Hermit Crab MEASUREMENT: UNITS and TOOLS • Common Curriculum Goal: Select and Use Appropriate Standard and Nonstandard Units and Tools of Measurement

Lab Program Curriculum Grades K-8

2 Program Description

This 45-60 minute lab begins with a discussion about the conditions of the rocky intertidal zone, led by one of our education staff members. Students and their chaperones will then travel to four stations where they will learn about some of the adaptations of four marine invertebrates from this habitat. Participating in this program will help your student to meet the grade three common curriculum goals and benchmarks listed on the following pages of this packet.

Chaperones will be asked to take an active role in the lab program, which is designed so that they read informational cards in English to the students in their group. It will also be the chaperone’s responsibility to monitor the students’ behavior during the lab program.

Before your visit:

• Use the What About the Ocean? And the Recipe for an Ocean activities to find out how much your students already know about the ocean and what they would like to learn.

• Using pictures from magazines or drawings make ocean plant and animal cards. Use these and the enclosed Flash Card Notebook cards to familiarize students with organisms they may see at the Aquarium. Incorporate appropriate vocabulary, play concentration or use them as flash cards for plant and Ochre star animal identification.

• Assign the activity How Big Is It? Included in your packet. Use a bar graph to graph the length of each animal.

• Discuss how children treat their pets at home. What is proper and improper when handling animals? Discuss how some animals are too delicate to be touched and should only be observed.

• Use the Dilemmas to start a discussion about social responsibility and the marine environment.

• Use the Tools of the Trade activity to introduce the concept of adaptations for habitats. This activity will get your students thinking about what animals need to survive in the rocky intertidal zone.

During your visit:

• Provide you students with copies of the Oregon Coast Aquarium Student Guidebook. A master copy of the pages needed to create this booklet is included in the center of the self guided packet.

• An Oregon Coast Aquarium Chaperone Guidebook is also located there. This book will allow your chaperones to more effectively direct their students as they use their activity books.

After your visit:

• Discuss the importance of putting animals’ homes back the way they were found by comparing a rocky intertidal animal’s home to the students’ homes. What would happen if their houses were turned upside down? . . . if they were forced to stay in the room of a brother or sister? Would they have the things they need to survive? Would they be comfortable?

• To help present a visual presentation of the harsh rocky intertidal environment, use the Wave Wars activity included in this packet.

• Use the Crab Cooperative activity to review adaptations. Have your students design other animal cooperatives to review the adaptations they learned about during this unit.

• Ask your students to write a detailed description of the most interesting thing they found at the Aquarium. Have each student read their description to the class and have the class try to guess what the item is.

• As a follow-up review their answers to What About the Ocean? and the Recipe for an Ocean activities. Make additions and correct misconceptions. Also see how many of the questions that the students had prior to their trip can now be answered.

4 It’s a Rough Life addresses the following Oregon Common Curriculum Goals and Benchmarks:

Oregon State Benchmarks and Common Curriculum Goals

Science LIFE SCIENCE (ORGANISMS) • Common Curriculum Goal (Organisms): Understand the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms. Content Standard: Describe the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms. Grade 3 Benchmark: Describe the basic needs of plants and animals. Grade 5 Benchmark: Classify organisms by the system to which they belong.

Career Related Curriculum Standards PROBLEM SOLVING: Content Standard: Apply decision-making and problem-solving techniques in school, community, and workplace. • Criteria: • Identify problems and locate information that may lead to solutions. • Identify alternatives to solve problems. • Assess the consequences of the alternatives. • Select and explain a proposed solution and course of action. • Develop a plan to implement the selected course of action. • Assess results and take corrective action.

Math Hermit crab MEASUREMENT: UNITS AND TOOLS • Common Curriculum Goal: Select and use appropriate standard and nonstandard units and tools of measurement. Select and use appropriate units, tools and techniques to measure to the degree of precision and accuracy desired in particular situations. Grade 3 & 5 Benchmark: Develop understanding of measurement and concepts related to length, perimeter, weight, area, volume, time, temperature, money and angle. Grade 8 Benchmark: Select and use appropriate units and tools to measure to the degree of accuracy required in particular situations.

5 DIRECT METHOD • Common Curriculum Goal: Describe estimate and use measures of length, perimeter, weight, time temperature, money and capacity. Grade 3 Benchmark: Measure length, weight, area, time and temperature using standard and nonstandard units of measurement. Grade 5 Benchmark: Measure length, perimeter, weight, area, temperature, volume, angle and distance using standard and nonstandard units of measurement.

It’s a Rough Life addresses the following National Science Education Standards:

LIFE SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARD C

Grades K-4: • The characteristics of organisms • Life cycles of organisms • Organisms and environments

6 Rocky Shore Background Information

Life on the Rocks On most rocky shores there are two high tides and two low tides each day. At high tide, surging waves send cold seawater crashing onto Oregon’s rocky shores. At low tide, much of the rocky shore is exposed. Animals found in this habitat live in certain zones depending on their ability to withstand environmental pressures during both low and high tides. Zones include the spray zone (nearest to shore), high tide zone, mid tide zone, low tide zone and subtidal zone (the area never uncovered, even during the lowest low tide of the year). The area of the rocky shore that is between the edge of the low tide zone and the spray zone is called the rocky intertidal zone. When the tide is completely out (at low tide) in the rocky intertidal zone habitat, you will find pools of water left behind in the rocks. These are referred to as tide pools. What you find in a tide pool will depend on the depth of the tide pool and where it is located within the rocky intertidal area.

