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DINGO MEDIA? R V Chamberlain As Model for an Australian Media Event

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DINGO MEDIA? R V Chamberlain As Model for an Australian Media Event DINGO MEDIA? R v Chamberlain as model for an Australian media event Belinda May Middleweek BA (Hons 1st class) Sydney A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Sydney March 2007 As surely as Azaria was taken by a real dingo, the Chamberlains were taken down by a pack of baying journalistic dingoes and their publishers – the Adelaide News, the Sydney Sun, and the Murdoch press. Michael Chamberlain and Lowell Tarling, Beyond Azaria: Black Light, White Light, (Melbourne: Information Australia, 1999), xiv. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Chronology Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Metaphorisation 1980-1982 29 Tabloids, Broadsheets and the Azaria Event Breaking the Story: August 17, 1980 The Dingo: An Unlikely Thief? The Mother: Anguished Mum Tells The Victim: The Dingo Baby “Ayers Rock”: The Dead Centre Religion: An Ambassador for Jesus Conclusion Chapter 2: Dissemination 1982-1984 62 Waltzing Azaria The Phantom Public Sphere The Popular, Private Eye and Forensic Campaigns The Counter-Publics Hitchcock and Television Conclusion Chapter 3: Commodification 1984-1986 100 Celebrity as “Commodity” and R v Chamberlain as Precedent Chequebook Journalism and a “Live” Judgment about “Death” Frocks, Politics and Feminist Discourse “Controversial Women”: Chamberlain, Lees and Hanson The “Rescue Plan”: Magazines and the Reclamation Process A “Womb with a View”: The Textual Body Conclusion Chapter 4: Mythologisation 1986-1988 143 Media Discourse: Chamberlains, “Ayers Rock” and the Bicentenary Feminist Discourse: Lindy v Michael Museological Discourse: Objects and Identity Filmic Discourse: Evil Angels and Australian identity Conclusion Chapter 5: Simulation 1988-2005 185 Simulation: Goya and the Chamberlain Event Virtual Comparisons: The Disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain (1984), Evil Angels (1988) and Through My Eyes (2004) “More to Come”: DingoBlue and the Lindy Aria Conclusion Conclusion 221 Bibliography 233 List of Illustrations 244 Appendix 246 ABSTRACT Dingo Media examines the development of media events using as a case study one of Australia’s most widely known criminal investigations, the disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain at “Ayers Rock”. Considering the case as a blueprint for the way mass media events develop and evolve in the late capitalist era, this thesis suggests that the event marks a turning point in negotiation of the public sphere and Australian national identity. Using an original model, I trace from the 1980s five phases through which news stories pass in their evolution as modern media events by comparing the Chamberlain saga to contemporary cases involving “controversial” women, Schapelle Corby, Joanne Lees and Pauline Hanson. The first phase examines the emerging practice of news workers focusing on personalities rather than events; the second phase analyses both the formation of counter-publics protesting the conviction, and the development of a dialogic connection between media and publics; the third phase investigates the rise of a modern celebrity industry promoting “ordinary” individuals into subjects of media discourse; the fourth phase considers the process of mythic production surrounding the Chamberlain case as related to processes of nation-building in the late 1980s; finally, the fifth phase critiques the prevalent view that, through continual retelling, the event has suffered a loss of meaning. Axiomatic to this study will be the politics of representation, how the media records, organises and mythologises information, as well as the interaction between texts and audiences. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Even before I began writing this thesis, I had a list of people I wanted to thank. In view of the agony and the ecstasy of the last five years, I wish to give my appreciation to the following: Heather Craven at the Audit Bureau of Circulations for access to circulation data on a range of Australian publications and rendering assistance through email correspondence; David Chan from the State Library of New South Wales; the staff in the Petherick Room at the National Library in Canberra for their assistance with the Chamberlain Manuscript Collection and Simon Drake from the National Film and Sound Archive who gave up hours of his time obtaining and copying news archives on the Chamberlains. Thank you also to Belinda Winnall from Network Ten for assistance with copyright and the staff in archives at Channel Nine. Fiona Crago and Mark Slattery from Beyond Distribution deserve a special mention for providing, in relation to the mini-series Through My Eyes (2004), media kits, DVDs, television ratings data, scene stills and the