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Home , Carnivore, Food chain, Photosynthesis, The Transfer (Smash)

Unit 6: ! From to Forces and

LESSON 1 LESSON Unit 6: Energy! From Food to Forces Chemical Energy and

LESSON 1 LESSON FOOD CHAIN Food chains and webs show the flow of chemical energy through an . From the to tertiary consumers. students learn about the transfer of chemical energy and how producers and consumers depend on each other. They also learn scientists classifiy living things based on what they eat. Table of Contents 4 Launch! Sun. Chemical energy passing through the food chain starts with the sun.

6 Chemical Collisions A1: Chemical Energy. and helium are the chemical elements in the sun.

12 Productive Primary Producers A2: Producers. Producers use energy from the sun during .

18 Primary Producer Eaters A3: Primary Consumers. Primary consumers get energy by producers.

26 Consuming Critters A4: Secondary Consumers. Secondary consumers get energy by eating primary consumers.

34 Web of A5: Food Chains and Webs. Food chains and webs show the transfer of chemical energy in an ecosystem.

50 Tropical Trophic Tiers A6: Energy Pyramid. Scientists show energy transfers from the sun to producers to consumers with trophic levels. Launch! (Sun)

SUN!

where does chemical energy begin in a food chain?

Chemical energy passing through the food chain starts with the sun. Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready? Materials Nothing to prepare. Sticky notes Pencil Set?

• Unit 4-Lesson 1-All Activities: Sun • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 1: Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producers (Producers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producer Eaters (Primary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid) Hawaii Standards Go! SC.K.3.1 Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. SC.1.3.1

SC.2.3.1

4 Hawaii Reef Initiative * U6.L1.Launch! * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 Launch!

Keiki Storytime! Living : How Bring the to Life by Molly Band and Penny Chisholm (J 572.46 Ba)

Interesting Fact The sun is about 330,000 times the size of Earth! Think about it... Why is the sun important?

Launch! Hawaii Nei Hawaii gets an average Brainstorm why the sun is important as a class. of 3,172 hours of sunlight per year. That is why many plants can grow here all year • Suggest ideas why the sun is important. long! Write each idea on a sticky note and stick to wall.

• Group ideas on wall by moving sticky notes.

• Name groups. Example: Gives heat. Provides . Makes plants grow.

• Discuss why the sun is important. Why is the sun important to plants? Why the sun is important to ? Why do scientists consider the sun as the beginning of the food chain?

**Activity Extension** Read Energy from the Sun by Allen Fowler (J 333.7923 Fo).

How it works Light, heat, and energy! The sun provides heat to keep us warm, light for us to see, and light energy for plants to grow. Plants use the sun’s energy to produce its own food. Then some animals eat the plants to get their energy. Other animals will eat the eating animals to get their energy! Without the sun, life would be impossible!

Hawaii Initiative * U6.L1.Launch! * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 5 Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy)

How does the sun start the CHEMICAL food chain? ENERGY!

Hydrogen and Helium are the chemical elements in the sun. Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain

Ready? Materials Flour (3 cups) Explore Salt (11/2 cups) Make salt dough. Cream of tartar (1/2 Tbsp) Put flour, salt, and cream of tartar in a large bowl. Pour boiling into Boiling water (3 cups) bowl all at once. Stir carefully with spoon to combine water. Mixing bowl Mixing spoon Let it cool for ten minutes. Then, knead by hand until uniformed. Tray Spinning tops or jacks Party Snaps (e.g., Pop-pops) Set?

• Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producers (Producers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producer Eaters (Primary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) Hawaii • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) Standards • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid) SC.K.3.1 SC.1.3.1 Go! SC.2.3.1 Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

6 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Chemical Collisions Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A1 (Chemical Energy) Think about it... What chemical elements make up the sun?

Engage What’s in a Word? Play Hydrogen, Hydrogen, Helium! (Duck, Duck, Goose) as a class. Helium comes from the Greek word for sun, helios. • Review instructions for “Duck, Duck, Goose.” Choose one student to be “it.”

• It: Walk around circle tapping heads of your classmates. Say “hydrogen” as you tap each head. Say “helium” as you tap the head of the student you choose. Scientists Say...... heliologist for someone • Helium: Chase “it” around the circle! who studies the sun. Try to tag them before they sit down in your empty space. Helium becomes new “it” unless he catches the previous “it.”

• Continue. Historical Note Pierre Janssen discovered helium in the sun during a solar eclipse in 1868.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 7 8 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Chemical Collisions Pretend tocreateenergyindividually. Explore • • • androllthemintooneball. This newballhastransformedintohelium. Crash yourtwohydrogenstogether! Roll hydrogensarounddesk. These areyourhydrogens. Roll saltdoughintotwoballs. What docollisionsinthesunproduce? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A1* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A1

Explain Sunlight provides the main source of energy on Earth. It provides light energy Did you know? for us to see and for photosynthesis in plants. It also gives us heat energy for The sun is 74% hydrogen, warmth. But did you ever wonder, from where does the sun get all its energy? 25% helium, and 1% mix of Chemical reactions! Reactions happen deep in the center of the sun. other elements.

