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Ap Biology Summer Reading AP BIOLOGY SUMMER READING I AM GLAD YOU HAVE EXPRESSED AN INTEREST IN AP BIOLOGY. IT IS NOT FOR THE FAINT OF HEART. IT IS A LOT OF WORK AND REQUIRES A LOT OF READING AND MEMORIZATION. IN ORDER TO MEET OUR OBJECTIVE, YOU NEED TO START IN THE SUMMER. YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS AS FOLLOWS: 1. CHECK OUT AN AP BIOLOGY BOOK FROM MR. CHAPMAN 2. A STUDY GUIDE OVER THOSE CHAPTERS IS BELOW. THE VOCABULARY NEEDS TO BE DEFINED. 3. READ CHAPTERS 53 THROUGH 56 ON ECOLOGY THIS SUMMER 4. AS YOU READ, COMPLETE THE STUDY GUIDES. ON DAY ONE, YOU WILL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMPARE NOTES WITH YOUR CLASSMATES, BUT YOU SHOULD HAVE 90% OF IT DONE ALREADY. THEY ARE DUE THE SECOND DAY OF SCHOOL. WE ACTUALLY START THE FIRST DAY IN THIS COURSE, AND WILL BE DOING LABS WITHIN 3 DAYS. 5. BE PREPARED FOR A TEST OVER THOSE CHAPTERS DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF CLASS. 6. I ALSO SUGGEST YOU EITHER WATCH THE MOVIE OR READ THE BOOK: “MY SISTER’S KEEPER.” THIS IS ABOUT REAL LIFE BIOLOGICAL ISSUES AND BIOETHICS. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING IT DURING GENETICS. THANKYOU, DAVID CHAPMAN AP Biology---Ecology Name______________________________________ Use your textbooks to define the following terms regarding Ecology. Know some examples of each. 1. Biotic factor 2. Abiotic factor 3. Food Chain 4. Food Web 5. Energy Pyramid 6. Trophic Pyramd 7. 10% Rule 8. Niche 9. Symbiosis 10. Mutualism 11. Commensalism 12. Parasitism 13. Biomagnification 14. Mimicry 15. Diversity 16. Semelparious 17. Iteroparous 18. Primary succession 19. Secondary succession 20. Vector 21. Ecosystem 22. Primary productivity 23. Biogeochemical cycle 24. Bioremediation 25. Extinction 26. Emigration 27. Immigration 28. Classical conditioning 29. Carrying capacity “k” 30. Imprinting 31. Density independent factor 32. Logistical growth curve 33. Invasive species 34. Proximate Cause 35. Ultimate Cause 36. Innate 37. Taxis 38. Kinesis 39. Classical conditioning 40. Operant conditioning 41. Reasons for proximate causes of behavior( mating etc) 42. Reasons for ultimate causes of behavior AP Biology----Ecology Study Guide A Name_________________________ 1. Ecology is the scientific study of the ______________ between different ________________ and between organisms and their environment or surroundings. 2a. Biotic factors are __________ things in the ecosystem. Examples include all of the __________ and ___________. 2b. Abiotic factors are ___________ things in the ecosystem. Examples include ___________, ________________, _______________, and _________________. Producers 3a. The main energy source for life on earth is the ________________. 3b. Organisms that make their own food through a process called photosynthesis or by chemosynthesis are ____________. They are also called producers. 3c. Examples include ____________, ____________________________, and ______________. 3d. Photosynthesis is a reaction that uses __________ __________ to convert __________ __________ and ______________ into ______________ and ________________. 3e. Chemosynthesis is performed by ________________, that use ______________ energy to produce carbohydrates. Consumers 4a. Consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their ____________ and __________ supply. 4b. Consumers are also called _____________. 4c. ________________ obtain energy by eating only plants. Ex. _____________ 4d. _______________ obtain energy by eating only animals. Ex. _____________ 4e. _______________ eat both plants and animals. Ex. _____________ 4f. _____________ are organisms that bread down dead organic matter. Ex. _____________ Feeding Interactions 5. a. Energy flows through an ecosystem in _____ ____________-----from the sun or inorganic compounds to ____________ (producers) and then to ____________ (consumers. 5b. The ____________ ____________ is a series of step in which organisms ____________ ____________ by eating and being eaten. 5c. The ____________ ____________ is a network of food ____________ within an ecosystem. 5d. Trophic Levels 1. Level 1- ____________ 2. Level 2- ____________ 3. Level 3- ____________ 4. Level 4- ____________ 6a. Ecological Pyramids—A diagram that shows the relative amount of _____________ or ____________ contained within each trophic level of a food chain or web. 6b. What is the difference between the energy pyramid and the biomass pyramid? 6c. What is the “rule of 10?” 7a. Ecological Interactions between organisms ____________ is when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Ex ____________ 7b. An ecological ____________ involves both the ____________ where an organism lives and the ____________ that an organism has in its ____________. 7c. When one organism captures and feeds on another, it is called ____________. 