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Social World Sensing Via Social Image Analysis from Social Media

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Social World Sensing Via Social Image Analysis from Social Media PART II PART 2: PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT 115 22 TRANSNATIONAL META-NARRATIVES AND PERSONAL STORIES OF PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT VIA SOCIAL MEDIA Shalin Hai-Jew 117 118 PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT Abstract Daily, people interact with plastic, a human-made material that may last for generations in the soils, the air, and the water, with health effects on humans, animals, and the environment. What are the transnational meta-narratives and personal stories of plastics on social media—on (1) a mass-scale digitized book corpus term fre- quency search, (2) social video sharing site, (3 and 4) two social image sharing sites, (5) a crowd-sourced online encyclopedia, (6) a social networking site, (7) a microblogging site, and (8) a mass-scale search term analysis based on time-based associations with correlated search terms? This work samples macro-scale stories of innovation (biodegradable plastics, bacteria that consume plastics), of lowering consumption, of plastic collection and recycling, of skimming the oceans of dumped plastics, and of mass-scale public awareness. There are also countervailing narratives of high consumption, resulting in overflowing landfills, plastics dumping on mountains and in rivers, and microplastics in people’s bodies. Key Words Post-Consumer Plastics, Recycling, Plastics Management, One Health, Microplastics, Social Media, Transnational Meta-Narra- tives, Transnational Personal Stories PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT 119 Introduction Humanity is said to live in the current Plastic Age (Yarsley & Couzens, 1945, as cited in Cózar, et al., July 15, 2014, p. 10239). Indeed, plastic is ubiquitous and a part of daily life for most peo- ple around the world. Plastics are integrated into non-durable- goods short-life products and durable goods or long-life products. They are in visible applications like food packaging, jewelry, clothing, and other consumer goods; they are in less vis- ible applications like computers, machinery, flooring, and oth- ers. People eat from plastic containers; they store possessions in them. They wear plastic in their clothing and footwear. They decorate themselves with plastic jewelry. They walk on plastic carpets, and they live in houses partially created with plastic Since 1950, some “6,300 million metric tons of plastic” have been created, with “79 percent of that waste” in landfills and oceans (Daley, May 8, 2019). Annually, some “18 billion pounds of con- ventional plastic” are released into the world’s oceans annually (Daley, May 8, 2019). A 2014 study by the 5 Gyres Institute resulted in an estimation of “5.25 trillion plastic particles weigh- ing some 269,000 tons…floating on the surface of the sea” (Sel- tenrich, Feb. 1, 2015, p. 1). An earlier work, based on modeling, points to “5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons 120 PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT afloat at sea” (Eriksen, et al., Dec. 10, 2014). Various plastics are carried by the ocean current hundreds of miles from its point- of-origin (Seltenrich, Feb. 1, 2015, p. 4). The sorbative nature of plastics has meant the soaking in of toxins, which ride with the plastics, which are consumed by both people and animals, whose bodies are exposed to desorbed toxins (Seltenrich, Feb. 1, 2015, p. 6). “Studies have demonstrated plastics’ tendency to sorb (take up) persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances, which are present in trace quantities in almost all water bodies” (Seltenrich, Feb. 1, 2015, p. ) Plastic bags may “look like the jellyfish eaten by turtles” (Seltenrich, Feb. 1, 2015, p. 3). People also, uninten- tionally, consume plastics through marine plastic pollution (Sel- tenrich, Feb. 1, 2015). Definitions As a term, “plastic refers to a huge variety of materials, all of which are organic (which is to say they are made of a group of compounds based on carbon), solid, and moldable” (Miodowni, 2013, p. 121). As a commonly-used material in the present age, a plastic is defined as follows: a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form. (“Plastic,” Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Plastics are human-made from naturally occurring compounds as well as human-made (synthetic) ones. Plastics, which were invented in 1907 (“Plastic,” Oct. 18, 2019), have long been in the world’s marketplaces, and it has only been of late that plastic recycling has come to the public consciousness and been emplaced into initial practice [1980s and 1990s, albeit with the first plastic waste recycling mill in the world in Con- shohocken, Pennsylvania in 1972 (“History of Plastic Recycling,” PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT 121 2019)]. Public awareness of “plastic pollution” only followed gen- erations after the advent of its widespread usage, with untold effects on people, animals, and the environment. Plastic, as a syn- thetic product created from various types of natural/organic and synthetic polymers, was found not to break down in the envi- ronment but rather to exist for generations in landfills, leaving messes for future populations. Over time, it was found plastics entered the oceans and entangled wildlife and was consumed by wildlife at all trophic levels, leading to health effects and deaths. In terms of the recycling of “common materials,” plastic comes in dead last after the following: paper, metal, and glass, in the U.S. from 1990 – 2015 (“Playing catch-up: Plastics are recycled less in the US than other common materials,” U.S. Environmental Pro- tection Agency, as cited in Tulio, Oct. 6, 2019). As a product, “plastic” has vastly improved human lives in many ways: Plastics have an array of unique properties: they are inexpensive, lightweight, strong, durable, corrosion resistant, and with high thermal and electrical insu- lation properties. This versatility has revolutionised (sic) our life and not least made information tech- nology and electrical goods far more readily avail- able than would have been possible otherwise. They have also contributed to our health and safety (e.g., clean distribution of water and breakthrough med- ical devices), and have led to substantial energy sav- ings in transportation. Unsurprisingly, with an ever expanding population and our standard of living continuously improving, plastic production has increased from 0.5 to 260 million tonnes per year since 1950 (Heap 2009), accounting today for approximately 8% of world oil production (Thomp- son et al., 2009b, as cited in Wabnitz & Nichols, 2010, p. 1). Another definition of “plastic” is “(of a substance or material) 122 PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT easily shaped or molded” (“Plastic,” Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Some synonyms of “plastic” are words like “elastic, molded, bending, formable, moldable, pliable, resilient, shape- able, supple, (and) workable” (“plastic,” Thesaurus, 2019). There are said to be seven common types of plastic: polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE or Polyester), high -density poly- ethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density poly- ethyene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and other. Something that is “plastic,” by definition, is malleable and mold- able and shape-shifting. In terms of “plastic recycling,” both of these meanings coalesce. Here a subset of the plastics substance can be reprocessed back into a version of its native form for re-use, ideally, many times over. “Plastic recycling” or “polymer recycling” has been defined as follows: …a way to reduce environmental problems caused by polymeric waste accumulation generated from day-to-day applications of polymer materials such (as) packaging and construction. The recycling of polymeric waste helps to conserve natural resource because thee most of polymer materials are made from oil and gas. (Hamad, Kaseem, & Deri, 2013, p. 2801) There are efforts towards resetting market incentives to encour- age plastic recycling. One idea involves making plastic-from-oil much more expensive than plastic-from-plastic, in order to cre- ate markets for the recycled plastic and to incentivize the col- lection of plastics by “rag pickers” in the developing world and elsewhere. (Forrest, Nov. 1, 2019) For plastic recycling to work, however, people have to be aware of the need to recycle consumer plastics, their necessary role in bringing recyclables to recycling stations, and using their buying power as consumers to buy recycled goods (to create markets). The requisite behavioral role of consumers then suggests that various stakeholders in plastics and environmentalism have an PLASTICS USAGE AND MANAGEMENT 123 interest in reaching out to the broad public…with transnational messaging…to address this issue. This movement also stands to gain with additional allies and contributors to non-profit advo- cacy organizations promoting plastics recycling, such as start- ups with new technologies for collecting plastics in ocean gyres and other entities. Plastics management requires post-consumer plastic reuse and recycling. Research This research is focused around a central research question: R1: What is the state of transnational advocacy for proper plastics management globally to prevent harm to humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health conceptualization, in social media? R1a: What are transnational meta-narratives? R1b: What are transnational personal stories? What is meant by “one health,” broadly speaking? A One Health conceptualization stems from the recognition that “the health of
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