What chemical elements make up the sun? Hydrogen and helium! Like other stars, hydrogen and helium gases make up the sun. Think back to learning about the tiny building blocks of all matter (atoms) in Unit 1. Hydrogen and helium are two kinds of atoms. Interesting Fact What do collisions in the sun produce? Solar flares are large Energy! Two collide to become one helium. Normally hydrogens explosions on the sun. do not want to combine. Aunty says remember from Unit 1, how more heat Gigantic flares of burning gas leap out from the sun’s energy equals faster atoms? Because the incredible heat in the center of the surface! sun, hydrogens zoom all over the place. Sometimes they crash into each other, which makes helium! This reaction releases a huge amount of energy. We can feel that energy all the way from the sun as radiant (heat) energy and see it as light energy. Scientists Say ...... nuclear reaction for what happens in the center of the sun.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 9 10 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Chemical Collisions Create collisionsinsmallgroups. Elaborate How itworks • • • • time energyreachesEarth, itismostlyvisiblelight. time itbounces,losesenergy. Your toplostenergyeachtimeitcrashedtoo.Bythe Sun! As energytravelsoutfromthesun’s core,it bouncesoff ofmorehydrogens. Each Repeat severaltimes. Observe anyspeedchangeswhenonetopcrashesinto another. Watch astheyspinandcollide. Spin anumberoftopsonthesamesurfaceattime. Example: tableortray Gather aroundsmooth,flatsurface. Is lightandheatenergystrongeratthesunorEarth? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A1* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A1

Invention Center Scientists can make hydrogen collide in highly controlled environments. The energy these collisions create can be used for electricity.

Did You Know? Party snaps contain a few grains of sand coated with silver fulminate wrapped in thin paper. When the Evaluate snaps hit a hard surface, the friction between the sand and fulminate cause a tiny How does the sun start the food chain? explosion. Create reactions individually.

• Go outside and throw two party snaps on the sidewalk at the same time.

• Discuss how the party snaps are like the elements in the sun. Talk about the chemical reactions in the snaps compared to those in the sun. NOAA Link Learn about solar events caused by chemical reactions in the sun at Where do producers get energy when there is no sunlight? NOAA’s Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research.

www.oar.noaa.gov Assess Search “Solar Events”

SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive (e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A1 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 11 Productive Primary Producers (Producers)

Producers! What living things create their own food from the sun?

Producers use energy from the sun during photosynthesis.

Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready?

Nothing to prepare.

Materials Set? Paper • Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 3: Get a Grip ( Producers) Pencil Scissors • Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 5: Reef Restaurants (Coral Reef Producers) Potted plants (4) • Unit 3-Lesson 3-Activity 6: Hello Halimeda (Halimeda Producers) Tape • Unit 4-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Food Factory (Photosynthesis) Jar with lid • Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 1:Growing Goodness (Producers) Tea bags • Unit 5-Lesson 2-Activity 2:Capturing the Sun () • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 1: Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producer Eaters (Primary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid)

Hawaii Go! Standards SC.K.3.1 Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

SC.1.3.1

SC.2.3.1

12 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A2 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A2

Think about it... What is a producer? Reading Photosynthesis: Changing Sunlight into Food by Bobbie Engage Kalman (J 572.46 Ka)

Make up tongue twisters about the word producer in pairs.

• Compose a sentence using produce, producer, and to produce. Example: Planting producers in pairs helps to produce plenty of produce. What’s in a • Teach it to your partner. Share with the class. Word? Produce comes from the Latin word producere, which means “bring forth.”

On a Related Note Product, production, produce, and productive all come from the same word (producere). What do their English meanings have in common?

Scientists say...... for living that produce their own food.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A2 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 13 14 14 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Productive PrimaryProducers Sing **Activity Extension** Explore • • • Twist yourbodysoleavesalwaysfacesthesun. Reach armsintheairandmakeacirclewithyour hands(). Sit inoneplace.Donotmovelegs. Remaining students:Pretendtobeplantsinthe sun. Hold thesunandwalkaroundroom. One student:Drawasunonpaper. Photosynthesisagain! Where doesthechemicalreaction(photosynthesis)inplantsoccur? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A2* www.reefpulsehawaii.com (U5.L2.A1) Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A3A2

Explain

What if your body could feed itself with only water, air ( dioxide), and sunlight? Producers do exactly that everyday! They do so through a called photosynthesis. Scientists Say ...... phototropism for the growth or movement of a plant What is a producer? toward or away from light. Plants, algae, and ! All three produce (make) their own food through a chemical reaction. Remember U5.L2.A1 and A2? Plants need sunlight to make their own food or they will die.

Where does the chemical reaction (photosynthesis) in plants occur? Leaves! Special cells, called chlorophyll, transform light energy into chemical Think About It energy (food). The leaves face toward the sun to capture sunlight during How are plant leaves and the day. Scientists call this chemical reaction, photosynthesis. Tutu says solar panels alike? chemical reactions combine several substances to create new substances. Answer: Both turn toward the sun to capture its energy.

On a Related Note The new international space station under construction has solar panels that are arranged like the leaves on a plant!

