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W. Shakespeare – B. Pasternak – D. Shostakovich. Sonnet 66 (The Question of Artistic Translation)

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W. Shakespeare – B. Pasternak – D. Shostakovich. Sonnet 66 (The Question of Artistic Translation) The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition W. SHAKESPEARE – B. PASTERNAK – D. SHOSTAKOVICH. SONNET 66 (THE QUESTION OF ARTISTIC TRANSLATION) Natalya Borisovna Zubareva Doctor of Arts, Assistant Professor of Theory and History of Music Department, Perm State Institute of Culture. 18 Gazety “Zvezda”st., Perm, Permskiy Krai, 614000 E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +7-909-109-08-58 ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the 66th Shakespeare sonnet. It deals with the relationships between original text and its translations into another verbal language and language of another arts. The article focuses on intensive dramatic processes in the work caused by changes in the density of sound events and directly linked to the establishment of composition. The results of study allow to say with certainty that it is advisable to apply quantitative methods to evaluation the adequacy of literary translation. KEYWORDS: 66th Shakespeare sonnet, translated by B. Pasternak, D. Shostakovich’s romance, literary translation, quantitative methods of study, fuzzy sets theory. INTRODUCTION Out of all the 154 sonnets by Shakespeare Sonnet 66 stands apart. This sonnet, while having tremendous value in the art of the great poet, vastly impacted the creations of other masters, who translated Shakespeare to other verbal languages and the languages of other arts. At this intersection is the object of our study – Shostakovich romance with lyrics from Sonnet 66 translated by Pasternak. Here we deal with two types of translation: linguistic and musical. The Russian version of the sonnet poses the question of “how much Shakespeare is there in Pasternak’s translation” (Finkel 1968: 172), whereas the key question about Shostakovich romance is “to what extent can musical interpretation be regarded as a translation?” Literature Review Synopsis William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of theatrical players. Written records give little indication of the way in which Shakespeare’s professional life molded his artistry. All that can be deduced is that over the course of 20 years, Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Mysterious Origins Known throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work—the plays, poems and sonnets—and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events. Submit Date: 02.02.2017, Acceptance Date: 02.03.2017, DOI NO: 10.7456/1070ASE/068 685 Copyright © The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition Early Life Though no birth records exist, church records indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From this, it is believed he was born on or near April 23, 1564, and this is the date scholars acknowledge as William Shakespeare's birthday. Located 103 miles west of London, during Shakespeare's time Stratford-upon-Avon was a market town bisected with a country road and the River Avon. William was the third child of John Shakespeare, a leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local landed heiress. William had two older sisters, Joan and Judith, and three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. Before William's birth, his father became a successful merchant and held official positions as alderman and bailiff, an office resembling a mayor. However, records indicate John's fortunes declined sometime in the late 1570s. Scant records exist of William's childhood, and virtually none regarding his education. Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. Being a public official's child, William would have undoubtedly qualified for free tuition. But this uncertainty regarding his education has led some to raise questions about the authorship of his work and even about whether or not William Shakespeare ever existed. Married Life William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582, in Worcester, in Canterbury Province. Hathaway was from Shottery, a small village a mile west of Stratford. William was 18 and Anne was 26, and, as it turns out, pregnant. Their first child, a daughter they named Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583. Two years later, on February 2, 1585, twins Hamnet and Judith were born. Hamnet later died of unknown causes at age 11. After the birth of the twins, there are seven years of William Shakespeare's life where no records exist. Scholars call this period the "lost years," and there is wide speculation on what he was doing during this period. One theory is that he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy. Another possibility is that he might have been working as an assistant schoolmaster in Lancashire. It is generally believed he arrived in London in the mid- to late 1580s and may have found work as a horse attendant at some of London's finer theaters, a scenario updated centuries later by the countless aspiring actors and playwrights in Hollywood and Broadway. Theatrical Beginnings By 1592, there is evidence William Shakespeare earned a living as an actor and a playwright in London and possibly had several plays produced. The September 20, 1592 edition of the Stationers' Register (a guild publication) includes an article by London playwright Robert Greene that takes a few jabs at William Shakespeare: "...There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake- scene in a country," Greene wrote of Shakespeare. Submit Date: 02.02.2017, Acceptance Date: 02.03.2017, DOI NO: 10.7456/1070ASE/068 686 Copyright © The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition Scholars differ on the interpretation of this criticism, but most agree that it was Greene's way of saying Shakespeare was reaching above his rank, trying to match better known and educated playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe or Greene himself. By the early 1590s, documents show William Shakespeare was a managing partner in the Lord Chamberlain's Men, an acting company in London. After the crowning of King James I, in 1603, the company changed its name to the King's Men. From all accounts, the King's Men company was very popular, and records show that Shakespeare had works published and sold as popular literature. The theater culture in 16th century England was not highly admired by people of high rank. However, many of the nobility were good patrons of the performing arts and friends of the actors. Early in his career, Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated his first- and second-published poems: "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "The Rape of Lucrece" (1594). Establishing Himself By 1597, 15 of the 37 plays written by William Shakespeare were published. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theaters were closed. By 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. This made him an entrepreneur as well as an artist, and scholars believe these investments gave him the time to write his plays uninterrupted. Writing Style William Shakespeare's early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn't always align naturally with the story's plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays. At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose. Early Works: Histories and Comedies With the exception of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare's first plays were mostly histories written in the early 1590s. Richard II, Henry VI (parts 1, 2 and 3) and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers, and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare's way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty. Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance A Midsummer Night's Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, Submit Date: 02.02.2017, Acceptance Date: 02.03.2017, DOI NO: 10.7456/1070ASE/068 687 Copyright © The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night.
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