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40420 Public Disclosure Authorized 40420 Public Disclosure Authorized Bangladesh Country Environmental Analysis Bangladesh Development Series Paper No: 12 Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Office, Dhaka Public Disclosure Authorized September 2006 www.worldbank.org.bd/bds Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank The World Bank World Bank Office Dhaka Plot- E-32, Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Tel: 880-2-8159001-28 Fax: 880-2-8159029-30 www.worldbank.org.bd The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington DC 20433, USA Tel: 1-202-473-1000 Fax: 1-207-477-6391 www.worldbank.org All Bangladesh Development Series (BDS) publications are downloadable at: www.worldbank.org.bd/bds Standard Disclaimer: This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Copyright Statement: The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portion of the work promptly. Design: Cover designed and published by Progressive Printers. Illustration Credits: Front cover (from left): Arifur Rahman, Andrew Biraj, David Meerbach, Prabir Mallik Back cover (from left): Air Quality Management Project (DoE), David Meerbach, Andrew Biraj CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US $1.00 = Tk. 69.36 (Bangladesh Taka, August 2006) GOVERNMENT’S FISCAL YEAR July 1 – June 30 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADAB Association of Development Agencies FEJB Forum of Environmental Journalists, Bangladesh Bangladesh ADB Asian Development Bank FFP Fourth Fisheries Project ADP Annual Development Program FRSS Fisheries Resources Survey Service AEZ Agroecological Zone GDP Gross Domestic Product BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute GOB Government of Bangladesh BAT Best Available Technology HCB Hexachlorobenzene BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics IAP Indoor Air Pollution BBSAP Bangladesh Biodiversity Strategy and Action ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey ISO International Standards Organization BEI Bangladesh Enterprise Institute IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature BELA Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Association BEMP Bangladesh Environmental Management K Potassium Project BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport LGD Local Government Division Authority BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute LGED Local Government Engineering Department BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board MDG Millennium Development Goals CAS Country Assistance Strategy CEA Country Environmental Analysis MoA Ministry of Agriculture CEN Coalition of Environmental NGOs MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant MoL Ministry of Land CH4 Methane MoLGRD&C Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives CIDA Canadian International Development Agency MT Metric Tonnes CNG Compressed Natural Gas N Nitrogen DAE Department of Agricultural Extension N2O Nitrous Oxide DALYs Disability Adjusted Life Years DANIDA Danish International Development Agency NCID National Council for Industrial Development DCC Dhaka City Corporation NEMAP National Environmental Management Action Plan DDT Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane NGO Non-Government Organizations DoE Department of Environment NISP National Improved Stoves Program DoF Department of Fisheries NO3 Nitrate DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering NPAM&IP National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation 2004 & Implementation Plan DSMA Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area NPSWS&S National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation EA Environmental Assessment NWMP National Water Management Plan ECA Environmentally Critical Areas O&M Operation & Maintenance ECNEC Executive Committee of the National PDB Power Development Board Environment Council ECR Environmental Conservation Rules PDT Persistent Bio-accumulative Toxics EMP Environmental Management Plan PIP Priority Investment Program FAO Food and Agricultural Organization PM Particulate Matter FD Forest Department POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants iii SRDI Soil Research and Development Institute UP Union Parishads STEDs Septic Tank Effluent Disposal Systems WARPO Water Resource Planning Organization PCB Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls WASA Water Supply and Sewerage Authority UDCC Upazila Development Coordination WATSAN Water Supply and Sanitation Committee UNICEF United Nations Children’s Education Fund WHO World Health Organization UNO Upazila Nirbahi Officer WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development Vice President : Praful Patel, SARVP Country Director : Christine I. Wallich, SACBD Sector Director : Jeffrey S. Racki (Acting), SASES Sector Manager : Jeffrey S. Racki, SASES Task Leader : Paul Jonathan Martin, SASES iv Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations...................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... ix Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... xiii I. Environmental Management: a Key to Growth and Poverty Reduction ......................... xiii II. Selecting Environmental Challenges for Analysis .......................................................... xiv III. Environmental Priorities for Additional Action .............................................................. xiv IV. Environmental Risks to Health: a Major Contributor to the Burden of Disease .............. xv V. Protecting Environmental Quality in Dhaka .................................................................. xvii VI. Natural Resources under Pressure................................................................................. xviii VII. Environmental Governance: An Over-Arching Agenda ................................................. xix VIII. Conclusion: Key Actions and World Bank Support......................................................... xx Chapter 1: Context and Objectives.............................................................................................. 1 I. Environmental Challenges to Poverty Reduction............................................................... 1 II. The Response of the Government of Bangladesh and Development Partners ................... 3 III. Objectives of the CEA........................................................................................................ 4 IV. Preparation of the CEA: Scope and Process....................................................................... 5 V. Structure of the Report .......................................................................................................5 Chapter 2: Environmental Health ............................................................................................... 7 I. Environmental Health: Risk Factors and Costs.................................................................. 7 II. Water Supply and Sanitation............................................................................................ 10 III. Air Pollution..................................................................................................................... 16 IV. Reducing Exposure to Toxic Pollutants ........................................................................... 20 V. Environmental Health: Recommendations and Areas for World Bank Support.............. 24 Chapter 3: Management of Water Quality in Dhaka .............................................................. 27 I. Dhaka: a Mega-City under Stress..................................................................................... 27 II. A Triple Threat: Contamination of the Air, Land and Water........................................... 27 III. The Economic and Social Costs of Water Degradation ................................................... 28 IV. Policy and Institutional Factors Affecting Water Quality................................................ 32 V. Responses to Water Quality Issues in the Dhaka Area .................................................... 34 V. Water Quality in Dhaka: Recommendations and Areas for World Bank Support........... 39 Chapter 4: Management of Capture Fisheries ......................................................................... 41 I. The State of Capture Fisheries ......................................................................................... 41 II. Impacts of Capture Fisheries Decline............................................................................... 46 III. Policies and Institutions for Capture Fisheries Management ..........................................
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