The Ordovician Development of the Actinoceratida, with Notes on Actinoceroid Morphology and Ordovician Stratigraphy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Ordovician Development of the Actinoceratida, with Notes on Actinoceroid Morphology and Ordovician Stratigraphy MEMOIR 2 Studies of the Actinoceratida I. The Ordovician Development of the Actinoceratida, With Notes on Actinoceroid Morphology and Ordovician Stratigraphy II. Macroloxoceras, a Devonian Homeomorph of the Actinoceratida By ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER 1 9 5 7 STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS STATION SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS EX OFFICIO The Honorable Edwin L. Mechem ................................................ Governor of New Mexico Mrs. Georgia L. Lusk ......................................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTED MEMBERS Robert W. Botts ................................................................................................ Albuquerque Holm 0. Bursum, Jr. ............................................................................................... Socorro Thomas M. Cramer .................................................................................................. Carlsbad John N. Mathews, Jr. ................................................................................................ Socorro Richard A. Matuszeski ..................................................................................... Albuquerque Published December 31, 1957 Contents PART I THE ORDOVICIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACTINOCERATIDA, WITH NOTES ON ACTINOCEROID MORPHOLOGY AND ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 4 MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES ............................................................................................................... 5 STRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF THE ACTINOCEROIDS IN THE ORDOVICIAN .. 7 North America .................................................................................................................................. 7 Whiterock ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Chazy ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Black River ................................................................................................................................... 7 Trenton .......................................................................................................................................... 8 East-Central region ....................................................................................................................... 8 Appalachian region ....................................................................................................................... 9 Red River faunas ........................................................................................................................... 9 Richmond faunas ........................................................................................................................ 10 Northern Europe .............................................................................................................................. 11 Eastern Asia ..................................................................................................................................... 11 EVOLUTION OF THE ACTINOCERATIDA ................................................................................... 12 Previous views ................................................................................................................................ 12 Primitive features ............................................................................................................................ 12 Ancestry of the Actinoceratida ........................................................................................................ 13 Evolution within the Actinoceratida ............................................................................................... 14 NOTES ON ORDOVICIAN CORRELATIONS ................................................................................ 17 THE MONTOYA GROUP .................................................................................................................. 20 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS ....................................................................................................... 23 Genus POLYDESMIA Lorenz ........................................................................................................ 23 Genus WUTINOCERAS Shimizu and Obata (1936) ..................................................................... 23 Genus NYBYOCERAS Troedsson (1926) ..................................................................................... 23 Nybyoceras montoyense Flower, n. sp. ....................................................................................... 24 Genus ADAMSOCERAS Flower, n. gen. ...................................................................................... 25 Adamsoceras isabelae Flower, n. sp. .......................................................................................... 25 Page Genus ORMOCERAS Stokes .............................................................................................. 26 Ormoceras neumani Flower, n. sp. ................................................................................................ 27 Ormoceras dartoni Flower, n. sp. ..................................................................................... 27 Genus DEIROCERAS Hyatt ............................................................................................................ 29 Deiroceras, sp. .............................................................................................................................. 