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Ecological Relationships Ecological Relationships http://www.univie.ac.at/zoologie/ecophys/crabsp-300dpi.jpg How do biotic factors influence each other? http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/undergraduate/201/fall06/projects/p1/fox-rabbit.jpg Ecological Relationships Biodiversity = the number of species in an ecosystem Territory = space claimed by an individual organism Ecological Equilibrium = state of “balance” in an ecosystem http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/about/environment/faqs/biodiversity.jpg Ecological Relationships • NICHE - Role of organism A niche is the in the ecosystem (job) sum of all activities and • NICHE DIVERSITY – relationships a species has Number of niches in an while obtaining and ecosystem; often using determined by abiotic resources needed to factors survive and Abiotic = non-living reproduce The “fight” may be indirect Competition: … individuals may never • When species or directly contact each other. individuals “fight” for the same resources. – E.g., Food, shelter…. Losing a keystone species usually • KEYSTONE disrupts many PREDATOR/SPECIES - ecological A predator that relationships. http://www.butler.edu/herbarium/prairie/prairie42004.jpg causes a large TwoTwo speciesspecies withwith increase in diversity similarsimilar needsneeds forfor of its habitat. samesame limitedlimited resourcesresources cannotcannot coexist.coexist. Herbivory: • A primary consumer feeds on a producer. http://www.smilinglizard.com/1a291aa0.jpg nmagine.com/168nwm/creata A fruit bat eating s/cr15169/cr15169065.jpg a papaya http://images.i A woodchuck eating wild clover Predation: • A consumer feeds on another consumer. ooGoer/2006/3/IMAGES/lion_zebra.jpg A lion eating zebra. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/Z http://www.citypaper.net/blogs/clog/wp- content/uploads/2007/06/close-up-bald-eagle-eating.jpg An eagle eating halibut. Symbiosis: • A long-term relationship where two species live closely together and at least one benefits directly from the http://www.floridastateparks.org/maclaygardens/images/wallpaper/1024-PL-MAC-Symbiosis-MarkFerrulo.jpg relationship. Mutualism: • Both organisms benefit from the relationship. • Win-Win situation! http://tumi-educational-resources.org/Educational%20%20Videos.htm Pollination (Mutualism) • Plants must attract the pollinator (insects, birds, bats, small mammals) – for example, the flower may have a scent that the pollinator likes. http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/pops/mutual.htm •Plant gets pollen transported and the pollinator gets nectar (a sugar rich solution) as a food source. Mutualism • Racoon and Poison Ivy – The raccoon eats the berries of the poison ivy and disperses the seeds as it poops. – Both benefit. Commensalism • One organism benefits, the other one is unaffected. • Win-Neutral relationship Commensalism • Eastern Chipmunk and Soil mite – The chipmunk is a mammal that burrows. – The soil mite feeds off of leaf litter but cannot burrow itself. – The mite uses the chipmunk’s tunnels to travel from place to place. Copyright, Ray Norton Commensalism • Pear-shaped puffball gets opened (and spores dispersed) by Copyright, Leon Shernoff Opossum • Puffball benefits, opossum is not affected. Parasitism • One organism benefits, the other one is harmed! • Win-Lose relationship • Parasites rarely kill their hosts…it would require them to get another one! Parasitism • Dogwood tree is parasitized by honeysuckle. Michael Clayton, Wisconsin State Herbarium Department of Botany, Iowa St. University Parasitism •Bullfrog acts as a host of the big red worm parasite. Ohio State University Ecological Relationships • Biological Magnification — Increasing concentration of poisons in organisms in higher trophic levels in a food chain or web. Many toxins in the Many person toxins in the water • Biological Magnification- accumulation of increasing amounts of toxin within tissues of organisms. Video on Biological Magnification.
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