Web Resource Watch real plants follow the path of the sun.

www.youtube.com Search >”Phototropism in tomatoes-timelapse”

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A2 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 15 16 16 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Productive PrimaryProducers Change activityintoanexperiment. Observe plantsasaclass. Elaborate How itworks **Activity ExtensionforOlderKids** • • • • • • • • • • substances. chemical reactionscombineseveralsubstancestocreate new photosynthesis: sunlight,water, andcarbondioxide. Tutu says and grewthebestbecauseithadallthreethingsneeded for Sunlight, water, andcarbon dioxide!Pot#1shouldhavesurvived Explain results. Create adatacollectionsheet. Record observations. Pot #4becomesyourcontrolandremainingpots Create acontrolandvariables. What toproducersneedforphotosynthesis? Make ahypothesis. Observe andrecordchangesfortwoweeksoruntilitdies. Do notgivewaterorsunlight. Pot #4:Placeinaboxorcloset. Do notgivesunlight.Water asneeded. Pot #3:Water andputunderacloselidboxorincloset. Do notwater. Pot #2:Placenearwindow. Water asneededandtalktoyourplantwhileyouwaterit. Pot #1:Water andplacenearwindow. #3: Water only. #4:Nosunorwatercarbondioxide. #1: Sun,water, andcarbondioxide.#2:Sun only. Label fouridenticalpottedplants. What doproducersneedforphotosynthesis? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A2* www.reefpulsehawaii.com areyourvariables. Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A3A2

Scientists Say ...... for the producers make. This is the source of chemical energy animals eat to get their Evaluate energy.

What living things can create their own food from the sun? Make Sun Tea as a class. • Place tea bags (algae) in jar of water. Did You Know? Close lid. Phytoplankton perform two-thirds of all Earth’s photosynthesis. • Place jar in sun (light energy).

• Monitor changes at the end of the day for three days.

• Discuss how the tea bag, combined with water and sunlight created something new (tea). NOAA Link • Discuss how algae, uses water, sunlight, and to create NOAA’s Coastal and Oceanic , Production something new (sugar). and Observation Database emphasizes the vital role of • OPTIONAL: Add sugar and ice to your tea. plankton in the ’s food Enjoy! webs. www.noaa.gov Search “NMFS-COPEPOD” How does chemical energy in the sun transfer to producers?

Assess

SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive (e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A2 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 17 Primary Producer Eaters What (Primary Consumers) eats producers for energy?

PRIMARY!

Primary Consumers get energy by eating producers. Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready?

Explore Copy limu and honu drawing instructions onto board (U6.L1.A3-pages 24-25). Materials Paper Drawing materials Drawing instructions Set? (U6.L1.A3-pages 24-25) Leaves () Dictionary • Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Alive and Eating Construction paper • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 1: Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy) Bleach pen • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producer (Producers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid)

Hawaii Go! Standards SC.K.1.1 Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. SC.K.3.1

SC.1.3.1

SC.2.3.1

18 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Primary Producer Eaters Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A3 (Primary Consumers) Think about it... What is a consumer? Engage Keiki Storytime Where Does Your Food Go? by Wiley Blevins (J 612.3 Bl) Discuss what the word consumer means as a class.

• Draw an outline of a “C” on your paper.

• Make your “C” into a creature. Add background characters and scenery. What’s in a • Explain what your “C” creature consumes to the class. Word? Consume comes from the Latin word consumere, meaning “to use up, eat, waste.”

Did you know? receive only about 10% of available energy from producers.

»» Ben, you already did this one. just insert.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 19 20 20 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Primary ProducerEaters Make an Explore • • • • Rub themonyourlimuandhonudrawings. Use yourleavesorgrasstocolor. Instructions onhowtodrawahonufound(U6.L1.A3-page 25). Draw aprimaryconsumer(honu)eatingthelimu. Instructions onhowtodrawalimufound(U6.L1.A3-page24). Draw aproducer(limu)onpaper. Collect softgreenleavesorgrassoutside. What isaprimaryconsumer? Think aboutit... Herbivorous Honu Honu Herbivorous Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A3* www.reefpulsehawaii.com grass drawingindividually. Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A4A3

Explain Scientists Say...... primary for first . Primary Animals need energy to move, grow, and breathe. They get their energy by consumers act as the first consumer in the food chain. eating (consuming) food.

What is a consumer? Anything that consumes (eats) food! All animals are consumers, because they cannot produce their own food like plants, algae, and phytoplankton. What is a primary consumer? Interesting Fact Plant eater! Primary consumers, also called herbivores, eat producers to get Algavores eat only algae. energy. Through eating, energy transfers from producer to consumer, just like you transferred the green color from the leaves to your honu drawing.

Did you know? The algae and that honu eat turns their flesh green. This gives them their name, green , too!

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 21 22 22 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Primary ProducerEaters How itworks Search throughadictionaryasclass. Elaborate • • • • Word definitions! Look upitsdefinition. Write theword“.” Look upitsdefinition. Write “vore.” Look upitsdefinition. Write “herb.” Brainstorm whywecallproducereatersherbivores. swallow”. Herbivoremeans aplantdevouringanimal. Why dowecallplanteatersherbivore? Think aboutit... Herb meansa“floweringplant” and- Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A3* www.reefpulsehawaii.com

vore means“todevouror Primary Producer Eaters Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A4A3

Evaluate Reading Resource What type of eats producers for energy? What is a Herbivore? by Explain by drawing a diagram individually. Bobbie Kalman (J 591.54 Ka) • Draw a picture of a sun, producer and primary consumer. Use marker on construction paper.