Rocky Intertidal Zones: Spray zone • The area just beyond the highest high tide • Kept wet by salt water spray • Flooded with water during storms Spray zone • Inhabitants include barnacles, snails and limpets High tide zone • Uncovered most of the time, except at high tide • Hit by crashing waves at high tide High tide zone • Inhabitants include barnacles, snails, limpets, shore crabs and clingfishes • Seaweeds include rockweed and sea moss Middle tide zone • Exposed to air twice a day during low tides • Crashing waves occur as tide comes back in Mid tide zone • Inhabitants include mussels, snails, limpets, ochre sea stars, hermit crabs, gooseneck (leaf) barnacles, chitons, anemones, sponges, tube worms, ribbon worms, porcelain crabs, red rock crabs and sculpins (a small fish) • Seaweeds include surf grass, sea palm, Low tide zone coralline algae Low tide zone • Occasionally exposed to air during low tides • Covered by water most of the time • Crashing waves as the tide comes back in • Close to the edge of the water, even when uncovered Subtidal zone

7 • Inhabitants include snails, limpets, chitons, red sea cucumbers, purple sea urchins (occasionally red as well), nudibranchs (sea slugs), sunflower sea stars, sponges, brittle stars, blood stars, six-rayed stars, shrimps, kelp crabs and tunicates (sea squirts) • Seaweeds include feather boa kelp, sea lettuce, surf grass, oar weed (also called Laminaria)

Subtidal zone (nearshore seafloor, also referred to as the surf zone) • Always covered by water • Constant surging current • Varying degrees of wave action depending on seasons and weather • Inhabitants include many of the animals listed in the zones above, various small fishes (also found in tide pools) including gunnels, sculpins, clingfish, snail fish, decorated warbonnets, monkeyface pricklebacks and wolf-eels. Red octopus, giant Pacific octopus and abalone are also found in rocky subtidal areas and tide pools. Organisms found in this habitat are among the toughest in the survival business. This is because the conditions of their habitat change throughout the day.

At LOW TIDE organisms At HIGH TIDE organisms experience: experience: Challenges Challenges • Exposure to air • Crashing waves • Exposure to sun • Strong currents • Exposure to rain or snow • Larger aquatic predators • Land and air predators Benefits Benefits • Less chance of exposure • Incoming food such as to large aquatic predators plankton • Gentler currents or none • Fresh, cold saltwater rich in at all oxygen

Adaptations Organisms have developed adaptations that enable them to survive in their living conditions and to feed, escape predators and reproduce. These adaptations include shape, size, coloration, defensive behaviors, breeding and feeding habits. Like organisms in other habitats, rocky intertidal organisms rely on a combination of adaptations to insure their survival. For example, a snail’s muscular foot helps them to hold on tightly in heavily surging currents, move securely along the rocks or sand. Some snails will also grab food with their foot.

8 Rocky Shore Vocabulary

If you can’t find it here, try: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/glossaryt.html abdomen (AB-doh-men): the main division of the body behind the thorax of an arthropod adaptation (A-dap-TAY-shun): a characteristic, such as a body part, color pattern or behavior, that helps an organism survive in its environment alga (AL-guh) [plural: algae (AL-jee)]: a member of certain phyla of the kingdom Protista (proe- TIS-tuh) (once considered plants). Most seaweeds are algae. annelid (a-NELL-id): a member of the phylum Annelida (a-NELL-ih-dah), worms that have a definite head, a well developed vascular, respiratory and nervous system and whose body is divided into a linear series of segments. Earthworms, sandworms, tube worms, clamworms and leeches are annelids. antenna (an-TENN-ah) [plural: antennae (an-TENN-ee)]: a sensory appendage on the head of arthropods, or the second pair of the two such pairs of structures in crustaceans Aristotle’s lantern: the jaw structure, including five teeth, of a sea urchin arthropod (ARR-thruh-pod): a member of the phylum Arthropoda (ar-THRAH-poe-dah), a group of invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed appendages. Crabs, barnacles, shrimps, insects and ticks are arthropods. asexual reproduction: reproduction by a single individual by budding, dividing or breaking benthic (BENN-thik): living in, on or within a substrate; the region near or on the bottom of rivers, lakes or the sea bilateral symmetry (bie-LATT-uh-rul): an arrangement in which the right and left halves of the body are mirror images of each other biolumninescence (BIE-oh-LOOM-ih-NESS-ens): a method of light production by living organisms in which usually certain proteins (luciferins), in the presence of oxygen and an enzyme (luciferase), are converted to oxyluciferins, causing the organism to glow bivalve (BIE-valv): a member of the class Bivalvia (bie-VAL-vee-ah), a group of molluscs with a pair of shells hinged together. Clams, mussels and oysters are bivalves. broadcast fertilization: a method of reproduction in which eggs and sperm are released into the water, where fertilization and development occur budding: asexual reproduction by formation of a new individual from a small bud on the parent organism byssal (BISS-’l) threads: strong, sticky threads secreted by some mollusks, used to attach the animal to the substrate. calcareous (cal-CARE-ee-uss): containing calcium carbonate camouflage (CAMM-uh-flazh): a behavior, shape, color or color pattern that helps a plant or animal blend in with its surroundings carapace (CARR-uh-pace): in crustaceans, the hard part of the exoskeleton that covers the head and thorax cephalopod (SEFF-uh-luh-pod): a member of the class Cephalopoda (SEFFfuh-luh-POE-dah)