29 Genus ACTINOCERAS Bronn ............................................................................................ 30 Group of Actinoceras margaretae ...................................................................................................... 30 Group of Actinoceras ruedemanni ..................................................................................... 30 Group of Actinoceras centrale ......................................................................................... 31 Group of Actinoceras paquettense .................................................................................... 31 Group of Actinoceras winstoni ............................................................................................................ 32 Group of Actinoceras simplicem ......................................................................................................... 32 Group of Actinoceras anticostiense .................................................................................................... 32 Inadequately known species ......................................................................................................... 33 Arctic species ............................................................................................................................... 33 Asiatic species .............................................................................................................................. 34 Actinoceras margaretae Flower, n. sp. .......................................................................................... 34 Actinoceras aequale Flower, n. sp. ................................................................................................ 35 Actinoceras gradatum Flower, n. sp. ................................................................................ 36 Actinoceras sinclairi Flower, n. sp. .................................................................................. 37 Actinoceras huronioides Flower, n. sp. ............................................................................. 37 Actinoceras mutabile Flower, n. sp. ............................................................................................... 38 Actinoceras abortivum Flower, n. sp. ................................................................................ 39 Actinoceras winstoni Flower, n. sp. .............................................................................................. 39 Actinoceras incantatum Flower, n. sp. ........................................................................................... 40 Genus LEURORTHOCERAS Foerste ............................................................................................. 41 Genus KOCHOCERAS Troedsson .................................................................................................. 43 Genus ARMENOCERAS Foerste .................................................................................................... 44 Armenoceras callaghani Flower, n. sp. .......................................................................................... 44 Armenoceras lenticontractum Flower, n. sp. .................................................................................. 45 Armenoceras australe Flower, n. sp. ............................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Nautiloid Shell Morphology
    MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO MEMOIR 13 Nautiloid Shell Morphology By ROUSSEAU H. FLOIVER 1964 STATEBUREAUOFMINESANDMINERALRESOURCES NEWMEXICOINSTITUTEOFMININGANDTECHNOLOGY CAMPUSSTATION SOCORRO, NEWMEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS EXOFFICIO THEHONORABLEJACKM.CAMPBELL ................................ Governor of New Mexico LEONARDDELAY() ................................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTEDMEMBERS WILLIAM G. ABBOTT ................................ ................................ ............................... Hobbs EUGENE L. COULSON, M.D ................................................................. Socorro THOMASM.CRAMER ................................ ................................ ................... Carlsbad EVA M. LARRAZOLO (Mrs. Paul F.) ................................................. Albuquerque RICHARDM.ZIMMERLY ................................ ................................ ....... Socorro Published February 1 o, 1964 For Sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Campus Station, Socorro, N. Mex.—Price $2.50 Contents Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • New Fossil Finds from the Cambro-Silurian Meta-Sediments on Hardangervidda
    New Fossil Finds from the Cambro-Silurian Meta-sediments on Hardangervidda ARILD ANDRESEN Andresen, A. 1974: New fossil finds from the Cambro-Silurian meta-sedi ments on Hardangervidda. Norges geol. Unders. 304, 55-60. The occurrence of Actinoceroid cephalopods {Ormoceras (?) sp.), brachiopods {Orthis ss.), and trilobites {Ptycbopyge sp.) in a crystalline limestone over lying bluish quartzite on Hardangervidda indicates that Orthoceras Limestone of the Lower Ordovician Asaphus Series (Etage 3c) is present. The underlying quartzites are correlated with stage 3a-3b in the Oslo Region. A. Andresen, Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum, Sarsgt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway Introduction Hardangervidda (Fig. 1) is, outside the Oslo Region, one of the largest areas in Norway where Cambro-Silurian sediments of eastern facies (foreland fac ies) are exposed. The stratigraphy and structure of these rocks are not very well known, partly because of the inaccessibility of the area, and partly due to the intense deformation and lack of fossiliferous beds. Even though the fossils described in this paper are badly preserved, making identification of species in some cases uncertain and in other cases impossible, they give some information about the Cambro-Silurian stratigraphy. The earliest contribution to the geology of Hardangervidda was made by Dahll (1861), who reported fossiliferous beds with Dictyonema flabelliforme (2e in the stratigraphic sequence of the Oslo Region) from Holberget (Fig. 1). Later, Brøgger (1893), after more detailed mapping, established a strati graphic sequence for the rocks overlying the Precambrian basement. In this sequence all the rocks above the Precambrian basement were assumed to be in a normal succession. The subdivision he established was, from the base upwards: 1, Alum shale; 2, Quartizite; 3, Crystalline limestone (marble); 4, Phyllites; 5, Various crystalline rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambrian Cephalopods
