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DISSERTAÇÃO Alan Campos Araújo.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE ARTES E COMUNICAÇÃO DEPARTAMENTO DE COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO ALAN CAMPOS ARAÚJO A IMAGEM ESVOAÇANTE: atmosferas e fórmulas patéticas do cinema de Tsai Ming- liang Recife 2019 ALAN CAMPOS ARAÚJO A IMAGEM ESVOAÇANTE: atmosferas e fórmulas patéticas do cinema de Tsai Ming- liang Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Área de concentração: Comunicação. Orientadora: Professora Drª. Ângela Freire Prysthon. Recife 2019 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Jéssica Pereira de Oliveira, CRB-4/2223 A663i Araújo, Alan Campos A imagem esvoaçante: atmosferas e fórmulas patéticas do cinema de Tsai Ming-liang / Alan Campos Araújo. – Recife, 2019. 128f.: il. Orientadora: Ângela Freire Prysthon. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Artes e Comunicação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, 2019. Inclui referências. 1. Comunicação. 2. Tsai Ming-liang. 3. Aby Warburg. 4. Cinema. 5. Cultura Visual. I. Prysthon, Ângela Freire (Orientadora). II. Título. 302.23 CDD (22. ed.) UFPE (CAC 2020-25) ALAN CAMPOS ARAÚJO A IMAGEM ESVOAÇANTE: atmosferas e fórmulas patéticas do cinema de Tsai Ming- liang Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação. Aprovada em: 19/02/2019 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ângela Freire Prysthon (Orientadora) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _____________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Duarte Gomes da Silva (Examinador Interno) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Almeida Ferreira (Examinador Externo) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte AGRADECIMENTOS À meu pai e minha mãe, por todo o apoio À minha orientadora Ângela Prysthon, por cumprir de maneira honrada com sua função Ao professor Eduardo Duarte, por seu zelo, paciência, e constante inspiração para minhas empreitadas acadêmicas Aos meus alunos do estágio docência, em particular para Alice e André, cujas curiosidades alavancaram, em mim, um professor Aos meus amigos do PPGCOM, Daniel, Cesar e Bruno, por dividirem experiências acadêmicas e pessoais nos anos do Mestrado. Que perdurem À João Luiz, por fazer de nossas sessões de cinema uma experiência de vida Aos meus amigos, Mário e Suzana, pelas incontáveis ajudas pessoais e acadêmicas ao longo dos últimos anos Aos meus amigos Raissa e Heitor, por comporem laços afetivos que jamais poderei agradecer como gostaria À Catarina, por sempre acreditar em mim À Manu, por ser uma fonte inesgotável de inspiração, meu alicerce para tudo isto e que sem ela, essa dissertação jamais (literalmente) poderia existir. In you, i´m lost. “Não aqui, não agora, não mais” (Pichação em Paris) RESUMO A obra do cineasta radicado em Taiwan Tsai Ming-liang (1958) se difere estruturalmente de um cinema convencional por se utilizar do tempo esgarçado como parte da experiência estética. Seu cinema não se vale de roteiros bem delimitados por inícios, meios e fins, ao invés disso, o realizador prioriza uma atmosfera lenta e contemplativa de “nada acontece”. Ancorado no gestual do mesmo protagonista ao longo de suas obras (Lee Kang- sheng) – sujeito calado e de gestos expressivos –, o diretor construiu um cinema que cria uma maior proximidade com sua plateia por fazê-la experimentar as ações como se estivessem lá. A presente dissertação investiga a experiência da filmografia do diretor a partir de um arcabouço metodológico do historiador das imagens Aby Warburg no intuito de entender o fluxo de imagens que se estabelece a partir do contato com imagens mergulhadas no esgarçamento temporal. Ao final, desenvolve-se um método associativo por imagens que vise um entendimento da cultura visual que rodeia os filmes de Tsai Ming-liang. Palavras-chave: Comunicação. Tsai Ming-liang. Aby Warburg. Cinema. Cultura Visual. ABSTRACT The work of Taiwanese filmmaker Tsai Ming-liang (1958) differs structurally from conventional cinema by using time-shattered as part of the aesthetic experience. His cinema does not use scripts well delimited by beginnings, middles and ends, instead, the director prioritizes a slow and contemplative atmosphere of "nothing happens". Anchored in the gesture of the same protagonist throughout his works (Lee Kang-sheng) - silent man of expressive gestures -, the director built a cinema that builds a closer proximity to his audience by making her experience the actions as if they were there. The present dissertation investigates the experience of the director's filmography from a methodological framework of the image historian Aby Warburg in order to understand the flow