9 (meaning “head foot”) within the phylum Mollusca cerata (ceh-RAH-tah): projections from the body surface of nudibranchs chitin (KIE-t’n): a material that forms part of an arthropod’s skeleton chiton (KIE-t’n): a member of the phylum Mollusca and the class Polyplacophora, with eight plates in place of a single shell chlorophyll (KLORE-oh-fil): green pigment found in plants and in some animals, necessary for photosynthesis chromotophore (croe-MAT-uh-fore): a pigment-containing cell that can be used by an animal to vary its external coloration cilia (SILL-ee-ah): hairlike appendages that can move together in a waving motion, used by some simple animals for locomotion and by more developed animals for moving fluids within the animal class: the taxonomic group under phylum and above order cloning: the ability of some organisms to create genetically identical copies of themselves asexually cnidarian (nie-DAIR-ee-un): a member of the phylum Cnidaria (nie-DAIR-ee-ah), a group of invertebrates with baglike bodies, stinging cells and typically with tentacles. Cnidarians include hydroids, sea anemones, jellyfishes and corals. colony: a group of organisms in which more or less distinct individuals live together and interact in mutually advantageous ways consumer: an organism that eats another organism crustacean (cruh-STAY-shun): a member of the class Crustacea (kruh-STAY-shah), a group of arthropods with jointed legs, gills for breathing and usually a shell, which the animal must shed periodically in order to grow. Crabs, lobsters, beach hoppers, shrimps and barnacles are crustaceans. decomposer (DEE-kum-POE-zer): an organism that causes the decay of dead plants and animals. Bacteria and fungi are decomposers. deposit feeder: an animal that engulfs masses of sediments and processes them through its digestive tract detritus (dih-TRIE-tus): disintegrated material such as particles of uneaten food, fecal pellets and fragments of dead plants or animals diatom (DIE-uh-tahm): a single-celled, aquatic alga dorsal (DOR-sul):on the back, or upper, surface of a bilaterally symmetrical animal echinoderm (ee-KIE-nuh-derm): a member of the phylum Echinodermata (ee-KIE-nuh-der-MAH- tah), a group of invertebrates with hard, spiny skeletons, radially symmetrical bodies and a water vascular system. Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers are echinoderms. ecosystem (EE-coe-SIS-tum): a community of organisms interacting with each other, plus the environment in which they live and with which they interact. An ecosystem includes nonliving components (minerals, soil, etc.), living components, and the climate endoskeleton (EN-doe-SKE-leh-tun): an internal skeleton exoskeleton (EK-so-SKE-leh-tun): a hard external covering

10 family: the taxonomic group below order and above genus filter feeder: an organism that eats by filtering, or straining, small particles of food from the water food chain: a sequence in which organisms eat and are eaten, in a transfer of energy along the chain genus (GEE-nuss) [plural: genera (GEH-neh-rah)]: a taxonomic classification; a group of similar species gill: a respiratory organ used for uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide in aquatic animals habitat: the place where an organism lives; its home hermaphrodite (her-MA-fruh-dite): an animal with both female and male reproductive organs at some point in its life intertidal zone: the part of the shore between the highest high tides and the lowest low tides invertebrate (in-VER-tuh-brut): an animal without a backbone krill: shrimplike crustaceans that are the primary food of some whales and fishes larva (LAR-vuh) [plural: larvae (LAR-vee)]: an early developmental stage of an animal, which bears little or no resemblance to the adult madreporite (MA-druh-PORE-ite): a sievelike, porous plate that enables fluid to pass in and out of the water vascular system in echinoderms mantle: in mollusk with shells, the portion of the body wall that lines and secretes the shell; in octopuses, squid and cuttlefish the mantle forms the body wall medusa (meh-DOO-sah): the free-swimming, umbrella-shaped form of some cnidarians, with tentacles hanging down like a fringe megalops (MEG-uh-lops): a larval stage just before the adult stage in marine crabs, when the eyes are very large, the number of appendages is complete and the abdomen is quite long metamorphosis (MEH-tuh-MOR-fuh-sis): a radical physical change occurring in the development of an animal mollusc (MOLL-usk): a member of the phylum Mollusca (moh-LUSS-kah), a group of invertebrates with soft bodies often enclosed completely or partially by a mantle and a shell. Snails, clams, octopuses, chitons, slugs and nudibranchs are molluscs. molt: the casting of hair, feathers, skin, horns, carapace and other parts just before their replacement monera (moe-NARE-ah): the kingdom that include organisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Often called bacteria. nauplius (NOW-plee-us): a larval stage in lower groups of crustaceans having only three pairs of appendages and a single, median eye nekton: actively swimming organisms, essentially independent of wave and current action; not plankton nematocyst (neh-MA-tuh-SIST): (means “thread bag”) stinging structures that cnidarians use to capture food and for protection niche (nich): the functional role and position of a species (population) within a community or ecosystem, including what resources it uses, how and when it uses the resources, and how it interacts with other populations oceanography (OE-shuh-NAH-gruh-fee): the study of the oceans and their biology, geology, chemistry and physics

11 omnivore (AHM-nih-vore): an organism that eats both plants and animals operculum (oe-PER-cyoo-lum): the hard pad on the foot of some gastropod snail which is used to seal the opening of the shell order: the taxonomic group beneath class and above family organism: a living thing, such as a plant or an animal pedicellaria (PEH-dih-seh-LAIR-ee-ah): microscopic pincerlike structures around spines and gills of certain echinoderms for keeping their bodies free from debris; may also be used as defense against predators pelagic (peh-LA-jik): pertaining to the region that includes all offshore, or open water, areas of the ocean, from the low tide mark on out photic (FOE-tik) zone: the upper layer of the ocean, whre enough light filters through the seawater for phytoplankton to photosynthesisze; about the upper 100 feet photosynthesis (FOE-toe-SIN-theh-sis): process by which green plants and some algae use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen phylum (FIE-lum) [plural: phyla (FIE-lah)]: a taxonomic classification; a group of similar classes physiology: a branch of biology dealing with the organic processes and phenomena of an organism or any of its parts or of a particular bodily process phytoplankton (FIE-toe-PLANK-tun): photosynthesizing members of the plankton, mostly plants and algae planktivore (PLANK-tih-vore): a animal that feeds on plankton plankton (PLANK-tun): organisms suspended in water that drift with the currents and swim only weakly or not at all. Divided into phytoplankton (FIE-toe-PLANK-tun) (photosynthesizing members, mostly bacteria and algae) and zooplankton (ZOE-PLANK-tun or ZOO-PLANK-tun) (nonphotosynthesizing members, mostly animals and animal-like protists). polyp (POLL-ip): the sessile, stalk-like form of some cnidarians (or a stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians), attached to a surface at one end, with a circle of tentacles surrounding the mouth at the other end predator: an animal that kills and eats other animals radial symmetry: an arrangement (round, star-shaped, etc.) of similar body parts around a central point radula (RA-dyoo-lah): the filelike band of teeth that snails, chitons and many other molluscs use to scrape, tear and bore respiration: the absorption of oxygen from the environment rostrum (ROSS-trum): the forward projection of the snout or head area salinity (suh-LIH-nih-tee): the amount of salts dissolved in water scavenger: an organism that eats dead plants and animals or their parts sedentary: having limited or no locomotion sediment: matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid, or deposited by water, wind or glaciers segmentation: divided into sections sessile (SEH-s'l): a stationary organism attached to the substrate shellfish: refers to an aquatic animal with a shell including clams, mussels, crabs and shrimp

