las Coéforos, mientras que prevalece ningún rasgo. Pero, a medida que el de las Erinias se transforma en personaje cumple con su destino, se responsabiliza de coral. Como imagen terrible y sobrenatural, sus propias acciones y sus consecuencias. ellas cuadran muy bien con los temas y con El personaje de Electra recibe más aten- el género musical del epic, por lo que esta ción por parte de DeFeis de la que recibía novedad es celebrada. Al final se convierten, de Esquilo y es introducido gradualmente. como ocurría en la tragedia, en Euménides, Electra aparece, así, dibujada con los ras- pero el nuevo Orestes ya se ha suicidado. gos de una personalidad fuerte y dominan- Las alusiones al texto de Esquilo son te, quizá porque, a través de ella, quiere muchas y abundan especialmente en los pri- DeFeis reivindicar el papel de la mujer. Y meros temas, mediante reelaboraciones que probablemente también porque la Electra presuponen una lectura directa. También de Sófocles está muy presente. Para defen- son frecuentes en las palabras de los per- derse en una sociedad patriarcal, donde el sonajes, como los ecos de Esquilo en boca asesinato del padre es un crimen mayor que de Agamenón. Referencias, guiños y alu- el de la madre, una mujer se ve obligada a siones a la poesía del dramaturgo resultan utilizar subterfugios. Liverani destaca cómo indiscutibles si se confrontan ambos textos. si en Esquilo la saga servía para tratar los Muchas de ellas solo pueden ser compren- principios jurídicos, éticos y religiosos de la didas si se tiene un buen conocimiento del época, la estructura misma de la sociedad, la texto o, al menos, del mito. Sin embargo, Electra de DeFeis ejemplifica los prejuicios la comprensión global del álbum no se ve sociales en torno a la mujer. afectada. DeFeis quiso que la trilogía pudie- Los personajes del epic metal, como los ra ser apreciada a distintos niveles: desde de la épica, suelen ser grandiosos, semidi- el puramente musical, como un álbum más vinos y pocas veces evolucionan. Ya hemos de Virgin Steele, hasta el erudito que des- señalado la excepción que Orestes supone entraña Liverani en este trabajo. En dicho a esta norma. No es el caso de Agamenón, sentido, es muy esclarecedora la entrevista cuya imagen estereotipada es la del señor de de la autora a DeFeis incluida al final del la guerra. Protagonista absoluto del primer trabajo, en la que el compositor hace refe- CD, no es el rey sabio de Esquilo, confiado rencia al ambiente cultural de su niñez como y leal, sino un feroz guerrero. hijo de actores y a sus tempranas lecturas de Si Agamenón resulta, así, algo descali- los clásicos, que considera parte de sí. ficado, Clitemnestra sale reforzada y jus- El texto de Esquilo, hipotexto de este tificada. El compositor la presenta poco a álbum, se ve transformado de manera com- 382 Faventia 34-36, 2012-2014 Ressenyes pleja para adaptar el significado original a el sistema de valores sufre el castigo de sus los fines de DeFeis, así, el núcleo argumen- propias Erinias. tal se pliega a los temas y a los problemas En definitiva, Liverani ofrece en este actuales. Los personajes, ora monolíticos, libro una interesante y original aportación ora modernos, evidencian en cualquier caso al estudio de la recepción de los clásicos que seguimos enfrentándonos a cuestio- en la actualidad que invita a acercarse a las nes antropológicas de origen antiquísimo. manifestaciones de la cultura popular con DeFeis plantea problemas como el papel de otro talante y a descubrir sus posibilidades. la mujer o el antibelicismo: la guerra no ha cambiado y tampoco lo ha hecho la dispo- Helena González Vaquerizo sición humana a la venganza. El álbum fue Universidad Autónoma de Madrid compuesto en el contexto de la Guerra de Yugoslavia, la de Irak y la matanza en la Columbine High School, muestras indica- tivas de que una sociedad irrespetuosa con GÓMEZ LLAUGER, Núria; SERRA CASALS, Enric 100 llatinismes més vius que mai Valls: Cossetània Edicions, 2014, 223 p. ISBN 978-84-9034-229-9 El present exemplar s’insereix en la col·lec- ple molt entenedor. En tots els casos, es ció «De Cent en Cent», una sèrie de volums pren com a referència el DIEC2 per oferir compostos per llistes de cent ítems amb un les definicions, i, quan es tracta dels textos eix temàtic comú. En aquest cas, el llibre traduïts, els autors es basen en versions de que presentem (número 26 de la col·lecció) la Fundació Bernat Metge. Finalment, cada inclou cent expressions llatines emprades capítol conclou amb un breu subapartat que encara habitualment en llengua catalana. rep el títol d’«Extra» i que, en tots els casos, Al pròleg, els autors hi volen deixar és una pregunta dirigida al lector en relació constància de la seva intenció a l’hora d’ela- amb la paraula o el sintagma analitzat.
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