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Invasive Alien Plants of Russia: Insights from Regional Inventories

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Invasive Alien Plants of Russia: Insights from Regional Inventories Biol Invasions (2018) 20:1931–1943 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1686-3 ALIEN FLORAS AND FAUNAS 2 Invasive alien plants of Russia: insights from regional inventories Yulia Vinogradova . Jan Pergl . Franz Essl . Martin Hejda . Mark van Kleunen . REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS . Petr Pysˇek Received: 15 September 2017 / Accepted: 8 February 2018 / Published online: 19 February 2018 Ó Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Recent research on plant invasions indi- invasive species in total, in Siberia 70, and in the Far cates that some parts of the world are understudied East 79. The most widespread invaders are, in terms of with temperate Asia among them. To contribute the number of regions from which they are reported, towards closing this gap, we provide a standardized Acer negundo, Echinocystis lobata (recorded in 34 list of invasive alien plant species with their distribu- regions), Erigeron canadensis and Elodea canadensis tions in 45 Russian regions, and relate the variation in (recorded in 30 regions). Most invasive species in their richness to climate, socioeconomic parameters Russia originate from other parts of temperate Asia and human influence. In total, we report 354 invasive and Europe. There were significant differences in the alien species. There are, on average, 27 ± 17 (mean ± representation of life forms between the European, SD) invasive plants per region, and the invasive Siberian and Far East biogeographical regions, with species richness varies from zero in Karelia to 71 in perennials being over-represented in the Far East, and Kaluga. In the European part of Russia, there are 277 shrubs in the European part of Russia. The richness of invasive species can be explained by climatic factors, human population density and the percentage of urban Regional Contributors: See Appendix S1. population in a region. This publication and the associated dataset is the first comprehensive treatment Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1686-3) con- of the invasive flora of Russia using standardized tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y. Vinogradova M. van Kleunen Main Botanical Garden Named After N.V. Tsitsin, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 127276 Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China J. Pergl (&) Á M. Hejda Á P. Pysˇek Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The M. van Kleunen Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Pru˚honice, Czech Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Republic Universita¨tsstrasse 10, 78467 Konstanz, Germany e-mail: [email protected] P. Pysˇek F. Essl Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape University, Vinicˇna´ 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria 123 1932 Y. Vinogradova et al. criteria and covering 83% of the territory of this naturalized plant species inventories worldwide (van country. Kleunen et al. 2015;Pysˇek et al. 2017) show that there are still some major data gaps in global coverage, the Keywords Climate Á Exotic plants Á Invasive flora Á biggest one being large parts of temperate Asia (see Life-form Á Russia Á Socioeconomic factors van Kleunen et al. 2015, their Fig. 1). Global knowl- edge of the distribution of invasive plants, i.e. the subset of naturalized plants that rapidly spread over large distances from focal populations (Richardson Introduction et al. 2000; Blackburn et al. 2011), is even more limited than is the case with naturalized plants and up In recent years there has been considerable progress in to date information on numbers of invasive plant developing regional inventories of alien plant species species in world regions has only been summarized (see Pysˇek et al. 2017 for an overview). Such recently (Pysˇek et al. 2017). inventories represent key inputs for continental and Improving the knowledge of distributions and global databases (Lambdon et al. 2008; van Kleunen richness of alien plant species, both naturalized and et al. 2015) that provide data for testing general invasive, in poorly studied regions is important for hypotheses on biological invasions (e.g. Dellinger many reasons including better understanding of fac- et al. 2016; Maurel et al. 2016; Razanajatovo et al. tors determining local invasions, but also for obtaining 2016; Dawson et al. 2017), identifying long-term a more complete picture of global alien species trends in species introductions (Seebens et al. 2017)as richness (Pysˇek et al. 2008, 2017; van Kleunen et al. well as drivers associated with invasions (Pysˇek et al. 2015). Only thoroughly compiled inventories that aim 2015; Seebens et al. 2015; Dawson et al. 2017). As at obtaining complete lists of alien species for there are clearly documented impacts of alien plants individual regions, provide a robust basis for analyses on the environment and human livelihoods by a subset of regional levels of invasions and underlying