of images that is established from the contact with images immersed in the temporal collapse. In the end, an associative image-based approach is developed that aims at understanding the visual culture that surrounds Tsai Ming- liang's films. Keywords: Communication. Tsai Ming-liang. Aby Warburg. Cinema. Visual Culture. SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................................9 2 ATMOSFERAS E CORPOS NA OBRA DE TSAI MING-LIANG.............................14 2.1 TEMÁTICAS DA SOLIDÃO.............................................................................................14 2.2 A PRESENÇA DA IMAGEM.............................................................................................22 2.3 ATMOSFERAS QUE EVOCAM A QUIETUDE..............................................................29 2.4 O CINEMA DO GESTO.....................................................................................................35 3 GESTOS E AÇÕES POR TODA UMA VIDA...............................................................40 3.1 TSAI E LEE.........................................................................................................................40 3.2 GESTOS TRISTES, MOMENTOS SOLITÁRIOS EM POSIÇÕES FETAIS....................41 3.3 ANTOINE DOINEL............................................................................................................45 3.4 MARIA, UMA VIDA TRANSFORMADA EM IMAGEM................................................47 4 O FANTASMA DAS IMAGENS, ABY WARBURG E A CIÊNCIA INQUIETA......54 4.1 BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE ABY WARBURG................................................................54 4.2 PATHOS E IMAGEM.........................................................................................................56 4.3 O INCESSANTE DESLOCAMENTO...............................................................................66 4.4 O PATHOS EXPLODE: O ATLAS MNEMOSYNE E O SABER POR IMAGEM..............72 4.5 O SABER POR RELAÇÃO................................................................................................75 5 AS FÓRMULAS PATÉTICAS NO CINEMA DE TSAI MING-LIANG....................83 5.1 JUVENTUDE FURIOSA E ENTEDIADA.........................................................................83 5.2 A TERNA IMAGEM DA TRAGÉDIA...............................................................................94 5.3 ENTREGAR-SE EM ESPÍRITO.........................................................................................98 5.4 A ÚLTIMA EXPLOSÃO, LEE DEBATE-SE EM DOR...................................................102 5.5 EPÍLOGO: LÁGRIMAS INFINITAS, TELAS INFINITAS............................................114 6 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS..........................................................................................121 REFERÊNCIAS..............................................................................................................126 9 1 INTRODUÇÃO No documentário Flowers of Taipei: Taiwan New Cinema (Chinlin Hsieh, 2014), o realizador tailandês Apichatpong Weerasethakul narra um curioso caso. Ele, no papel de apreciador da nova onda de cineastas taiwaneses que ganharam fama nos anos 80 e 90 – Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-liang –, comenta que sempre caía no sono no meio da exibição desses filmes. Em seguida, o próprio realizador afirma que, anos mais tarde, com sua carreira consolidada como um grande nome do cinema contemporâneo, ele passou a ganhar fama por também fazer suas plateias dormirem durante as sessões de seus filmes. O diretor aparenta acreditar em um tipo de cinema especial que induz seus espectadores ao sono como maneira de acessar a experiência dessas obras. No mesmo documentário, o diretor chinês Jia Zhangke se refere ao novo cinema taiwanês como sendo uma espécie de experiência de vida através do cinema. O artista se reporta tanto a um âmbito relativo à confecção desses filmes – onde, por exemplo, Hou Hsiao-hsien chegou a hipotecar sua casa para conseguir realizar o filme Taipei Story (1985) de seu amigo Edward Yang –, como também está se referindo à própria força que emana dessas obras. Taiwan passou por uma intensa efervescência cultural e econômica nos anos 1980. Pela primeira vez na história desse país, seu cinema passou a se referir aos seus principais acontecimentos políticos1. Zhangke, também, se refere a uma necessidade, por parte dos diretores taiwaneses, de preencher um tempo que havia sido roubado daquela nação. Um tempo que não fora rememorado. Em um contexto de um país que viveu, por décadas, sob forte repressão política, o novo cinema
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