DOCSLIB.ORG

Plastic Debris in the California Marine Ecosystem

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plastic Debris in the California Marine Ecosystem Plastic Debris in the California Marine Ecosystem A Summary of Current Research, Solution Efforts and Data Gaps September 2011 This report was commissioned by the California Ocean Protection Council and managed by California Ocean Science Trust. Partial support for this publication was provided by the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, under grant number NA10OAR4170058, and by the California Natural Resources Agency. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its sub-agencies. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute copies for governmental purposes. Text and design produced under contract by: Charlotte Stevenson, M.S. Science Communications Specialist University of Southern California Sea Grant University Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0373 Recommended citation of this report: Plastic Debris in the California Marine Ecosystem: A Summary of Current Research, Solution Strategies and Data Gaps. 2011. C. Stevenson, University of Southern California Sea Grant. Synthetic Report. California Ocean Science Trust, Oakland, CA. Photo credits: Front and back cover image depicting marine debris on a Los Angeles beach courtesy of Heal the Bay. All images used within the report were within the public domain or were permissioned for use in this report. None of the information within this report was reviewed by any of the individuals or groups providing images; therefore, the information in this report is not necessarily representative of the views of these individuals, organizations, or groups. Acknowledgements The author and OST thank Dr. Stephen Weisberg, Executive Director of the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project and member of the OPC Science Advisory Team (OPC-SAT), a multidisciplinary team of scientists, for providing a preliminary review of the first draft. Additionally, this report was peer-reviewed per OST’s standard process. For this report, OST identified five reviewers representing expertise in the fields of marine ecology, environmental engineering, water quality, and marine debris policy. The author provided responses to all comments, and produced a revised report draft based on the comments. Finally, an expert mediator conducted a final assessment of the content of the report as well as the responses to peer review comments. The author would like to thank the five reviewers and expert mediator for their detailed comments and thorough assessment. California Ocean Science Trust (OST) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) public benefit corporation established to encourage coordinated, multi-agency, multi-institution approaches to translating and applying ocean science to management and policy. The mission of OST is to ensure that the best available science is applied to California policies and ocean management to successfully maintain a healthy, resilient, and productive ocean and coast. To achieve its mission, OST has two overarching organizational goals: • Goal 1: Facilitate collaboration. Facilitate two-way connections between the world of science and that of policy and management by establishing and supporting multi-partner information systems and exchanges that yield tangible improvements in coastal and ocean management. OST serves as a bridge among science, management, and policy organizations, through activities such as its support of the California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) and coordination of science and research among the OPC, state agencies, federal agencies, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). • Goal 2: Institutionalize integration. Institutionalize the integration of best science, where necessary, into California coastal ocean policy and decision-making by building new organizations, programs, and processes and catalyzing applied research. This reflects the great need to develop, disseminate, and apply science that is designed to inform and improve policy and management. For more information about OST, please visit www.calost.org The California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) is a cabinet-level body created in 2004 under the California Ocean Protection Act (COPA). The mission of the OPC is to ensure that California maintains healthy, resilient, and productive ocean and coastal ecosystems for the benefit of current and future generations. The OPC’s overarching role is to coordinate and lead ocean management and protection in California in three primary ways: 1) by addressing cross-cutting ocean issues that do not fall neatly under the purview of one agency; 2) by developing forward-looking policy recommendations to advance new or refine existing laws and regulations; and 3) by coordinating across state institutions whose decisions affect coastal waters and the ocean environment. The University of Southern California, one of the largest private universities in the United States, has participated in the National Sea Grant College Program for over 30 years and has more than a 100-year history of marine science research in Southern California. USC’s facilities, research, and curricula make it the principal university in the Los Angeles region for ocean studies, and it has demonstrated excellence in marine research and education from the beginning of the 20th Century. The University of Southern California’s location in the middle of Los Angeles has made the Sea Grant Program at USC an important regional resource, concentrating on issues arising out of the necessity of managing people and resources in an intensely developed coastline. For this reason, in the 1980s the USC Sea Grant program adopted as its programmatic theme the “Urban Ocean.” The problems found in the “Urban Ocean” environment of Southern California are not unique to the region. In addressing the range of issues found here, USC Sea Grant will continue to provide information and models serving Los Angeles as well as other urban coastal regions in the U.S. and around the world. USC Sea Grant funds research on the critical issues associated with the influence of massive cities on the sea, promotes connections between scientists and the policy-makers who must craft solutions, and broadly distributes information to the electorate through public education outreach efforts. USC Sea Grant’s primary responsibility is to contribute to solving the problems of