• Draw arrows in pencil to show from where chemical energy comes. Use a bleach pen to trace your arrows. Did You Know? • Continue to decorate your drawing with markers and bleach pen. You can consume different parts of producers! : lettuce, spinach Stem: celery, rhubarb : apples, mango How do consumers depend on producers? : broccoli, cauliflower : carrots, turnips : pea, beans

NOAA Link Read about consumers in an at NOAA’s National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

www..gov Search “Life in an Estuary” >> Cycle of Life

Assess

SC.K.1.1 Use the senses to make observations. SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive(e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 23 Limu Drawing Steps U6.L1.A3 Primary Producer Eaters (Explore)

1.

2.

24 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Honu Drawing Steps U6.L1.A3 Primary Producer Eaters (Explore)

1.

2.

3.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A3 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 25 Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) What type of animal eats PRIMARY CONSUMERS for energy? SECONDARY CONSUMERS!

sECONDARY Consumers get energy by eating PRIMARY CONSUMERS. . Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready?

Engage Cut string, four-inches (two per student).

Materials Explore 9” paper plate (1 per student) 6” paper plate (1 per student) Label cups with different colored permanent pens (one color per group).: Green constuction paper Producers (eight cups), Primary consumer (three cups), Secondary. Scissors consumer (two cups). Tertiary consumer (one cup). Glue Hole punch String Elaborate Drawing materials Familiarize yourself with the Going on a Hunt lyrics (U6.L1.A4-page 30). Plastic cups (14) Permanent markers Evaluate Going on a Fish Hunt Photocopy Eat Em’ Up nesting activity (one per student) (U6.L1.A4-page 32). (lyrics and mp3) Eat Em’Up (U6.L1.A4-p.32) Hawaii Set? Standards • Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Alive and Eating SC.K.3.1 • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producers (Producers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producers Eaters (Primary Consumers) SC.1.3.1 • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) SC.2.3.1 • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid) Go!

Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

26 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A4

Think about it... What is a secondary consumer? Engage Keiki Storytime Seashore Food Chains by John Crossingham and Make an secondary consumer individually. Bobbie Kalman (J 577.69919 Cr) • Cut wedge out of large paper plate. Opening becomes your fish’s mouth.

• Glue wedge to opposite side of mouth. Point of wedge faces inwards, forming a tail. Scientists Say... • Repeat steps with small paper plate. ... for an animal that eats other animals. Decorate your with eyes and gills.

• Cut algae from green construction paper.

• Hang the algae inside mouth of smaller fish. What do you call this consumer? On a Related • Hang the small paper plate fish inside mouth of larger fish. Note What do you think you call this consumer? Scientists also say for a consumer that eats both plants and animals.

What’s in a Word? Caro: Flesh (Latin) Omni: All (Latin) Herba: Herb (Latin) Vorare: To devour (Latin)

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 27 28 28 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Consuming Critters Play RhythmConsumerCupStackasaclass. Explore • • • • you hear, “Tertiary,” coverasecondaryconsumercupwithtertiarycup. If classcalls,“Secondary,” covertwoprimarycupswithasecondaryconsumercup.When Volunteers: Repeat similarstepswithotherconsumers. stack andcoverthreemoreproducercups. If classcalls,“Primary,” coveraproducercupwithprimaryconsumercup. Then, grabthat Volunteers: Use cups(consumers)tocover(eat)theothercups. one tertiaryconsumercup. Set outeightproducercups,threeprimaryconsumer cups,twosecondaryconsumer Volunteers: Standinlinebehindadesk. (slap). Example: Clap,clap,“Primary!”(slap)“Secondary!”(slap).“tertiary!” Class: Callout“Primary!”“Secondary!”or“Tertiary!” totherhythm:clap,slap. Pick threevolunteers. What isatertiaryconsumer? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A4* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 5A4

Explain

Tutu kane says scientists consider all animals consumers. They consume food for its chemical energy. Scientists Say ...... tertiary for third and What is a secondary consumer? quanternary for fourth. Primary consumer-eater! These animals receive their energy from eating a primary consumer (herbivore). We also call them .

What is a tertiary consumer? Secondary consumer-eater! These animals eat other carnivores. These hunters require a lot of energy to move quickly to capture their prey. They Think About It get that energy from the chemical energy stored in the bodies of their prey. Are you primary, secondary or tertiary consumer?

Interesting Fact We often think of carnivores as large animals, like . Some carnivores are actually quite small, like coral polyps and . They both eat (tiny floating animals).