12 siliceous (sill-IH-shus): containing silica siphon (SIE-f'n): the tube or tubelike part of an animal's body through which water, air or food passes species (SPEE-seez) [singular and plural]: a group of organisms that have common physical structures and can interbreed and produce fertile offspring substrate (SUB-strate): the surface (sand, rock, wood or even another animal) on which an animal lives subtidal: below the lowest tides suspension feeder: an animal that feeds by filtering out detritus or other particles suspended in the water around it taxonomy (tak-SAHN-uh-mee): the science of classifying or grouping organisms according to their morphological and physiological characteristics tentacle: a slender, flexible appendage. The tentacles of cnidarians are filled with nematocysts. test: the shell, or covering, of animals such as sand dollars and sea urchins thorax (THOR-ax): the portion of the body between the head and the abdomen tide: the regular rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, the rotation of the earth and other factors tide pool: a pool of water left on the shore when the tide goes out toxin: a chemical that can be harmful to living things tube feet: soft, hollow, movable extensions of some echinoderms' water vascular system, which aid in locomotion, feeding and grasping valve: in bivalves such as mussels, one of the two halves of the shell ventral (VEN-trul): pertaining to the underside of an animal's body vertebrate (VER-tuh-brut): a member of the subphylum Vertebrata (VER-tuh-BRAH-tah), a group of animals that have a segmented spinal column. Mammals, fishes, birds, reptiles and amphibians are vertebrates. water column: the area in the water between the ocean surface and the ocean floor zoea (ZOE-ee): an early larval form of certain decapod crustaceans, such as crabs zonation: the arrangement of the organisms in a community in to recognizable bands, according to tolerance of such factors as exposure to air and temperature zooplankton (ZOE-uh-PLANK-tun): nonphotosynthesizing members of the plankton, mostly animals

13 What about the Ocean?

Lesson at a Glance: This activity will allow students to share what they already know and what they want to learn about the ocean. It will also provide a pre-and post- assessment tool for your visit.

Oregon State Benchmarks and Common Curriculum Goals

LIFE SCIENCE (ORGANISMS) • Common Curriculum Goal (Organisms): Understand the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms. Content Standard: Describe the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms. Grade 3 Benchmark: Describe the basic needs of plants and animals.

Materials:

9 A pen or pencil for each student or if done as a class for the teacher 9 A large sheet of paper for each student 9 If done as a class for the teacher, a large sheet of paper divided into two columns. Write, “What We Know about the Ocean” and “What We Want to Learn about the Ocean” at the top of each column. Purple shore crab

Background Information:

This activity will allow the students to begin thinking about the ocean. No prior instruction is necessary before beginning this activity.

Activity:

1. Students can do this project individually or the class can be divided into cooperative- learning groups of 4-5 students. For younger students this can be a class project. 2. Give each student or group of students a marker and sheet of paper. Or for younger students, the teacher can record the information for the class. 3. Have the groups designate a recorder. 4. Have the students or the recorder divide the paper in half. 5. At the top of one half of the paper have the student or recorder, write, “What We Know about the Ocean.” On the other half of the paper, have the student or recorder write, “What We Want to Learn about the Ocean.” 6. Give the students 5-10 minutes to brainstorm what they know about the ocean. 7. Give the students 5-10 minutes to brainstorm what they want to learn about the ocean. 8. Have each group designate a presenter. For younger students, have the teacher review with the students what they came up with. 9. On the large sheet of paper record the information shared by each student or presenter. Use this for review.

14 Summary:

1. Review what the students already know about the ocean. 2. Discuss what they want to learn.

Continuation:

1. As the ocean unit progresses, continue to add to the list.

Assessment:

1. Have the students list what they have learned about the ocean during the unit. This can be done individually or in the cooperative learning groups. Compare this to their original list. 2. For younger students have them draw a picture of what they know about the ocean at the beginning of the unit and a second picture at the conclusion of the unit. 3. Have your students choose 10 to 30 words or topics from their list and write story or poem that uses them.

15 Recipe for an Ocean

Lesson at a glance:

This activity will inspire students to brainstorm the components that make up an ocean community and introduce them to the concepts of food chains and energy transfer.

Oregon State Benchmarks and Common Curriculum Goals

LIFE SCIENCE: (DIVERSITY/INTERDEPENDENCE) • Common Curriculum Goal: Understand the relationships among living things and between living things and their environments. Content standards: Explain and analyze the interdependence of organisms in their natural environment. Grade 3 Benchmark: Describe a habitat and the organisms that live there. Grade 5 Benchmark: Describe the relationship between characteristics of specific habitats and the organisms that live there. • Use drawings or models to represent a series of food chains for specific habitats. Identify the producers, consumers, and decomposers in a given habitat. • Recognize how all animals depend upon plants whether or not they eat the plants directly. Explain the relationship between animal behavior and species survival. • Describe the living and nonliving resources in a specific habitat and the adaptations of organisms to that habitat. Grade 8 Benchmark: Identify and describe the factors that influence or change the balance of populations in their environment. • Identify that sunlight is the major source of energy in most ecosystems and that energy then passes from organism to organism in food webs. • Identify populations of organisms within an ecosystem by the function that they serve. Differentiate between relationships among organisms including predator-prey, producer-consumer, and parasite-host. • Explain the importance of niche to an organism’s ability to avoid direct competition for resources. Predict outcomes of changes in resources and energy flow in an ecosystem. • Explain how humans and other species can impact an ecosystem. Explain how the balance of resources will change with the introduction or loss of a new species within an ecosystem.