    BULLETIN 40 Cambrian Cephalopods BY ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER 1954 STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS STATION SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Eugene Callaghan, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS Ex OFFICIO The Honorable Edwin L. Mechem ...................... Governor of New Mexico Tom Wiley ......................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTED MEMBERS Robert W. Botts ...................................................................... Albuquerque Holm 0. Bursum, Jr. ....................................................................... Socorro Thomas M. Cramer ........................................................................ Carlsbad Frank C. DiLuzio ..................................................................... Los Alamos A. A. Kemnitz ................................................................................... Hobbs Contents Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 1 FOREWORD ................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................. 3 PREVIOUS REPORTS OF CAMBRIAN CEPHALOPODS ................ 4 ADEQUATELY KNOWN CAMBRIAN CEPHALOPODS, with a revision of the Plectronoceratidae ..........................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Battle of Valcour Island - Wikipedia
    Battle of Valcour Island - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island Coordinates: 44°36′37.84″N 73°25′49.39″W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The naval Battle of Valcour Island, also known as the Battle of Valcour Bay, took place on October 11, 1776, on Battle of Valcour Island Lake Champlain. The main action took place in Valcour Part of the American Revolutionary War Bay, a narrow strait between the New York mainland and Valcour Island. The battle is generally regarded as one of the first naval battles of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the first fought by the United States Navy. Most of the ships in the American fleet under the command of Benedict Arnold were captured or destroyed by a British force under the overall direction of General Guy Carleton. However, the American defense of Lake Champlain stalled British plans to reach the upper Hudson River valley. The Continental Army had retreated from Quebec to Fort Royal Savage is shown run aground and burning, Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point in June 1776 after while British ships fire on her (watercolor by British forces were massively reinforced. They spent the unknown artist, ca. 1925) summer of 1776 fortifying those forts, and building additional ships to augment the small American fleet Date October 11, 1776 already on the lake. General Carleton had a 9,000 man Location near Valcour Bay, Lake Champlain, army at Fort Saint-Jean, but needed to build a fleet to carry Town of Peru / Town of Plattsburgh, it on the lake.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I. Revision of Buttsoceras. Part II. Notes on the Michelinoceratida
    MEMOIR 10 PART I Revision of Buttsoceras PART II Notes on the Michelinoceratida By ROUSSEAU H. FLOWER 1 9 6 2 STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS STATION SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY E. J. Workman, President STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J. Thompson, Director THE REGENTS MEMBERS Ex OFFICIO The Honorable Edwin L. Mechem ........................................ Governor of New Mexico Tom Wiley .......................................................... Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTED MEMBERS William G. Abbott ............................................................................................... Hobbs Holm 0. Bursum, Jr. ......................................................................................... Socorro Thomas M. Cramer ......................................................................................... Carlsbad Frank C. DiLuzio ...................................................................................... Albuquerque Eva M. Larrazolo (Mrs. Paul F.) ............................................................... Albuquerque Published October I2, 1962 For Sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Campus Station, Socorro, N. Mex.—Price $2.00 Contents PART I REVISION OF BUTTSOCERAS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 030321 VLP Fort Ticonderoga