On a Related Note Coralinavores eat coral. eat plankton. Both coral and plankton are animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 29 30 30 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Consuming Critters How itworks Listen fordifferent typesofconsumersintheocean. Chant anddoactionsto Elaborate song isacarnivorebecause iteatsfish must besecondary(ortertiary) consumers!Unclesaysweknowthehunterinyour eater!Remember?Scientists callherbivoresprimaryconsumers,socarnivores (repeat) hunt fish a on Going Going to catch a big one (repeat) one big a catch to Going (repeat) fins. my Got I’m not afraid! (repeat) afraid! not I’m Got my teeth. (repeat) teeth. my Got (repeat) hunt fish a on Going Sun has set. (repeat) set. has Sun Going to catch a big one (repeat) one big a catch to Going Coming to green seagrass. (repeat) seagrass. green to Coming I’m not afraid! (repeat) afraid! not I’m Yuck! I’m not herbivore! (repeat) herbivore! not I’m Yuck! Can’t go around it! (repeat) it! around go Can’t I’m carnivore! (repeat) carnivore! I’m Can’t go under it! (repeat) it! under go Can’t Got to go through it! (repeat) it! through go to Got Swish, Swash (repeat) Swash Swish, (repeat) hunt fish a on Going Whew! Made it! Made Whew! Going to catch a big one (repeat) one big a catch to Going Coming to a large reef. (repeat) reef. large a to Coming I’m not afraid! (repeat) afraid! not I’m Yuck! I’m not a corallinavore! (repeat) corallinavore! a not I’m Yuck! Can’t go through it! (repeat) it! through go Can’t I’m a carnivore! (repeat) carnivore! a I’m Can’t go over it! (repeat) it! over go Can’t Got to go around it! (repeat) it! around go to Got Splish, Splash (repeat) Splash Splish, (repeat) hunt fish a on Going Whew! Made it! Made Whew! Going to catch a big one (repeat) one big a catch to Going I’m not afraid! (repeat) afraid! not I’m Why dowecallsecondaryconsumerscarnivores? Think aboutit... Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A4* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Going on a Fish Hunt Fish a on Going Coming to a of plankton. (repeat) plankton. of mass a to Coming Yuck! I’m not a ! (repeat) planktivore! a not I’m Yuck! Can’t go around it! (repeat) it! around go Can’t I’m carnivore! (repeat) carnivore! I’m Can’t go under it! (repeat) it! under go Can’t Got to go through it! (repeat) it! through go to Got Slurp, Slurp (repeat) Slurp Slurp, (repeat) hunt fish a on Going Whew! Made it! Made Whew! Going to catch a big one (repeat) one big a catch to Going Coming to dark . (repeat) waters. dark to Coming I’m not afraid! (repeat) afraid! not I’m Got to sneak inside! (repeat) inside! sneak to Got Tip-toe, Tip-toe (repeat) Tip-toe Tip-toe, Look to the left. ( eyes) (Shade left. the to Look Whew! Made it! it! Made Whew! Look to the right. (Shade eyes) (Shade right. the to Look Look up. (Shade eyes) (Shade up. Look Look down. (Shade eyes) (Shade down. Look

I think I see some big eyes! eyes! big some see I think I eyes) around fingers (Circle I think it’s a really big FISH! FISH! big really a it’s think I Out of the dark… the of Out (Throw arms back!) arms (Throw Through the plankton… the Through Around the reef… the Around Across the seagrass… the Across hunt, fish a on Going Whew! Made it! Made Whew! And we weren’t afraid!!! weren’t we And . Consuming Critters Reef Pulse - U6 L1 5A4

Evaluate

What consumer eats primary consumers for energy? Reading Resource Answer by doing the Eat Em’ Up Nesting Activity (U6.L1.A4-page 32). Read What is a Carnivore? by Bobbie Kalman (J 591.53 Ka) • Color and cut each part of the nesting template. Sun, producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer

• Form a ring. Tape. • Nest the smaller ring inside one larger. Repeat. Scientists Say... • Discuss as a class. ...predator for the hunter and prey for the eaten. Predator- prey relationships describe • Optional: Glue pictures of appropriate animals or draw on each ring. the food chain in a .

How do tertiary consumers (carnivores) depend on producers?

NOAA Link Many more tertiary consumers live in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands than the main Hawaiian Islands.

www.noaa.gov Search “large carnivores nwhi” >> NOAA Magazine Online Assess

SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive (e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 31 Eat Em’ Up U6.L1.A4: Critter Eaters (Evaluate) Producer Sun Primary Consumer (Herbivore) Secondary Consumer (Carnivore) 32

32 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Intentionally left blank

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A4 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 33 Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs)

What shows the transfer of energy in an ecosystem? FOOD CHAIN!

Food chains and webs show the transfer of chemical energy in an ecosystem.

Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready?

Engage Photocopy Food Chain Links strips (one of each set per group) Materials (U6.L1.A5-pages 40-43). Food Chain Links (U6.L1.A5-pp.40-43) Elaborate Coloring materials Scissors Photocopy and cut Twister cards (U6.L1.A5-pages 44-47). Tape Print Food Web List (U6.L1.A5-page 48). Yarn Food Web Twister cards (U6.L1.A5-pp.44-47) Food Web List (U6.L1.A5-p.48) Set?

• Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Alive and Eating • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 1: Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producer (Producers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producer Eaters (Primary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid) Hawaii Standards SC.K.3.1 Go! SC.1.3.1 Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students. SC.2.3.1

34 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A5

Think about it... What is a food chain? Engage Reading Resource Coral Reef Food Chain by Kelley Maculay and Bobbie Make a food chain in small groups. Kalman (J 577.78916 Ma)

• Color and cut out food chain link from template. Sun, producer, herbivore, and one or two carnivores

• Link together to form a food chain in the order they pass energy. Glue or tape ends together. Scientists Say ...... apex carnivore for carnivores at the top of the food chain. They are in the fourth or fifth level and have no predators.