Materials:

9 Large sheet of paper and crayons or markers OR 9 Chalkboard and chalk Pacific halibut Activity:

1. Explain to students that they are going to create a ”recipe” for an ocean. Begin by asking students to name some ingredients in the ocean. As they come up with ideas write or draw them on a large sheet of paper. Make sure that sunlight is included in their recipe. 2. Once a good list has been compiled, point out the producers. Draw lines form the producers to the animals that eat them and explain the term consumers. Continue until you’ve connected the entire list and formed a few complete food chains. 3. Ask students what decomposers are and where they should be drawn in. Ask them what the role of a decomposer is. 4. Explain that they have formed a cycle made up of producers, consumers and decomposers. Discuss the fact that this illustrates only a very small portion of the complex relationships among the organisms of the ocean. 5. Ask students what the role of humans might be in the cycles they have created.

Summary:

1. During your trip to the Aquarium, have your students find the components of the “recipe” they created and look carefully for those they may not have included. 2. Have them complete the ocean back at school.

Flash Card Notebook

Lesson at a glance:

This activity will allow students to identify some of the animals they will see at the Aquarium.

Oregon State Benchmarks and Common Curriculum Goals

Materials:

A copy of the flash cards for each student 25 solid colored 3x5 inch index cards for each student Crayons Glue for each student Scissors for each student (or pre-cut the flashcards) A hole punch Yarn or a binder ring

Background information: Pacific octopus

This activity will introduce the students to some of the animals they will see at the Aquarium during their visit.

Activity:

1. Hand each student a set of flashcards, index cards, glue and scissors (if appropriate). 2. Have the students attach their flash cards to the index cards with the picture of the animal on one side and the information on the opposite side. 3. Have the students color the pictures of the animals. 4. Have the students decorate two of the remaining index cards. These will be the cover of their notebook. 5. Place the remaining six index cards at the back of the picture cards and inside the cover. 6. Punch a hole in the left hand corner of each animal card. Tie the cards together using either yarn or a binder ring to complete the notebook. 7. During or following their visit to the Aquarium, have your students draw some of the other animals they saw at the Aquarium. 8. Have the students write interesting facts they learned on their trip on the opposite side of their picture.

17 9. Have the students share their notebooks with their classmates.

Summary:

1. Review what the students learned about the animals at the Aquarium.

Continuation:

1. Have the students identify which animals are predators and which animals are prey animals. Can they create a food chain using the animals in their notebooks?

Assessment:

1. Have the students write a story about the animals in their notebook. 2. Have the students draw a picture of the animals in their notebook. Are they able to place the animals in their correct habitats? Are they able to label the animals in their drawing?

18 Flash Cards

Sea nettle

Size: The bell may grow to 11 inches in diameter. The tentacles may reach a length of 7 ½ feet. Color: The bell of the sea nettle is brown or tan in color with a ring of reddish tentacles at the edge Their four ribbon-like oral arms are also reddish in color. Diet: They consume small fishes, crustaceans, and plankton. Did you know? Sea nettle tentacles have powerful stingers called nematocysts.

Northern sea otter

Size: Grow to about 5 feet long and up to 100 pounds. Color: Dark brown; blond to light brown head. Diet: Sea urchins, abalone, crabs, clams, squid, shrimp, mussels, fish and sea stars.

Did you know? A sea otter’s body is covered with a very thick fur having up to one million hairs per square inch -- humans only have about 100,000 hairs on their whole head! Sea otters eat 25 percent of their body weight a day. Sometimes they use a tool, such as a rock, to break open the hard shells of prey. Tufted puffin

Size: About 15 inches long Color: They are black with orange bills and feet. In the spring and summer, their faces turn white, yellow feather tufts grow above their eyes and their beaks turn red-orange with an olive-green bill plate. Diet: They dive and swim under water to catch small fishes and invertebrates especially squid. Did you know? These seabirds spend most of their lives out on the ocean

Purple shore crab

Size: About 2 inches wide. Color: Usually purple with dark spots on the claws. Sometimes may be olive-colored or dark brown. Diet: Purple shore crabs scrape green algae off the rocks and also eat dead animal matter. Did you know? Often this crab is found hiding under rocks and will come out at night to look for food. When discovered, they will often walk sideways to escape and find a new hiding spot.

Gray Whale

Size: Males up to 40 feet, can weigh up to 64,000 pounds. Females up to 50 feet, can weigh up to 70,000 pounds. Color: Their long, football-shaped body is gray. Orange whale lice and white barnacles hitch a ride on the whale’s skin. Diet: They scoop up mouthfuls of mud from the ocean bottom, sifting it through their baleen for amphipods, small fishes and shrimps. Did you know? Gray whales travel 10,000 miles every year on their migration cycle.

Ochre sea star

Size: Up to 12 inches across from tip to tip. Color: They may be yellow, brown, orange, reddish, or purple. Diet: Mussels, barnacles, snails, limpets, and chitons. Did you know? Ochre stars have many tube feet used for moving and holding onto rocks and prey. The ochre star eats by holding onto the shell of its prey with its tube feet, then pushing its stomach out of its body and into the shell of its prey to digest the meat.

Purple sea urchin (spines) (tube feet)

Size: Grow to about four inches across. Color: Purple. Diet: Urchins eat mostly kelp and other brown and red seaweeds. They will sometimes catch small animals with their tube feet. Did you know? A sea urchin’s jaw is called Aristotle’s lantern. The jaw has five teeth, and they are strong enough to scrape holes in the rocks for urchins to sit in. The holes also allow for the urchin to stay cool and wet when the tide goes out.

Hermit crab

Size: Anywhere from an inch to over one foot wide. They usually pick a shell slightly bigger than their body so they can grow into it. Color: They vary in color, but most are brown and dull green with white patches. Diet: Hermit crabs are scavengers and will eat anything they can fit in their mouth, including dead animals, plants and sometimes even small fish. Did you know? When a hermit crab senses danger, it quickly pulls its whole body inside its shell for protection.