    Fort Ticonderoga readies for new season LEE MANCHESTER, Lake Placid News TICONDEROGA — As countered a band of Mohawk Iro- name brought the eastern foothills American forces prepared this quois warriors, setting off the first of the Adirondack Mountains into week for a new war against Iraq, battle associated with the Euro- the territory worked by the voya- historians and educators in Ti- pean exploration and settlement geurs, the backwoods fur traders conderoga prepared for yet an- of the North Country. whose pelts enriched New other visitors’ season at the site of Champlain’s journey down France. Ticonderoga was the America’s first Revolutionary the lake which came to bear his southernmost outpost of the War victory: Fort Ticonderoga. A little over an hour’s drive from Lake Placid, Ticonderoga is situated — town, village and fort — in the far southeastern corner of Essex County, just a short stone’s throw across Lake Cham- plain from the Green Mountains of Vermont. Fort Ticonderoga is an abso- lute North Country “must see” — but to appreciate this historical gem, one must know its history. Two centuries of battle It was the two-mile “carry” up the La Chute River from Lake Champlain through Ticonderoga village to Lake George that gave the site its name, a Mohican word that means “land between the wa- ters.” Overlooking the water highway connecting the two lakes as well as the St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers, Ticonderoga’s strategic importance made it the frontier for centuries between competing cultures: first between the northern Abenaki and south- ern Mohawk natives, then be- tween French and English colo- nizers, and finally between royal- ists and patriots in the American Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Valcour Primitive Area
    Chambly Canal L’île Valcour comporte 12 km de Comprised of 1,100 acres, Valcour Island is the largest island sentiers de randonnée et 25 Couvrant 4,45 km2, l’île Valcour est la plus grande île du lac emplacements de camping on the New York side of Lake Champlain. It is managed by désignés. Des permis de camping Champlain, côté new-yorkais. Cette zone de nature protégée gratuits d’une durée maximale de the New York State Department of Environmental Conser- 14 jours sont émis par un gardien à l’intérieur du parc des Adirondacks est gérée par le New du parc. Par ailleurs, le site ayant vation as a primitive area within the Adirondack Park. Emphasis adopté le principe du premier York State Department of Environmental Conservation qui is placed on restoring its natural condition, preserving cultural arrivé, premier servi, aucune réser- préconise la restauration du milieu naturel et la préservation Quebec vation n’est acceptée. Pour de plus resources, and affording recreation that does not require amples renseignements sur l’île des ressources culturelles de l’île ainsi que les activités récréa- Beauty Valcour, veuillez communiquer Bay avec le Department of Environmen- Canada extensive man-made Valcour tives n’exigeant pas d’am- Landing tal Conservation au (518) 897-1200. United States facilities or motorized énagements importants equipment. ni de matériel motorisé. With eight miles of Avec sa côte de 13 km shoreline, consisting of constituée d’une variété Spoon Spoon New York a variety of rocky ledges Bay Island de corniches rocheuses and quiet sandy bays, the surplombant de paisibles You Are Here Boating along the rocky ledges of Valcour Island at the recreational potential on baies sablonneuses, le “Baby Blues,” similar to scenes found on Valcour Peru turn of the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippian Cephalopods of Northern and Eastern Alaska
    Mississippian Cephalopods of Northern and Eastern Alaska By MACKENZIE GORDON, JR. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 283 Descr9tions and illustrations of nautiloids and ammonoids and correlation of the assemblages with European Carbonferous goniatite zones UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OF,FICE, WASHINGTON : 1957 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.50 (paper cover) CONTENTS Pane Page 1 Stratigraphic and geographic distribution-Continued Introduction - - - - - - .. - - - - ... - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Brooks Range-Continued Previous work-------------------------------------- 1 Kiruktagiak River basin--Chandler Lake area- - Composition of the cephalopod fauna ------------------ 2 Siksikpuk River basin ------- ---------- ------ Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of the cepha- Anaktuvuk River basin _------------..-..------ lopods------------------------------------------- Nanushuk River basin ...................... - Brooks Range---------------------------------- Echooka River basin --------- ----- - Cape Lisburne region ------- -- --- --------- - - - Eagle-Circle district ---__ _ -___ _- --- --- - - ---- - -- - - Lower Noatak Rlver basin -----------------..- Age and correlation of the cephalopod-bearing beds- ---- Western De Long Mountains_--__----- .------ Mississippian cephalopod-collecting localities in Alaska- -
    [Show full text]
  • United States National Museum Bulletin 262
    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MUSEUM O F NATURAL HISTORY For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 70 cents UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 262 Catalog of the Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils LOUIS R. PURNELL Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1968 Publications of the United States National Museum The scientific publications of the United States National Museum in- clude two series, Proceedings of the United States National Museum and United States National Museum Bulletin. In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly ac- quired facts in the field of anthropology, biology, geology, history, and technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in the various subjects. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table of contents of the volume. In the Bulletin series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related sub- jects. Bulletins are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on the the needs of the presentation. Since 1902, papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the Bulletin series under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium.