NOAA Link Make a food chain mobile from the Why is Hawaii’s Ocean Important: A Keiki Activity Book, sponsored by NOAA’s National Ocean Service.

www.noaa.gov Search “Why is Hawaiils Ocean Important”

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 35 36 36 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Web ofLife Build a Explore • • • Discuss whyscientistscallthisafoodweb. Cut andtapeyarntoconnectlinks. Link animalsineachfoodchaintootherthingstheyeatonchains. Repeat withotherchairsforthefoodchains(onechainperchair). Hang yourfoodchainonthebackofachair. What isafoodweb? Think aboutit... Food Web Web Food in smallgroups. Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A5* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A7A5

Explain

You have learned how energy passes along an ecosystem. How can you keep track of all the different relationships? Food chain or food web! Did You Know? Each link in the food chain loses chemical energy. For What is a food chain? example, by the time a puhi eats an uhu, the uhu has Model showing what eats what in a habitat! It tells us how energy flows from already used much of its the sun to tertiary consumers. Food chains highlight relationships, such as algae energy in swimming how animals depend on plants. and other activities.

What is a food web? Multiple food chains! Most animals eat more than one prey and have more than one predator. Aunty says to think of a food web as a bunch of food chains woven together, like a spider’s web! Hawaii Nei Some connections in your food web: turtles eat sea grass, , and Scientists consider most halimeda; urchins eat turf algae, algae, halimeda, and crustose coralline deep ocean waters around algae; butterflyfish eat turf algae, algae and seagrass; groupers eat urchins Hawaii as biological . Why? Food chains tend and butterflyfish; eels eat butterflyfish and urchins; sharks eat turtles, eels, to be long, complex, and and groupers. inefficient. Hawaii Food Web: On a related Tertiary Consumers Note Due to these biological deserts, predators spend more time and effort searching for food. Secondary Consumers

Eel Grouper

Primary Consumers

Butter ysh

Producers Turf Algae Green Algae Sea Grass Halimeda Coralline Algae

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 37 38 38 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Web ofLife Play Elaborate How itworks • • • • • Tape toyourshirt. one consumertothenextwhenconsumerseat. light energyintochemicalduringphotosynthesis.Chemicalpassesfrom Lots! The sunuseschemicalenergytocreatelightandheatenergy. Producerschange already beencalled. Students: Startanewchainorlinktoanexistingiftheanimalyoueathas Teacher: Choosefromthefoodweblistatrandomtogetkidsreallytwisted. of Sun. Only dosoafterteachercallsoutthepair. Example: Algae placeyourhandonshoulder get yourenergy. Students: Placeyourhandonshoulder(or, foottouchingfoot)fromwhatyou Example: Algae ______getsitschemicalenergyfrom______.Usefoodweblist(U6.L1.A5-page48). Teacher: Readandfillintheblanksthisstatement: Take a Food Web Twister Twister Web Food How manydifferent wayscanenergypassthroughafoodweb? Think aboutit... Food Web Twister card getsitsenergyfromthesun. Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A5* www.reefpulsehawaii.com as aclass. (U6.L1.A5-pages 44-47). Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A7A5

Evaluate Keiki Storytime What shows the transfer of energy in an ecosystem? Who Eats What? by Patricia Answer by creating a food chain play in small groups. Lauber (J 574.53 L)

• Use the Food Web Twister cards to assign roles (U6.L1.A5-pages 44-47).

• Practice telling a story about your food chain. Just for Fun • Perform your story. Untangle a web! Stand in a circle in groups of four or five. Take hold of two hands (not directly next How does a food chain show how animals depend on plants? to you). Untangle your circle without letting go of any hands

NOAA link Learn about NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service’s Food Web Dynamics Program.

www.nefsc.noaa.gov >>Site Index >> Food Web Dynamics Program Assess

SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive (e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 39 40

Producer - Seagrass U6.L1.A5: WebofLife(Engage) Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A5* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Food ChainLinks Sun

Secondary Consumer (Carnivore) - Tiger Shark

Primary Consumer (Herbivore) - Honu Food Chain Links U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Engage) Secondary Consumer Thorn Seastar (Carnivore) - -of Producer - Phytoplankton Primary Consumer (Omnivore) - Coral Sun

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 41 42

Secondary Consumer (Carnivore) - Moray Eel U6.L1.A5: WebofLife(Engage) Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A5* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Food ChainLinks Primary Consumer (Herbivore) - Ornate Butterflyfish

Sun

Producer - Turf Algae Sun U6.L1.A5: WebofLife(Engage) Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A5* www.reefpulsehawaii.com Food ChainLinks Secondary Consumer (Carnivore)- Grouper

Primary Consumer (Herbivore) - Urchin

Producer - Algae 43 Food Chain Twister Cards U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Elaborate)

Sun Algae

Urchin Eel

44 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Food Chain Twister Cards U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Elaborate)

Phytoplankton Parrotfish

Grouper Sea Star

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 45 Food Chain Twister Cards U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Elaborate)

Lobster Monk Seal

Triton - Trumpet Seal Butterflyfish

Shark Octopus

46 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Food Chain Twister Cards U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Elaborate)

Zooplankton Coral Polp

Crab Oyster

Loggerhead Turtle Human

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 47 Food Web List U6.L1.A5: Web of Life (Elaborate)

Read and fill in the blanks in this statement:

______gets its chemical energy from ______. Example: Algae gets its energy from the sun.

Algae << sun Shark << eel Phytoplankton << sun Monk seal << eel Parrotfish << algae Triton trumpet snail << sea star Urchin << algae Sea star << coral polyp Zooplankton << phytoplankton Butterflyfish << coral polyp Oyster << phytoplankton Octopus << crab Eel << parrotfish Grouper << crab Grouper << parrotfish Monk seal << lobster Grouper << urchin Loggerhead turtle << lobster Sea star << urchin Shark << monk seal Coral polyp << zooplankton Grouper << butterflyfish Crab << zooplankton Shark << octopus Sea star << oyster Human << parrotfish Lobster << oyster Human << octopus

48 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Intentionally Left Blank

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A5 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 49 Tropical Trophic Tiers (Energy Pyramid)

energy pyramids!

how do you show how much energy passes through food chain?