(mouth) Giant green sea anemone (tentacles)

Size: About seven inches across and 12 inches tall. Color: Bright green when they live in the sunlight. If they live where there is no sunlight, they may be almost white. Diet: Crabs, shrimp, small fishes, sea urchins and mussels. Did you know? They sting their prey with their sticky tentacles, pass it to their mouth and then digest it. You should never stick your finger inside an anemone’s mouth because you might damage it.

Giant Pacific octopus

Size: Arm span to about 16 feet; weigh from 10 to 200 pounds. The largest Giant Pacific octopus recorded had an arm span of over 27 feet – about as long as a classroom! Color: Red to reddish-brown. They can change their skin color and texture to help them blend in with their environment. Diet: Shrimps, crabs, scallops, abalones, clams, smaller octopuses and fishes. Did you know? Researchers consider the octopus to be the smartest of all invertebrates, with about the same intelligence as a house cat.

Sunflower sea star

Size: Can grow to 50 inches wide. Sunflower stars begin life with five or six arms and grow more with age (up to 24). Color: Usually orange, purplish-gray, brown, red or yellow. Diet: Sea urchins, clams, snails, crabs, mussels and even other sea stars. Did you know? Sunflower stars are the largest and most active of the Pacific coast sea stars. They can move at a speed of four feet per minute and have about 15,000 tube feet to help them along.

Giant acorn barnacle

Size: Grow to be five inches tall and four inches wide. Color: Outer shell is white; legs are pink. Diet: Acorn barnacles use their feathery legs to sweep tiny, drifting plants and animals, (legs) called plankton, out of the water and into their mouth. Did you know? Acorn barnacles are one of the world’s largest barnacles. They can close up their volcano-shaped shell at low tide to keep from drying out and open it up again so that they can feed during high tide.

Shag-rug nudibranch

Size: Up to four inches long.

Color: Grayish-colored, tan, and pink. Diet: It feeds on sea anemones such as the plumose anemone and aggregating anemone. It eats at least once a day consuming up to 100 percent of its body weight. Did you know? The shag-rug nudibranch is a hermaphrodite, which means it has both male and female characteristics. Nudibranchs fertilize each other’s eggs. It gets its name from its shaggy looking appearance.

Black turban snail

Size: Grow to about one inch wide. Color: Purple-black shell often with a white patch toward the top. Diet: Soft seaweed, scraping it off the rocks with its rough tongue, called a radula. Did you know? Black turban snails are estimated to live as long as 80 to 100 years. Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest often cracked open black turban snails and ate them raw.

Clam worm (mouth)

Size: Six to 12 inches long. Color: Blue-green, copper-red to dull green. Diet: They feed on algae and other small invertebrates they find by burrowing in the sand or mud. Did you know? Also called the “pile worm”, its body is made up of 200 segments, each with a pair of tiny “legs” (looking much like a centipede). It has pincher-like claws in the mouth so be very careful if you pick one up. It has been known to deliver a nasty bite!

Black katy chiton

Size: Up to five inches long. Color: Black with a white diamond-shaped shells across the back. Diet: A variety of seaweeds and algae that cover the rocks. Did you know? It has eight overlapping shell plates called valves. When the black katy chiton is disturbed, the jointed valves allow it to roll up into a ball for protection. The valves of dead chitons often wash up on the shore, and are known to beachcombers as “butterfly shells”.

Mussel

Size: Grow to 10 inches long.

Color: Blue-black with thin streaks of brown. Diet: Mussels open their shell just a little bit to eat plankton and tiny, dead plants and animals (called detritus) drifting through the water. Did you know? A mussel’s predator is the (byssal ochre star. Other predators include shorebirds, threads) gulls, crabs, snails, sea otters and humans. Mussels are firmly attached to the rocks by byssal threads. The byssal threads keep mussels from being swept away by crashing waves or strong currents.

Zooplankton

Size: Most zooplankton (animal plankton) are snail larva so tiny you need a microscope to see them.

Color: Most zooplankton are clear in color. barnacle nauplius Sometimes you can look through their bodies and see what they have eaten! copepod Diet: Zooplankton eat phytoplankton (plant-like plankton) or smaller zooplankton. Did you know? Some zooplankton will grow up to become fishes, shrimps, crabs, crab sea urchin larva octopuses, or other invertebrates. Jellyfish are the largest kind of zooplankton and can be up to 6 feet wide and 100 feet long (including tentacles).

Keyhole limpet

Size: Grow to about three inches long. Color: Usually grayish, sometimes olive green with bluish-white markings. Diet: It uses its rough, scraping tongue, called a radula, to feed on algae growing on the rocks. Did you know? This animal has a soft body and a hard shell shaped like a volcano. It takes in water under the edges of the shell, passes it over its gills and out through the hole in the top of the shell. Waste, eggs and sperm are also released through this hole.

Phytoplankton

Size: Phytoplankton are very small and can only be seen with a microscope. The largest is about one millimeter wide, about the width of a piece of thread. Color: Varies from tan, yellow to greenish. Diet: They don’t eat! They get their energy from the sun – a process called photosynthesis. Did you know? All phytoplankton are plantlike organisms that live near the surface of the water because they need a lot of sun. When there is a lot of phytoplankton in the water, it sometimes turns the ocean green, red or brown.

27 Dilemmas Lesson at a glance:

This lesson is designed to give students an opportunity to examine their values and beliefs related to the environment and to practice discussing environmental issues without placing judgments.

Oregon State Benchmarks and Common Curriculum Goals

CAREER RELATED CURRICULUM STANDARDS PROBLEM SOLVING: Content Standard: Apply decision-making and problem-solving techniques in school, community, and workplace. • Criteria: • Identify problems and locate information that may lead to solutions. • Identify alternatives to solve problems. • Assess the consequences of the alternatives. • Select and explain a proposed solution and course of action. • Develop a plan to implement the selected course of action. • Assess results and take corrective action.