    [Show full text]
  • Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife
    Detail of the Lower Devonian jawless, armoured fish Cephalaspis from Balruddery Den. © Perth Museum & Art Gallery, Perth & Kinross Council Review of Fossil Collections in Scotland Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Perth Museum and Art Gallery (Culture Perth and Kinross) The McManus: Dundee’s Art Gallery and Museum (Leisure and Culture Dundee) Broughty Castle (Leisure and Culture Dundee) D’Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum and University Herbarium (University of Dundee Museum Collections) Montrose Museum (Angus Alive) Museums of the University of St Andrews Fife Collections Centre (Fife Cultural Trust) St Andrews Museum (Fife Cultural Trust) Kirkcaldy Galleries (Fife Cultural Trust) Falkirk Collections Centre (Falkirk Community Trust) 1 Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Collection type: Independent Accreditation: 2016 Dumbarton Road, Stirling, FK8 2KR Contact: [email protected] Location of collections The Smith Art Gallery and Museum, formerly known as the Smith Institute, was established at the bequest of artist Thomas Stuart Smith (1815-1869) on land supplied by the Burgh of Stirling. The Institute opened in 1874. Fossils are housed onsite in one of several storerooms. Size of collections 700 fossils. Onsite records The CMS has recently been updated to Adlib (Axiel Collection); all fossils have a basic entry with additional details on MDA cards. Collection highlights 1. Fossils linked to Robert Kidston (1852-1924). 2. Silurian graptolite fossils linked to Professor Henry Alleyne Nicholson (1844-1899). 3. Dura Den fossils linked to Reverend John Anderson (1796-1864). Published information Traquair, R.H. (1900). XXXII.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
    NOTES ON A GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF MT. ANNE AND THE WELD RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH-WESTERN TASMANIA. By A. N. Lewis, M.C, LL.D. SYNOPSIS. 1. Introductory. (a) General. (b) Geographical position and access. (c) Routes followed. (d) Previous literature and acknowledgments. 2. Physiographical Geology. (a) Present topography. (b) Development of present topography. 3. Stratigraphical Geology. (a) Pre-Cambrian. (b) Early Palaeozoic. (c) Permo-Carboniferous and Trias-Jura. (d) Diabase intrusions. (e) Post-diabase sediments. 4. Glacial Geology. (a) Descriptive account of glacial action on Mt. Anne. (b) Glacial epochs in Tasmania. (c) Cycle of glacial erosion in Tasmania, (a) Other signs of glaciation in the area. 5. Economic Possibilities. (a) Mining. (b) Agricultural. 6. Appendices. (a) Extract from an account by H. Judd. (b) Explanation of Plates. (c) List of Works referred to in text. I. INTRODUCTORY, (a) General. Major L. F. Giblin, D.S.O.. and Mr. A. V. Giblin during the Christmas holidays of 1920, 1921, and 1922, organised and led three successive trips into the little-known country that surrounds Mt. Anne. The parties met with consider- able difficiltios, and most of the available time was used up in the endeavour to reach Mt. Anne, so the opportunities B 10 -NOTES ON MT. ANNE AND THE WELD UIVER VALLEY, for an investi,q:ation of geolojry were few, but these frag;- mentary notes may be of assistance to future investigators. (b) Geological Position and Access. Mt. Anne lies about 45 miles due west from Hobart, near the head of the Huon River. From the top of the Tyenna Valley a line of rough hills runs westward from Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • TWWHA Walking Track Management Strategy 1994 Vol 1
    Walking Track Management Strategy for the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area Volume I Main Report January 1994 1 Summary The Walking Track Management Strategy is a strategy developed by the Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service for the management of walking tracks and walkers in and adjacent to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (WHA), in accordance with the recommendations of the World Heritage Area Management Plan. Key management issues in the region include the extensive deterioration of existing walking tracks and the unplanned development of new walking tracks in many areas. Campsite impacts, crowding, pollution and broadscale trampling damage to vegetation and soils are also creating serious problems in some areas. The Strategy has been prepared on the basis of an extensive literature survey and an inventory of tracks and track conditions throughout the WHA. Research has also been undertaken to assess usage levels, usage trends and user attitudes and characteristics throughout the WHA. The three-volume document includes: • a summary of the findings of the literature survey (section 2 and appendix B); • a description of the method used to compile the inventory of tracks and track conditions, and a summary of the findings of the inventory (section 3); • a summary of available information on usage levels, usage trends, user characteristics and attitudes and social impacts throughout the WHA (section 4 and appendix C); • an assessment of the opportunity spectrum for bushwalking in and adjacent to the WHA (section 5 and appendix
    [Show full text]