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AP SUMMER READING

I AM GLAD YOU HAVE EXPRESSED AN INTEREST IN AP BIOLOGY. IT IS NOT FOR THE FAINT OF HEART. IT IS A LOT OF WORK AND REQUIRES A LOT OF READING AND MEMORIZATION. IN ORDER TO MEET OUR OBJECTIVE, YOU NEED TO START IN THE SUMMER. YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS AS FOLLOWS:

1. CHECK OUT AN AP BIOLOGY BOOK FROM MR. CHAPMAN 2. A STUDY GUIDE OVER THOSE CHAPTERS IS BELOW. THE VOCABULARY NEEDS TO BE DEFINED. 3. READ CHAPTERS 53 THROUGH 56 ON THIS SUMMER 4. AS YOU READ, COMPLETE THE STUDY GUIDES. ON DAY ONE, YOU WILL HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMPARE NOTES WITH YOUR CLASSMATES, BUT YOU SHOULD HAVE 90% OF IT DONE ALREADY. THEY ARE DUE THE SECOND DAY OF SCHOOL. WE ACTUALLY START THE FIRST DAY IN THIS COURSE, AND WILL BE DOING LABS WITHIN 3 DAYS. 5. BE PREPARED FOR A TEST OVER THOSE CHAPTERS DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF CLASS. 6. I ALSO SUGGEST YOU EITHER WATCH THE MOVIE OR READ THE BOOK: “MY SISTER’S KEEPER.” THIS IS ABOUT REAL BIOLOGICAL ISSUES AND BIOETHICS. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING IT DURING GENETICS.

THANKYOU,

DAVID CHAPMAN

AP Biology---Ecology Name______

Use your textbooks to define the following terms regarding Ecology. Know some examples of each.

1. Biotic factor 2. Abiotic factor 3. Chain 4. 5. Pyramid 6. Trophic Pyramd 7. 10% Rule 8. Niche 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Diversity 16. Semelparious 17. Iteroparous 18. Primary succession 19. Secondary succession 20. Vector 21. 22. Primary 23. 24. Bioremediation 25. 26. Emigration 27. Immigration 28. Classical conditioning 29. “k” 30. Imprinting 31. Density independent factor 32. Logistical growth curve 33. Invasive 34. Proximate Cause 35. Ultimate Cause 36. Innate 37. Taxis 38. Kinesis 39. Classical conditioning 40. Operant conditioning 41. Reasons for proximate causes of behavior( mating etc) 42. Reasons for ultimate causes of behavior AP Biology----Ecology Study Guide A Name______

1. Ecology is the scientific study of the ______between different ______and between organisms and their environment or surroundings.

2a. Biotic factors are ______things in the ecosystem. Examples include all of the ______and ______.

2b. Abiotic factors are ______things in the ecosystem. Examples include ______, ______, ______, and ______.

Producers

3a. The main energy source for life on earth is the ______.

3b. Organisms that make their own food through a process called or by are ______. They are also called producers.

3c. Examples include ______, ______, and ______.

3d. Photosynthesis is a reaction that uses ______to convert ______and ______into ______and ______.

3e. Chemosynthesis is performed by ______, that use ______energy to produce carbohydrates.

Consumers

4a. Consumers are organisms that rely on other organisms for their ______and ______supply.

4b. Consumers are also called ______.

4c. ______obtain energy by eating only . Ex. ______

4d. ______obtain energy by eating only animals. Ex. ______

4e. ______eat both plants and animals. Ex. ______

4f. ______are organisms that bread down dead organic matter. Ex. ______

Feeding Interactions

5. a. Energy flows through an ecosystem in ______-----from the or inorganic compounds to ______(producers) and then to ______(consumers.

5b. The ______is a series of step in which organisms ______by eating and being eaten. 5c. The ______is a network of food ______within an ecosystem.

5d. Trophic Levels

1. Level 1- ______2. Level 2- ______3. Level 3- ______4. Level 4- ______

6a. Ecological Pyramids—A diagram that shows the relative amount of ______or ______contained within each of a or web.