drivers of alien species (Vila` et al. 2010, 2015; Pysˇek et al. (Pysˇek et al. 2018). Even if such inventories do not 2012; Kumschick et al. 2015; Rumlerova´ et al. 2016), record all alien species, specifically casuals or less biological invasions have become a focus of national widely distributed naturalized species that are difficult (Essl et al. 2011; Pergl et al. 2016b) and international to capture in countries with a poorer tradition of policies (Hulme et al. 2009; Genovesi et al. 2015; floristic research, it is important to aim at complete- Pergl et al. 2016a). ness for the category chosen for the study, be it Comprehensive and rather complete lists of natu- naturalized or invasive species (Latombe et al. 2017). ralized alien plants in regions (countries, islands, With regard to coverage of administrative regions, federal states or provinces of large countries) using a the largest current gap refers to Russia. The European standardized classification of invasion status, mostly region of Russia has largely been accounted for in the following the one proposed by Richardson et al. GloNAF database of the world’s naturalized floras (2000), started to appear in the 2000s. For example, in (see van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pysˇek et al. 2017 for Europe, the first national alien plant species checklists details), as were some regions in the Far East. were published in 2002 for Austria (Essl and Rabitsch However, data from the Asian region of Russia is 2002) and the Czech Republic (Pysˇek et al. 2002). The largely missing. The floristic information is mostly European Union-funded DAISIE project (DAISIE scattered in grey literature (Grigorevskaya et al. 2004; 2009) led to the compilation and update of alien plant Borisova 2007; Morozova et al. 2008; Krylov and species inventories for many countries in this conti- Reshetnikova 2009; Khorun et al. 2012) and primarily nent (e.g. Medvecka´ et al. 2012; Pysˇek et al. 2012). published in the Russian language. The comparability Similar activities were also done e.g. in temperate of the lists often suffers from the lack of standardized Asia, and elsewhere (e.g. Liu et al. 2006; Wu et al. terminology and some data sources focus only on 2010; Jiang et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2012; Shrestha 2016; subsets of naturalized plants such as those that are Uludag et al. 2017; Inderjit et al. 2018). However, considered to cause negative impacts on the environ- despite this substantial progress, recent publications ment or human livelihoods (such as Black Books: that provide the most comprehensive overviews of Vinogradova et al. 2010, 2011; Vinogradova and 123 Invasive alien plants of Russia 1933 Kuprianov 2016). Indeed, despite numerous local were based on field knowledge, literature, herbarium papers and reports on the presence of alien plant and unpublished records. We considered also aliens of species in different subregions of Russia (Mayorov Russian origin, i.e. species that are native in a part of et al. 2012; Rzhevuskaya 2012; Tremasova et al. 2012; Russia but alien to another part (similar as aliens in Antonova 2013; Panasenko 2013; Silaeva and Ageeva and to Europe in Lambdon et al. 2008). 2016), no summarizing inventory of invasive species Data on life form and geographic origin of the in individual regions of this country has been compiled species were extracted from the working database so far. In this paper we aim at closing this gap for a GloNAF (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pysˇek et al. 2017) large part of Russia. Given the vast size of the country and verified by inspecting local floras and other and the variation in environmental conditions and sources. To link the list obtained to the GloNAF human impacts, these data provide an excellent database, the taxonomy of ‘‘The Plant List’’ (version opportunity to explore the effects of natural and 1.1; http://www.theplantlist.org) was used to stan- human-related factors on the regional levels of plant dardize the original names (i.e. synonyms were invasions in an important but understudied part of the replaced by accepted scientific names; see van Kle- globe. unen et al. 2015) using the R package Taxonstand We provide, for the first time based on standardized (Cayuela et al. 2017). As to life form, species were inventories of invasive plant species covering over classified into the following categories: annual herb, 80% of its territory, (1) an account of plant invasions perennial herb (including biennials, to group species in Russia, and (2) we explore the basic taxonomic, that survive winter in other form than seed), shrub, biogeographic and ecological characteristics of its tree, climber, and aquatic plants. To classify the region invasive flora. We also elucidate (3) the differences of origin, each species was assigned to one or more of between the invasive species composition in different the major biogeographically defined areas (continents) biogeographic regions of Russia, and (4) analyse the of the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (Brum- importance of environmental and socioeconomic mit 2001).
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