permission to reproduce these items in my thesis. In interlibrary loans at the University of Sydney, I would like to thank Rod Dyson, the “tracker” Bruce Isaacs who could find both the obscure and the mundane with a smile, and my librarian extraordinaire and next-door neighbour Gail Pryor, who always rendered assistance at the last minute returning overdue library books and provided much warm encouragement. Also thanks to Kristen Davis and Belinda Morrissey from the Australian National University who provided friendship, intellectual support and engrossing conversation at the 25th Anniversary Chamberlain conference. To my first supervisor, Associate Professor Helen Fulton, thank you for your encouragement, assistance with an initial thesis outline and a wonderful tour of the Cambridge campus. Thank you also to Associate Professor Catharine Lumby for finding time in your hectic schedule to provide emergency supervision; I have always admired your work and am truly grateful for the chaperoning. To Brigid Rooney my primary supervisor, who believed that if the Socceroos could qualify for the World Cup, then anything was possible, thank you for your nurturing and emotional sustenance I derived so much from our meetings. I would like to thank director Tony Cavanaugh for giving up his time to speak with me about production of the mini-series, also Chamberlain advocate, Zillah Williams for her correspondence and biochemist, Dr David Tomlinson for agreeing to be interviewed. In particular, I would like to express my warmest thanks to Michael Chamberlain and his family for their hospitality and assistance with material for this thesis. To my cousin, Martyn – your suggestions and observations were received heartfelt – thank you for giving up so much of your time to proofread. Thanks also to my precious girlfriends for their understanding and support: Jaz, Phoe, Lee, Lys and Bec were always on the other end of the phone; my dad, “the boys” Hamish and Max, my partner Chris for his forbearance, love and patience and finally my mum – “the force that through the green fuse drives the flower” – who gave up so much of her time and supported me tirelessly throughout, this thesis is dedicated to you. As Albert Schweitzer once said: “At times our own light goes out and is rekindled by a spark from another person. Each of us has cause to think with deep gratitude of those who have lighted the flame within us”. To all those who have lit my flame (and you know who you are) I express my sincerest gratitude. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AWW Australian Women’s Weekly CEDAW UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination CA Centralian Advocate CM Courier-Mail DM Daily Mirror DT Daily Telegraph NLA National Library of Australia NSW New South Wales NT Northern Territory NTN Northern Territory News QLD Queensland SA South Australia SMH Sydney Morning Herald ST Sunday Territorian UK United Kingdom US United States of America VIC Victoria WEL Women’s Electoral Lobby CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 17 August 1980 9½- week-old Azaria Chamberlain disappears from the family tent at “Ayers Rock” 24 August 1980 Wally Goodwin finds Azaria’s jumpsuit, singlet and nappy at the base of “Ayers Rock” 20 February 1981 Coroner Denis Barritt finds baby Azaria taken by dingo and neither Lindy nor Michael implicated in disappearance 20 November 1981 Finding of first inquest quashed by Northern Territory Supreme Court and new coronial inquiry ordered 2 February 1982 Coroner Gerry Galvin, at the conclusion of the second inquest, orders the Chamberlains to stand trial 13 September 1982 Chamberlains’ trial begins in Darwin before Justice James Muirhead 29 October 1982 Lindy Chamberlain found guilty of murder and Michael as an accessory after the fact 17 November 1982 Lindy’s daughter, Kahlia, born in Darwin’s Berrimah Gaol 19 November 1982 Lindy released from Berrimah pending appeal to Federal Court 29 April 1983 Appeal unanimously rejected by Federal Court and Lindy gaoled in New South Wales pending hearing of bail application 2 May 1983 Application for bail pending appeal to High Court rejected by Justice Brennan and Lindy returned to Berrimah 22 February 1984 High Court upholds jury’s decision in 3-2 judgment 3 May 1984 Petition of 130,000 signatures calling for full judicial enquiry and for Lindy’s release presented to Governor- General 4 June 1985 Chamberlain Innocence Committee submits new evidence and makes application for inquiry into convictions 26 October 1985 Ceremony marking the handover of “Ayers Rock” to traditional Aboriginal owners. 12 November 1985 Northern Territory Government rejects application for judicial inquiry 13 November 1985 Chamberlains’ lawyer applies for Lindy’s release on licence 25 November 1985 Application for release on licence rejected by Northern Territory Government 16 December 1985 The Disappearance of
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