Materials: Hermit crab Dilemma cards

Background information:

Discussing environmental ethics can be difficult. There are many sides to every issue, and often the feelings for one position or another are strong. In presenting this activity to students, stress the importance of not placing judgment, and listening to perspectives other than their own. Understanding all sides can provide a bigger picture of the issues It is not the intent of this activity to prescribe right and wrong answers for the students.

Activity:

1. Divide students into groups of four or five. 2. Give each group a dilemma card and have one member read the dilemma and give the choices o answers to the rest of their group. 3. Students in the group should decide on their own what their response would be. The have each group discuss their choices among themselves. Students should be able to defend their reasoning.

Summary:

Discuss each dilemma as a class. The final point is that there are several sides to any issue and usually there isn’t one right answer. Stress the importance of gaining an understanding of all positions.

Extension:

Have students make up their own dilemmas regarding local or national issues

Adapted from “Ethi-reasoning,” Project Aquatic, Boulder, Colorado, 1992.

Dilemmas

1. 4. It’s your first time visiting the tide pools and You just found the coolest crab. It’s you are excited to find hundreds of little hermit different than anything you’ve ever seen crabs running around. You love hermit crabs! before. It is about the size of your palm. It You’ve even got one at home that you bought at has thick, red claws with little black tips and the pet store. His name is Herman. Lately, its back is covered with red and white you’ve felt that Herman is lonely and you’d like stripes. There are even tiny barnacles to get him a friend. Your classmate suggests growing on its back. You pick it up and run bringing one of these tidepool hermits home to over to show the rest of your class. They Herman. What should you do? are all totally amazed by this little critter. Now you’re standing with this cool little crab in your hands; what should you do with it?

2. 5. While you are touring through the tide pools at Your class is having a great time at the tide a local state park you see a European green pools. While you are trying to peek up under crab. You learned in class that the green crab is a ledge looking for abalone you hear a an invasive species. People accidentally carry friend call your name. He has the most invasive species into habitats where they don’t amazing thing to show you. “My dad belong. Sometimes invasive species can upset showed me this. When you poke one of the balance of the ecosystem. You don’t want these goopy green blobs, they squirt that to happen—you love these tide pools. What water!” Sure enough, when he pokes a should you do? green sea anemone, a stream of water squirts out. “Try it!” he squeals. What should you do?

3. 6. Your class is visiting the most amazing tide It’s your first time in the tide pools and you pools you’ve ever seen. There are living things are learning a lot. While stepping carefully everywhere. You are being very careful not to from rock to rock, you and your buddy find squish anything when you walk. Suddenly, you a sea star. Your friend tells you that sea hear shouting. A group of your classmates has stars have hundreds of tiny suction-cup found an octopus! The fastest way to get there tube feet that help them hold onto the rock, is over a bed of mussels and barnacles. You and a mouth right in the middle of its don’t want to step on them, but the octopus body—only underneath. You don’t believe might be gone if you take the long way. What her. How will you find out if she’s telling the should you do? truth?

29 Choices

4. 1. a. Turn around and put it back right where you a. Put one of the little hermit crabs in your found it. pocket and get him home as fast as b. Put it in the closest tide pool since they all possible. seem the same to the crab and you want to b. Leave the tidepool hermit crabs where get it back in the water fast. they are, since they need water to c. Take it back to your school and put it in an breathe and wouldn’t survive the trip in aquarium for everyone to enjoy. your pocket. d. Feed it to that hungry sea gull that has been c. Put the hermit under a rock and come following you. After all, it’s part of the circle back for him later with some water in a of life, right? dish to transport him home. e. Other. d. Scold your classmate severely for even suggesting such a thing. e. Other.

5. 2. a. Tell him he’s poking a sea anemone and a. Do nothing. It’s not up to you to deal that it needs that water to survive. with green crabs. b. Tell your teacher or chaperone about his b. Tell the park ranger or your teacher. behavior. c. Leave it, but decide to do a report on c. Say no thanks and walk away. green crabs at school and share it with d. Poke him with a stick while screaming your community. “HOW DO YOU LIKE IT!?!” d. Stomp it good. e. Other. e. Other.

6. 3. a. Leave the sea star where it is and ask your a. Get over there as fast as you can. The teacher if your friend is telling the truth. mussels are strong enough to support b. Smile and nod then check at the library later your weight and octopuses are really to see if she is right. hard to find! c. Carefully pull it off the rock. b. Stay on bare rock only and risk not d. Use a pocketknife to cut the suckers loose. seeing the octopus. e. Other. c. Step lightly and quickly over the mussels and get back on bare rock as quick as you can. d. Stay where you are but throw rocks towards your classmates to scare the octopus away. If you can’t see it, no one will! e. Other.

Dilemmas Assessment Rubric

Student Name: ______

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score Respect for All statements, Statements and Most statements Statements, other body language, responses were and responses responses and responses respectful and were respectful and/or body classmates were respectful used appropriate and in appropriate language were and were in language, but language, but consistently not appropriate once or twice body there was one respectful. language. language was not. sarcastic remark.

Information All information Most information Most information Information had presented in the presented in the presented in the several discussion was discussion was discussion was inaccuracies OR clear, accurate clear, accurate clear and was usually not and thorough. and thorough. accurate, but was clear. not usually thorough.

Use of Position was well Position was Position was Position was not Facts/Statistics supported with adequately supported with supported. several relevant supported with facts, statistics facts, statistics relevant facts, and/or examples, and/or examples. statistics and/or but the relevance examples. of some was questionable.

Presentation Student Student usually Student Student had a Style consistently used used gestures, eye sometimes used presentation gestures, eye contact, tone of gestures, eye style that did not contact, tone of voice and a level contact, tone of keep the voice and a level of enthusiasm in a voice and a level attention of the of enthusiasm in a way that kept the of enthusiasm in a audience. way that kept the attention of the way that kept the attention of the audience. attention of the audience. audience.

