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Intermountain Tree Fruit Production Guide

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INTERMOUNTAIN Commercial Tree Fruit 2021 Production Guide A publication for commercial fruit producers of the Intermountain West 2021 INTERMOUNTAIN TREE FRUIT PRODUCTION GUIDE Publication Coordinators and Editors Marion Murray (IPM Project Leader, Utah State University) Stephanie Hall (IPM Technician, Utah State University) Chapter Authors IPM Methods Orchard Floor and Weed Management Marion Murray, Diane Alston (Entomologist, USU), Tony Teryl Roper, Brent Black (Fruit Specialist, USU), Tony McCammon McCammon, Marion Murray, Marc Rowley (former USU M.S. graduate student) Special Pest Management Programs Marion Murray, Diane Alston, Tony McCammon, Teryl Rodent Management Roper (Pomologist, USU), Sam Johnson (USU Kaysville Teryl Roper Farm Manager) Plant Growth Regulation and Thinning Insect and Mite Biology and Monitoring Teryl Roper, Brent Black Marion Murray, Diane Alston, Tony McCammon (formerly University of Idaho), Laurie Kerzicnik Nutrition (Montana State University) Grant Cardon (Soils Specialist, USU), Tony McCammon Disease Biology and Monitoring Irrigation Harold Larsen (Plant Pathologist [emeritus], Colorado Brent Black, Grant Cardon, Robert Hill (Irrigation State University), Marion Murray, Ramesh Pokharel Specialist, USU Extension [emeritus]) (Former Plant Pathologist, CSU) Cold Effects on Fruit/Bud Phenology Organic Orchard Management Harold Larsen Tony McCammon Pesticide Information Pesticide Tables / Pest Management Recommendations Marion Murray Marion Murray, Stephanie Hall, Diane Alston, Harold Larsen, Tony McCammon, Ramesh Pokharel Contact Information: Utah State University Colorado State University University of Idaho Montana State University Extension IPM Program Western Colorado Research Ctr. Parma Research Ctr. Extension IPM Program 5305 Old Main Hill 3168 B 1/2 Road 29603 U of I Lane 121 Plant Bioscience Bldg. Logan, UT 84322 Grand Junction, CO 81503-9621 Parma, ID 83660-6699 Bozeman, MT 59717 (435) 797-0776 (970) 434-3264 (208) 734-9590 (406) 994-5150 ipm.usu.edu aes-wcrc.agsci.colostate.edu uidaho.edu ipm.montana.edu IPM TABLE OF CONTENTS Programs Special Chapter 1 - Integrated Pest Management Methods .................................................. 1 Degree Day Calendar for Common Insects ......................................................................................... 6 Biology Chapter 2 - Special Pest Management Programs ....................................................... 9 Insect Mating Disruption ........................................................................................................................................ 9 GF-120 for Western Cherry Fruit Fly ..................................................................................................... 12 Biology Codling Moth Virus ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Disease Grasshopper Control .................................................................................................................................. 13 Birds and Bats for Pest Suppression ........................................................................................................ 14 Fire Blight ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Organic Organic Replant Problems ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Mgmt Invasive Pests ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Managing Crown and Root Suckers Around Fruit Trees .................................................................... 19 Pesticide Pesticide Chapter 3 - Insect and Mite Biology and Monitoring .............................................. 22 Tables Chapter 4 - Disease Biology and Monitoring ................................................................. 34 Chapter 5 - Organic Orchard Management ................................................................... 46 Apple Organic Fertilizers ....................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 6 - Pesticide Tables ................................................................................................... 50 Pear Generic Options for Common Insecticides ........................................................................................... 50 Restricted Entry and Pre-Harvest Intervals ........................................................................................... 51 Pesticide Toxicity to Pollinators and Beneficials .................................................................................... 57 Cherry Insecticide Classes ....................................................................................................................................... 60 Fungicide Classes .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Spray Incompatibilities and Phytotoxicity Risk ...................................................................................... 62 Nectarine Chapter 7 - Pest Management Pesticide Recommendations ................................ 64 Peach, Apple Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables ................................................................................. 64 Pear Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables ................................................................................... 82 Cherry Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables .............................................................................. 92 Peach/Nectarine Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables ............................................................. 104 Apricot Apricot Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables ............................................................................. 121 Plum Pest Phenology Calendar and Spray Tables .................................................................................. 130 Chapter 8 - Orchard Floor and Weed Management .................................................. 138 Plum Cover Crops ................................................................................................................................................. 139 Weed Control in Orchards ....................................................................................................................... 140 Herbicides Labeled for use in Utah, Colorado, and Idaho .................................................................. 142 Orchard Floor Chapter 9 - Rodent Management ....................................................................................... 146 Common Rodenticides Used in Orchards ............................................................................................. 148 Thinning Chapter 10 - Plant Growth Regulators and Thinning ................................................ 150 PGR Thinning .......................................................................................................................................................... 152 Controlling Apple Tree Vigor ...................................................................................................................... 154 Nutrition Managing Fruit Maturity .............................................................................................................................. 155 Chapter 11 - Nutrition ............................................................................................................. 158 Macronutrients: N, P, K ................................................................................................................................ 158 Micronutrients .............................................................................................................................................. 159 Irrigation Nutrient Spray Table .................................................................................................................................... 162 Chapter 12 - Orchard Irrigation .......................................................................................... 164 Effects Chapter 13 - Cold Effects on Fruit and Bud Phenology ........................................... 170 Cold Growth Stages and Critical Temperatures .............................................................................................. 175 Chapter 14 - Pesticide Information .................................................................................... 182 Information Pesticide Pesticide IPM Chapter 1: IPM Methods CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT METHODS Integrated pest management (IPM) involves collect- How to Monitor ing information about a pest and crop to ensure that 1. Examine each tree for overall health and for in- you administer the most economical, effective, and sect or disease activity. On leaves, look for chew- environmentally and socially sound pest manage- ing injury, spots, changes in color, or stippling. ment decision. IPM integrates as many suitable pest On fruit, look for spots, dimples, and rot. On the management options as possible. stems and root collar, look for discoloration, ooz- ing, cracking bark, and holes. Check to be sure The components of IPM are: the tree is not being over-
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