the Urban Ocean, while recognizing the opportunities for coastal commerce, recreation and improving the quality of life in coastal regions such as Southern California. For more information on USC Sea Grant, please visit www.usc.edu/org/seagrant/ Table of Contents Scope and Purpose...............................................................................................................................v Methods..............................................................................................................................................vi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................vii Glossary...............................................................................................................................................ix I. Characterization: What is Marine Debris?.........................................................................................1 II. Distribution and Abundance: Where is Marine Debris Found?........................................................4 A. Regional Patterns: North Pacific Ocean B. Local Patterns: California 1. On the seafloor 2. Floating debris 3. On the shore III. Sources and Transport: How is Marine Debris Getting into the Ocean?........................................12 A. Debris from Ships B. Debris from Land-Based Sources C. National Municipal Waste Stream D. Municipal Waste in California E. Industrial Management and Transportation of Plastic in California F. Individual Waste, Littering, and Dumping IV. Impacts: Why is Marine Debris a Problem?...................................................................................19 A. Ingestion and Entanglement B. Accumulation, Transport, Toxicology, Bioavailability and the Food Chain 1. Plastics Accumulate and Transport Pollutants 2. Plastics Leach Pollutants 3. Toxicology 4. Bioavailability and Transport up the Food Chain C. Transport of Alien Species D. Impacted Habitats and Benthic Life E. Economic Impacts V. Solutions: Types, Successes and Challenges....................................................................................34 A. Cleanup and Recovery 1. Organized Cleanup Efforts 2. Energy Recovery B. Reduction and Prevention 1. Structural controls 2. Recycling 3. Smart Design and Extended Producer Responsibility 4. Initiatives and Legislation a. National Initiatives b. Regional Initiatives c. State Legislation d. Local Initiatives 5. Education C. Alternatives: Biodegradable and Compostable Plastic VI. Data Gaps....................................................................................................................................49 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................53 Endnotes.............................................................................................................................................54 Alphabetical References.....................................................................................................................62 v Scope and Purpose of this Report
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plasticulture in California Vegetable Production
    PUBLICATION 8016 Plasticulture in California Vegetable Production WAYNE L. SCHRADER, UC Cooperative Extension Vegetable Farm Advisor, San Diego County Plasticulture is the art of using plastic materials to modify the production environ- UNIVERSITY OF ment in vegetable crop production. Plasticulture began in the 1950s and early 1960s with the introduction and use of plastic films, mulches, and drip irrigation systems. CALIFORNIA Vegetable growers frequently use plastics in pest management, stand establishment, Division of Agriculture harvesting, and postharvest handling operations, and in containers for marketing. and Natural Resources Plasticulture system components can include http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu • plastic mulches to control soil temperature, control weeds, and repel insects • plastic films for erosion control, soil fumigation, or solarization • row covers for temperature control, wind or frost protection, and insect exclusion • drip irrigation for improved water management and for the application of chemi- cals (chemigation) and fertilizers (fertigation) during irrigation • plastic windbreaks • plastic barriers against vertebrate pests Plasticulture has developed into management systems that allow growers to achieve higher-quality produce, superior yields, and extended production cycles. Growers using plasticulture can produce vegetables for markets during the winter, early spring, and late fall that would otherwise be impossible to address. Benefits of plasticulture include • earlier production (7 to 30 days earlier) • increased
    [Show full text]
  • Great Pacific Garbage Patch,' in Name of Research 4 August 2009, by Paul Rogers
    Scientists ready to set sail for 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch,' in name of research 4 August 2009, By Paul Rogers Hoping to learn more about one of the most glaring sail for a 30-day voyage from San Francisco. examples of waste and environmental pollution on Earth, a group of scientists will set sail from San The other ship, the 170-foot New Horizon, owned Francisco Tuesday to the "Great Pacific Garbage by the University of California-San Diego, left Patch," a massive vortex of floating plastic trash Southern California on Sunday. It has a crew of estimated by some researchers to be twice the about 20 people, many of them graduate students size of Texas. in marine biology, funded by a $600,000 grant from the University of California. The bobbing debris field, where currents swirl everything from discarded fishing line to plastic Both ships will study the Garbage Patch's size, how bottles into one soupy mess, is located about the plastic affects wildlife, and whether it may be 1,000 miles west of California. possible to clean some of it up. "This is a problem that is kind of out of sight, out of "We are going to try to target the highest plastic mind, but it is having devastating impacts on the areas we see to begin to understand the scope of ocean. I felt we needed to do something about it," the problem," said Miriam Goldstein, chief scientist said Mary Crowley, co-founder of Project Kaisei, a of the Scripps expedition. "The team of graduate non-profit expedition that is partnering on the students will be studying everything from voyage with the Scripps Institution of phytoplankton to zooplankton to small midwater Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif.