Scientists show energy transfers from the sun to producers to consumers with trophic levels.

Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Ready?

Engage Make a bowl of popcorn.

Explore Familiarize yourself with the origami box instructions (U6.L1.A6-pages 56-57). Cut paper into squares. Each group gets twelve , six green, three , two pink, one . Materials Photocopy Energy Pyramid Producers and Consumers (U6.L1.A6-pages Popcorn 58-59) Each group receives one of each page. Bowl Paper (12 yellow, 6 green, 3 blue, 2 pink, 1 purple) (per group) Evaluate Energy Pyramid Producer Create a large triangle template on a sheet of paper. and Consumers Trace the triangle on three different color papers (one paper per student). (U6.L1.A6-p 58-59) Draw two horizontal lines to create three tiers on each triangle. Students Construction paper (3 colors) will cut on lines. Scissors Glue Markers Set?

• Unit 5-Lesson 2-All Activities: Alive and Eating • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 1: Chemical Collisions (Chemical Energy) Hawaii • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 2: Productive Primary Producer (Producers) Standards • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 3: Primary Producer Eaters (Primary Consumers) SC.K.3.1 • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 4: Consuming Critters (Secondary Consumers) • Unit 6-Lesson 1-Activity 5: Web of Life (Food Chains and Webs) SC.1.3.1 SC.2.3.1 Go!

Develop Know-Wonder-Learn chart with students.

50 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A6

Think about it... Think About It How many producers do primary consumer need to eat? If the primary consumer (herbivore) is small, its food chain tends to be longer. The larger the primary consumer, the shorter the Engage food chain.

Play How Full Are You? as a class.

• Wash your hands then sit in a circle.

• Pass a bowl of popcorn around and take one popcorn each. Eat your piece of popcorn. Interesting Fact Because the energy in plants delivers less chemical • Pretend you are an herbivorous fish that just munched on a popcorn energy than in animals, size piece of algae. herbivores have to eat a lot of plants in order to live. Would you still be hungry? Discuss how much algae you would need to eat to be full.

On a Related Note Manatee (very large herbivore) have to eat ten to fifteen percent of its weight every day. That equals two hundred pounds a day for an adult manatee. That’s a LOT of vegetables.

Hawaii Nei The humpback whale may be Hawaii’s largest secondary consumer, but they do not eat while here! Rather, they live off of their stored fat (blubber).

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 51 52 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Tropical TrophicTiers Create a Explore • • • • • • carnivore boxonverytopof pyramid.Staggerboxes. stack theblueherbivoreboxes, thenpinkcarnivoreboxes,andlastthepurpleapex Line upsunboxesinarow. Stackgreenmarineproducerboxesonsunboxes.Next Build yourtrophicpyramid. Example: shark carnivore.” Lookat Cut andpasteapexcarnivore(U6.L1.A6-page59)onto purpleboxorwrite“apex Fold 1purpleorigamiboxes. goatfish, milkfish,seahorse,triggerfish,trumpetfish Examples: barracudas,bigeyes,bonefish,cowfish,eels, filefish,flatfish,frogfish, Look atwww.marinelifephotography.com forotherexamplesfromHawaii. Cut andpastecarnivores(U6.L1.A6-page59)ontopinkboxesorwrite“carnivores.” Fold 2pinkorigamiboxes. sea urchins Examples: angelfish,anthias,blennies,boxfish,butterflyfish,damelfish,dartchubs, at www.marinelifephotography.com forotherexamplesfromHawaii. Cut andpasteherbivores(U6.L1.A6-page59)ontoblueboxesorwrite“herbivore.“Look Fold 3blueorigamiboxes. Examples: ,green,brownalgae,seagrass,phytoplankton Look atwww.marinelifephotography.com forotherexamplesfromHawaii. Cut andpastealgae(U6.L1.A6-page58)ontogreenboxesorwrite“producer.” Fold 6greenorigamiboxes. Draw asunonboxes. Fold 12yelloworigamiboxes(U6.L1.A6-pages56-57). What isanenergypyramid? Think aboutit... Tropical Trophic Pyramidinsmallgroups. www.marinelifephotography.com forphotoexamplesfromHawaii. Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A6* www.reefpulsehawaii.com