6b. What is the difference between the energy pyramid and the pyramid?

6c. What is the “rule of 10?”

7a. Ecological Interactions between organisms

______is when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological in the same place at the same time. Ex ______

7b. An ecological ______involves both the ______where an organism and the ______that an organism has in its ______.

7c. When one organism captures and feeds on another, it is called ______.

1. ______--one that does the killing 2. ______-- one that is the food

7d. ______is any relationship in which two species live closely together. There are three types.

1. ______-both species benefit. Ex______2. ______- one member benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed. Ex ______3. ______- one organism is helped and the other is harmed. Ex ______

Ecology—Part B Name______

1. Population Characteristics a. Population ______describes the number of organisms living together in one area b. The way the organisms are scattered is called ______. c. There are three types of dispersion; i. ______Ex______ii. ______Ex ______iii. ______Ex ______2. Population Limiting Factors; a. The ______rate is how fast the population grows. b. Birth rate is ______c. rate is ______d. To move into an area is ______e. To move out of an area is ______3. Density independent factors include those that limit ______size, regardless of population density. a. These are usually ______factors b. They can include ______phenomena Ex ______4. Density dependent factors include anything that depends on the ______of members in a population per ______a. These are usually ______factors b. These include; i. ______ii. ______iii. ______iv. ______5. What does an exponential growth curve look like? Draw it.

6. The human population is currently above ______billion people. Where did the graph start abruptly upwards? (what year?) 7. Exponential growth curves are also called ______growth or ______shaped growth. a. The first phase is slow and is called the ______phase. b. The second phase is rapid and is called the ______growth phase. 8. Population Limiting Factors provide limits to exponential growth. a. As the density increases, the number of individuals per unit of land or ______as well b. This causes ______for nutrients and resources Ex. c. The limit to that a particular environment can support is called ______and the symbol for it is ______9. What is a Logistic Growth Model look like? a. The logistic model occurs when a population’s growth ______or ______b. Growth stops at the ______c. What are two examples of when populations stop growing? i. Ex______ii. Ex______10. Two ways in which carrying capacity can be raised or lowered include; a. Artifical ______have raised ______b. Decreased ______can lower ______11. The growth rate equation looks like this:

Draw it please:

a. The “r” stands for the maximum ______b. The “N” stands for the ______c. The “K” is the carrying ______12. In r/K selection theory, selective pressures drive ______in one of the two generalized directions: r or K selection 13. “r” selection includes traits like: a. High ______b. Small ______size c. Early ______d. Short ______time e. Ability to ______widely f. Evolved to take advantage in ______environment, ______14. “K” selection includes traits like: a. ______body size b. Long life ______c. Production of fewer ______d. Extensive ______care until they ______e. Evolved to take advantage in ______environment, density dependent interactions 15. Communities: A ______is a group of interacting ______that occupy the same area at the same time.

15b. A limiting factor is any ______or ______factor that restricts the ______, reproduction, or ______of organisms.

15c. The ______of ______describe the limits within which an organism can exist.

16. is the change in an ecosystem that happens when one ______replaces another as a result of ______biotic or abiotic factors. a. There are two types of succession; i. ______succession, where no life has existed before ii. ______succession, where life has existed before b. In primary succession, it is slow at first. The first organisms to arrive are usually ______or ______, which are called ______species. i. They secrete ______that break down rock. ii. Their dead, decaying organic materials, mix with sediment to make ______. c. After the and moss, come the ______plants and grasses. d. After these come seeds that are brought in by ______, water, and wind. Then you get shrubs and ______. e. The stable, mature that eventually develops from bare rock is called a ______. 17. Secondary Succession is where disturbances have come to an area. Examples include; a. ______b. ______c. ______18. The ______species are usually plants that begin to grow in the disturbed areas: grasses and briars, etc. a. This is much ______than primary succession because you have soil present. b. The end and the most stable species is also called the ______community, but it is much harder to see, due to human interaction. 19. What is ?

20. The two main types of biodiversity include ______diversity and ______diversity.

21. What is extinction?

22. How many mass have there been on the Earth?