1. ____________ --one that does the killing 2. ____________-- one that is the food 7d. _____________ is any relationship in which two species live closely together. There are three types. 1. _____________-both species benefit. Ex________________________ 2. ____________- one member benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed. Ex ________________________ 3. ____________- one organism is helped and the other is harmed. Ex ____________ ____________ Ecology—Part B Name___________________________ 1. Population Characteristics a. Population ____________ describes the number of organisms living together in one area b. The way the organisms are scattered is called ____________ ____________. c. There are three types of dispersion; i. ____________ Ex____________ ii. ____________ Ex ____________ iii. ____________ Ex ____________ 2. Population Limiting Factors; a. The ____________ rate is how fast the population grows. b. Birth rate is ____________ c. Death rate is ____________ d. To move into an area is ____________ e. To move out of an area is ____________ 3. Density independent factors include those that limit ____________ size, regardless of population density. a. These are usually ____________ factors b. They can include ____________ phenomena Ex ________________________ 4. Density dependent factors include anything that depends on the ____________ of members in a population per ____________ ____________ a. These are usually ____________ factors b. These include; i. ____________ ii. ____________ iii. ____________ iv. ____________ 5. What does an exponential growth curve look like? Draw it. 6. The human population is currently above ____________ billion people. Where did the graph start abruptly upwards? (what year?) 7. Exponential growth curves are also called ____________ growth or ____________ shaped growth. a. The first phase is slow and is called the ____________ phase. b. The second phase is rapid and is called the ____________ growth phase. 8. Population Limiting Factors provide limits to exponential growth. a. As the density increases, the number of individuals per unit of land or water ____________ as well b. This causes ____________ for nutrients and resources Ex. c. The limit to population size that a particular environment can support is called ____________ ____________ and the symbol for it is ____________ 9. What is a Logistic Growth Model look like? a. The logistic model occurs when a population’s growth ____________ or ____________ b. Growth stops at the ____________ ____________ c. What are two examples of when populations stop growing? i. Ex___________________________________________________________ ii. Ex___________________________________________________________ 10. Two ways in which carrying capacity can be raised or lowered include; a. Artifical ____________ have raised ____________ b. Decreased ____________ can lower ____________ 11. The growth rate equation looks like this: Draw it please: a. The “r” stands for the maximum ____________ ____________ b. The “N” stands for the ____________ c. The “K” is the carrying ____________ 12. In r/K selection theory, selective pressures drive ____________ in one of the two generalized directions: r or K selection 13. “r” selection includes traits like: a. High ____________ b. Small ____________ size c. Early ____________ d. Short ____________ time e. Ability to ____________ widely f. Evolved to take advantage in ____________ environment, ____________ ____________ 14. “K” selection includes traits like: a. ____________ body size b. Long life ____________ c. Production of fewer ____________ d. Extensive ____________ care until they ____________ e. Evolved to take advantage in ____________ environment, density dependent interactions 15. Communities: A ____________ is a group of interacting ____________ that occupy the same area at the same time. 15b. A limiting factor is any ____________ or ____________ factor that restricts the ____________, reproduction, or ____________ of organisms. 15c. The ____________ of ____________ describe the limits within which an organism can exist. 16. Ecological Succession is the change in an ecosystem that happens when one ____________ replaces another as a result of ____________ biotic or abiotic factors. a. There are two types of succession; i. ____________ succession, where no life has existed before ii. ____________ succession, where life has existed before b. In primary succession, it is slow at first. The first organisms to arrive are usually ____________ or ____________, which are called ____________ species. i. They secrete ____________ that break down rock. ii. Their dead, decaying organic materials, mix with sediment to make ____________. c. After the lichens and moss, come the ____________ ____________ plants and grasses. d. After these
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