Marine Producers

Marine Producers

Marine

Herbivores

Producers Marine Marine

Marine

Carnivores

Herbivores Marine Marine

Herbivores Marine Marine

Apex Marine

Carnivores

Producers Marine Marine

Marine

Carnivores

Herbivores Marine Marine

Marine

Producers

Herbivores

Marine Marine

Producers

Marine Marine

Producers Marine Marine

Marine Carnivores Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A6

Explain Did you know? Producers capture only Energy pyramids show the food chain in a different way. They divide the food 1% of the available light chain into steps, called trophic levels. energy from the sun for photosynthesis. How many producers do primary consumer need to eat? Lots! An herbivore needs to eat lots of plants or algae in order to get enough chemical energy from the producer. The consumer uses energy from to move, breathe, and grow, so they need to eat a lot in order to have enough energy to pass on to the animal that eats them. On a Related What is an energy pyramid? Flow of energy! All life on Earth depends on the sun for energy. Therefore, Note About 80-95% of chemical the sun forms the base of the pyramid. one includes the energy is lost at each trophic producers, level two herbivores (primary consumers), and level three level. carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers). Level four has the apex carnivores. The levels become smaller and smaller as you move upwards, because only 10% of energy from one trophic level moves to the next. Producers and consumers use most of their energy themselves to digest, grow, breathe and reproduce. Just for fun Write Tropic Trophic. They are spelled almost the same, but the “ph” in trophic sounds like an “f” and not a “p”.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 53 54 Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain Tropical TrophicTiers How itWorks Build andtoppleyourenergypyramid. Elaborate • • • important roleforconsumers! Tutu says,eventhoughweplaceproducersatbottomofthepyramid, they playan the winterprogresses,carnivoresdonothaveenough toeat,soweakeronesdietoo. This createsfoodshortagesforherbivores. Thus, weakerherbivoresbegintodie. As Pyramid wouldreadjust!Inthewinteronmainland, plantsdieorbecomedormant. Create andaddmoreapexcarnivoreboxes. Could thereeverbemoreapexcarnivoresthanregularcarnivores? Carefully removesomeproducerboxes. Demonstrate whatwouldhappenifthereweremoreherbivoresthanproducers. Build yourfoodpyramidagain(withoutsunboxes). What wouldhappenifthereweremoreherbivoresthanproducers? Think aboutit...

Marine Producers

Marine

Herbivores

Producers Marine Marine

Apex Marine Carnivores Hawaii Coral ReefInitiative *U6.L1.A6* www.reefpulsehawaii.com

Marine

Carnivores

Herbivores

Marine Marine

Producers Marine Marine

Apex Marine Carnivores

Marine

Carnivores

Herbivores Marine Marine

Marine Producers

Apex Marine

Carnivores

Herbivores

Marine Marine

Producers

Marine Marine

Producers Marine Marine Reef Pulse - U6 L1 A6 Evaluate

How do you show how much energy passes through food change? Answer by designing your own food pyramid individually. Did You Know? You learned that plants • Cut your pyramid template and group pieces by sizes. keep animals alive by Pile 1: Base of pyramid, pile 2: middle of pyramid, pile 3: tops of pyramid. creating food for them to eat. But did you know animals help keep plants • Take one piece of pyramid from each pile. alive too? Their poop gives Mix up the colors. plants to grow bigger and stronger. • Form a pyramid (with three different color pieces) and glue to blank paper.

• Label each level.

• Draw the sun below your pyramid. Interesting Fact , animals who break down dead • Draw the energy path from the sun to each section. plants, animals, and even poop are important to the ecosystem too. Without • Describe the flow of energy. them, dead matter would pile up and plants would not get the nutrients from poop! How do consumers provide producers with energy?

NOAA link View a marine food pyramid chart at NOAA’s National Climactic Data Center.

www.ncdc.noaa.gov Search “Food pyramid transfer of energy”

Assess

SC.K.3.1 Identify similarities and differences between plants and animals.

SC.1.3.1 Identify the requirements of plants and animals to survive (e.g., food, air, light, water).

SC.2.3.1 Describe how animals depend on plants and animals.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 55 Origami Box Instructions U6.L1.A6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Explore) http://www.origami-instructions.com/origami-box.html

1. Fold the paper in half. Open. 2. Using the fold lines as guides, fold the Fold the paper in half the other way. Open. four corners of the paper into its center.

3. Fold the right edge and the left edge into 4. Repeat fold to the centerline by folding the top the centerline. Open. edge down and the bottom edge up. Open.

5. The unfolded paper should like this. 6. Unfold the top and bottom flap.

56 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Origami Box Instructions (continued) U6.L1.A6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Explore) http://www.origami-instructions.com/origami-box.html

A B

7. Put your finger behind point A and do a 8. Do the same for point B. reverse fold. As shown in step 9. One side of the box will be formed as you do this.

9. Now tuck in the flaps as shown to form the third side of the box.

10. Turn the box around and repeat the 11. Done! sequence of the last 3 photos. You can tape flaps down inside box.

Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com 57 Energy Pyramid Producers U6.L1.A6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Explore)

Producer Producer Caulerpa (Green alga) Limu kohu (Red alga) Unit 6: Chemical Energy and Food Chain

Producer Producer Limu kala (Brown alga) Padina (Brown alga) -

Producer Producer Limu manuea (Red alga) Halimeda (Green alga)

58 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com Energy Pyramid Consumers U6.L1.A6: Tropical Trophic Tiers (Explore)

Herbivore Herbivore Kikakapu (Butterflyfish) Wana (urchin)

Herbivore Carnivore Nenue (Hawaiian Chub) Menpachi or Uu (Soldierfish)

Carnivore Apex Carnivore Roi Mano (Reef shark)

59 Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative * U6.L1.A6 * www.reefpulsehawaii.com