    [Show full text]
  • Checking out on Plastics III
    Checking Out on Plastics III January 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE EIA UK CONTENTS 62-63 Upper Street, With support from John Ellerman We investigate and campaign against Greenpeace defends the natural Executive Summary 4 London N1 0NY UK Foundation. environmental crime and abuse. world and promotes peace by Introduction 6 T: +44 (0) 20 7354 7960 investigating, exposing and Background 7 “We aim to advance the wellbeing Our undercover investigations E: [email protected] confronting environmental abuse Methodology 8 of people, society and the natural expose transnational wildlife crime, eia-international.org and championing responsible Summary of results 10 world by focusing on the arts, with a focus on elephants and solutions for our fragile Targets 12 environment and social action. tigers, and forest crimes such as Environmental Investigation Agency UK environment. The plastic packaging footprint 13 We believe these areas can make illegal logging and deforestation for UK Charity Number: 1182208 Own-brand versus branded reductions 14 an important contribution to cash crops like palm oil. We work to Company Number: 07752350 Overall trends in this year’s survey 16 wellbeing.” safeguard global marine ecosystems Registered in England and Wales Retailer snapshot: highlights and lowlights 18 by addressing the threats posed Plastic bags 20 by plastic pollution, bycatch Single-use items 24 and commercial exploitation of Fruit and vegetables 28 whales, dolphins and porpoises. Reuse and refill 30 Finally, we reduce the impact of Recycling and recycled content 32 climate change by campaigning Online 33 to eliminate powerful refrigerant Convenience retailers 34 greenhouse gases, exposing related Conclusions 35 illicit trade and improving energy Recommendations 36 efficiency in the cooling sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasticulture –A Key Step to Second Green Revolution
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) Special Issue-11: 2299-2315 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Special Issue-11 pp. 2299-2315 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Plasticulture –A Key Step to Second Green Revolution Afroza Akhter1*, Ambreen Nabi1, Ajaz. A. Malik1, Sayed Azrah Indrabi1, Amreena Sultan1, Insha Javeed1 and Tariq. A. Bhat2 1Department of Vegetable Science, 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar- 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT The green revolution within India commenced in the early 1960‟s that led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh due to adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high yielding varieties, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers. To remain self- sufficient in food grains, we need another green revolution or rather a greener revolution. Innovative agro practices need to be adapted towards transformation of Indian agriculture to precision farming practices, which will result in stretching our K e yw or ds agro input resources manifold to increase agricultural productivity in both quantity Plasticulture, and quality. Plasticulture applications are one of the most useful indirect Green revolution, agricultural input, which hold the promise to transform Indian agriculture and bring Soil , Precision farming and the “Second Green Revolution”. Plasticulture is defined as the use of plastics in productivity agriculture, horticulture, water management, food grain storage etc. Plasticulture includes all kinds of plant or soil coverings ranging from mulch films, row coverings, low tunnels to greenhouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Trash Travels: the Truth—And the Consequences
    From Our Hands to the Sea, Around the Globe, and Through Time Contents Overview introduction from the president and ceo . 02 a message from philippe cousteau . 03 executive summary . 04 results from the 2009 international coastal cleanup . 06 participating countries map . .07 trash travels: the truth—and the consequences . 16 the pacific garbage patch: myths and realities . 24 international coastal cleanup sponsoring partners . .26 international coastal cleanup volunteer coordinators and sponsors . 30 The Marine Debris Index terminology . 39 methodology and research notes . 40 marine debris breakdown by countries and locations . 41 participation by countries and locations . 49 marine debris breakdown by us states . 50 participation by us states . 53. acknowledgments and photo credits . 55. sources . 56 Ocean Conservancy The International Coastal Cleanup Ocean Conservancy promotes healthy and diverse In partnership with volunteer organizations and ecosystems and opposes practices that threaten individuals across the globe, Ocean Conservancy’s ocean life and human life. Through research, International Coastal Cleanup engages people education, and science-based advocacy, Ocean to remove trash and debris from the world’s Conservancy informs, inspires, and empowers beaches and waterways, to identify the sources people to speak and act on behalf of the ocean. of debris, and to change the behaviors that cause In all its work, Ocean Conservancy strives to be marine debris in the first place. the world’s foremost advocate for the ocean. © OCEAN CONSERVANCY . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . ISBN: 978-0-615-34820-9 LOOKING TOWARD THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY INTERNATIONAL COASTAL CLEANUP ON SEPTEMBER 25, 2010, Ocean Conservancy 01 is releasing this annual marine debris report spotlighting how trash travels to and throughout the ocean, and the impacts of that debris on the health of people, wildlife, economies, and ocean ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Gyre Plastic : Science, Circulation and the Matter of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21w9h64q Author De Wolff, Kim Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Gyre Plastic: Science, Circulation and the Matter of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Kim De Wolff Committee in charge: Professor Chandra Mukerji, Chair Professor Joseph Dumit Professor Kelly Gates Professor David Serlin Professor Charles Thorpe 2014 Copyright Kim De Wolff, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kim De Wolff is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ........................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... ix Vita ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • President's Corner Congressional News Ocean Leadership News
    1201 New York Avenue, NW z Fourth Floor z Washington, DC 20005 P: (202) 232-3900 z F: (202) 462-8754 z www.OceanLeadership.org Please add [email protected] to your personal address book to ensure delivery. To subscribe, unsubscribe, or change the preferences on your subscriptions to Ocean Leadership emails, please use the following link: http://lists.oceanleadership.org/mailman/listinfo. President’s Corner Congressional News • Senate Committee Discusses Reauthorization of the Chesapeake Bay Program • Senate Markup of Geospatial, Hypoxia Legislation Ocean Leadership News • NOPP Announces $20 Million in Research Grants • ORRAP Meeting Next Week in Washington, DC • The Great Marlin Race is Underway • Faculty Professional Development Opportunity at GSA Ocean Community News • Ocean Sciences 2010 Session: Ocean Technology and Infrastructure Needs for the Next 20 Years • Thinning Cloud Cover Over Oceans Speeds Global Warming • Fish Discovered With Light Sensing Cells • Proposed Algal Biofuel Pilot Facility • Scientists Probe Great Pacific Garbage Patch • Interdisciplinary Climate Change Research Symposium • Application Process For Cohort VII of the MS PHD’s Professional Development Program Now Open • Ridge 2000 Integration & Synthesis Workshop • NOAA and NSF Call For Proposals • Antarctic Climate Evolution Symposium in September • NSF Grant Proposal Deadline: August 15, 2009 Job Announcements To access the job announcements page, go to http://www.oceanleadership.org/about/employment. No new opportunities this week. Calendar of Events President’s Corner The President’s Corner will return next week. Congressional News SENATE COMMITTEE DISCUSSES REAUTHORIZATION OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM In a Senate Environment and Public works hearing on Monday a panel of agency and industry representatives voiced their support for the reauthorization of the Chesapeake Bay Program, including suggestions to expand federal and state authority, increase funding, and incorporate accountability mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Incorporation of Controlled-Release
    INCORPORATION OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER IN A SEEPAGE IRRIGATED TOMATO FERTILITY PROGRAM IN FLORIDA By LUTHER C. CARSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 1 © 2014 Luther C. Carson 2 To my parents and my family 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Monica Ozores-Hampton, for her guidance and support throughout my doctoral program. I am also thankful to my supervisory committee, Dr. Sartain, Dr. Obreza, Dr. Morgan, and Dr. Sargent, who provided time, comments on my project, and laboratory space and supplies in which to conduct research. A special thanks goes to the staff of the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center’s Vegetable Horticulture Laboratory (Kiran, Aline, Joel, Ozzy, Dago, and Stacy) and the staff of the Soil Fertility and Turf Grass Nutrition Laboratory (Dolly, Nahid, and Dawn) for their assistance during my laboratory research. I am grateful to Garguilo Farms for their invaluable contributions to my research. Finally, I thank my family and friends for the love and support that they have given during my PhD, which has given me the inspiration to complete this degree. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Checking out on Plastics II: Breakthroughs and Backtracking from Supermarkets ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE
    Checking Out on Plastics II: Breakthroughs and backtracking from supermarkets ABOUT EIA ABOUT GREENPEACE We investigate and campaign Greenpeace defends the natural against environmental crime and world and promotes peace by abuse. Our undercover investigations investigating, exposing and expose transnational wildlife crime, confronting environmental with a focus on elephants, pangolins abuse and championing and tigers, and forest crimes such as responsible solutions for our illegal logging and deforestation for fragile environment. cash crops like palm oil. We work to safeguard global marine ecosystems EIA UK by addressing the threats posed 62-63 Upper Street, by plastic pollution, bycatch and London N1 0NY UK commercial exploitation of whales, T: +44 (0) 20 7354 7960 dolphins and porpoises. Finally, E: [email protected] we reduce the impact of climate eia-international.org change by campaigning to eliminate powerful refrigerant greenhouse GREENPEACE gases, exposing related illicit trade Canonbury Villas, and improving energy efficiency in London N1 2PN, UK the cooling sector. T: + 44 (0) 20 7865 8100 E: [email protected] November 2019 greenpeace.org.uk 2 CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Background 5 Methodology 6 Results of supermarket ranking 8 Summary of survey responses 10 Conclusions 30 Recommendations 32 Glossary 34 References 36 3 Executive Summary Our throwaway convenience culture costs the earth. Resources are being extracted, manufactured and transported to be used just once. Ever-growing mountains of mixed plastic waste are impossible to recycle and are usually dumped in landfill sites, incinerated or leaked into the natural environment. There has been an unprecedented level of public and political focus on the plastic pollution crisis in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy
    Buffalo Environmental Law Journal Volume 18 Number 2 Article 4 4-1-2011 B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bag): A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy Mary O'Loughlin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Mary O'Loughlin, B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bag): A Comprehensive Assessment of China's Plastic Bag Policy, 18 Buff. Envtl. L.J. 295 (2011). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/belj/vol18/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Environmental Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. B.Y.O.B. (BRING YOUR OWN BAG): A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHINA'S PLASTIC BAG POLICY Mary O'Loughlin* Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................ ....... 297 A. Abstract ................................. 297 B. Policy Implementation ....................... 298 C. Policy Enforcement. ................... ...... 298 D. Public Response ..................................298 E. Policy Effects. ......................... .... 298 F. Future Prognosis ..............................299... II. THIS REPORT: REPORT STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY .... 299 III. THE POLICY ................................... ......... 299 A. China's Plastic Bag Policy ................ ..... 299 B. China's Overuse of Plastic Bags ................. 301 C. China's Government's Rationale for Limiting Plastic Bag Use . ............................... ...... 302 D. Successful Plastic Bag Reduction Policies in Ireland and Washington .................................. 303 IV. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ............................ 305 A. Partial Policy Implementation .................. 306 B. Stores Implementing the Policy ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Student Entrepreneurship Scheme in Plastic Waste Management for K-12 Educational Institutions
    International Management Review Vol. 14 No. 2 2018 Sustainable Student Entrepreneurship Scheme in Plastic Waste Management for K-12 Educational Institutions Dr. U Faisal Department of Management Studies, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] Gopakumar T P Doers’ Education Lab Pvt. Ltd. Business Incubation Center, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] Muneer T.K. Department of Management Studies, Kannur University, India E-mail: [email protected] [Abstract] Plastic products have become an integral part of our daily life as a basic need. It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million Tons per year globally. The quantum of waste is considerably increasing day by day due to increase in population and developmental activities and indiscriminate littering and disposal. In this paper, we explore the scope of K-12 school student Inclusion to address the issues of Waste Management. The students will be bringing recyclable plastic waste to their schools on a daily /weekly basis. A Management Information System developed and stored in the Cloud will be used by the schools. The School authorities make the input of the details of waste collected by each student and equivalent value-based points will be allotted to them. These points thus generated become savings for the students. Students can convert these points for the purchase of educational products such as Skill Development tools, Information and Communication and Technology applications, Project kits etc. It can also be used for some entrepreneurial initiatives to be undertaken in the school. Students also become familiar with e-commerce activities.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Abundance and Ecological
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Abundance and ecological implications of microplastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Miriam Chanita Goldstein Committee in charge: Professor Mark D. Ohman, Chair Professor Lihini I. Aluwihare Professor Brian Goldfarb Professor Michael R. Landry Professor James J. Leichter 2012 Copyright Miriam Chanita Goldstein, 2012 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The Dissertation of Miriam Chanita Goldstein is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: PAGE _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION For my mother, who took me to the tidepools and didn’t mind my pet earthworms. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES
    [Show full text]