31 Tools of the Trade

Lesson at a glance: Students will understand and recognize several marine invertebrate adaptations by comparing them to tools made and used by humans.

Common Curriculum Goals and Benchmarks: Life Science • Common Curriculum Goal (Organisms): Understand the characteristics, structure and function of organisms Grade 3 Benchmark: Describe the basic needs of living things. Grade 5 Benchmark: Describe basic plant and animal structures and their functions. • Common Curriculum Goal (Diversity/Interdependence): Understand the relationships among living things and between living things and their environments. Grade 3 Benchmark: Identify how some animals gather and store food, defend themselves and find shelter. Grade 5 Benchmark: Describe how adaptations help a species to survive.

Materials: Marine invertebrate pictures and/or names on cards Human tools and other objects that represent marine invertebrate adaptations Blanket or sheet Mussels Table or floor space

Activity: Note: This activity works best as a review of the adaptations learned by your students throughout your unit. 1. Gather a collection of tools and other objects that represent marine invertebrate adaptations. 2. Before class, place the items under a blanket or sheet on the floor or on a table. 3. Give each student a picture and/or name of a marine invertebrate. 4. Explain to students that they will be looking at man-made items that can be compared to some marine invertebrate adaptations. Some of the tools simply look like a specific adaptation (structure), while other tools actually serve a similar purpose (function) for humans as they do for the animal with the adaptation. 5. Have the students sit down in a circle around the covered items. Everyone must be able to see the blanket or sheet. 6. Lift the covering off the items and give students about five seconds to look at the items. 7. Quickly cover up the items. 8. Ask students to name an item that they saw that corresponds with an adaptation belonging to their assigned animal. 9. Pull out the items that the students identified. 10. Ask the student(s) holding the appropriate animal picture or name to describe

32 why they think their animal has an adaptation that works like the tool. 11. Repeat the activity until all of the items have been seen and explained.

33 Comparison Examples: Function (“works like a . . .”) and structure (“looks like a . . .”)

An octopus’ beak works like a nutcracker to crack open the shells of its prey. Octopuses eat crabs, snails, shrimps, mussels and other hard-shelled invertebrates.

Some molluscs, including snails, limpets, squids and octopuses, have a rough tongue called a radula, which works like a file. Octopuses and squids use their radula to scrape the flesh of their prey from their shells, while many snails and limpets use their radula to scrape algae off the rocks.

Invertebrates with shells benefit from the protection of their hard covering in many ways. It makes them more difficult to eat and also protects them from the harsh conditions of the environment such as crashing waves and rough rocky or sandy surfaces. Although humans have bones to protect internal organs and skin to protect us from diseases, we often engage in activities where we might need extra protection. Helmets should always be worn when riding a bike and protective gear is usually worn by football players. A suit of armor worn by a knight hundreds of years ago is similar to a crab’s exoskeleton – joints and all!

A barnacle has a thin exoskeleton covering its body, but that’s not quite enough, so it builds a hard shell casing to surround its entire body for extra protection. Its outer shell can be compared to a stone castle built to keep out the enemies of those who live within the castle walls.

Sea urchins have five sharp teeth (called Aristotle’s lantern) that they use to feed on kelp and other algae. However, some sea urchins can also use their teeth to scrape away at the rocks like a chisel, making a private tide pool where they are more protected from the crashing waves.

Most sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers (the echinoderms) have tube feet to help them move, hold on and eat. Tube feet are soft, hollow tubes with a suction cup on the end. The suction cup can be compared to a toilet plunger or any other man-made suction cup; however, the tube foot structure actually works more like an eyedropper or turkey baster filled with liquid. It’s the water pressure within the tube and tiny bulbs at the top of the tube in the animal’s body that actually create the suction.

Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish and nautilus (the cephalopods) have sucker discs on the tentacles that help them to grab their prey. These discs can also be compared to the suction cup on a toilet plunger. Cephalopod suckers are different from tube feet because they rely on muscle contractions rather than water pressure for their suction. Sea anemones, jellies and corals can sting with their nematocysts. Nematocysts are stinging structures used to capture food and for protection. A nematocyst looks a lot like a harpoon or dart at the end of a thread.

34 Crabs, lobsters and some shrimps have claws to grab, hold and crush their prey. People will use tongs to grab food and nutcrackers to crush food, including crabs and lobsters.

Octopuses and their cephalopod relatives have a beak shaped like a parrot’s beak that they use to crush and tear apart their prey. Since they use this beak for cracking through the hard shells of their prey, the cephalopod beak can also be compared to a nutcracker.

A barnacle’s feathery legs and a sea cucumber’s feeding branches work like tiny nets to trap the plankton on which they feed. Barnacle legs look a lot like eyelashes.

Sea urchins, sand dollars and some crabs and shrimps have bodies covered with spines that make them a difficult meal for many predators. Sea urchin spines look and feel just like toothpicks.

Summary: 1. Discuss how organisms are born with the adaptations that they need to deal with most environmental pressures and that they cannot always keep up with changes made to their environment by humans. For example: Tidepool invertebrates haven’t entirely adapted to being walked on by curious and often careless humans. 2. Have students brainstorm things that they can do at home to help protect the marine environment and its inhabitants.

Extensions: 1. Have students create their own marine animal adaptation analogies. 2. Introduce evolution and discuss the theory of natural selection to help explain how marine invertebrates came to have these adaptations. 3. Use this activity as an introduction to similes and metaphors in a Language Arts unit.

35 Crab Cooperative

Lesson at a glance: Students will learn about basic crab anatomy and adaptations. They will explore areas of structure and function as they all become part of the anatomy of a crab.

Common Curriculum Goals: Life Science • Common Curriculum Goals (Organisms): Understand the characteristics, structure, and functions of organisms. Grade 3 Benchmark: Classify organisms based on a variety of characteristics. Grade 5 Benchmark: Describe basic plant and animal structures and their functions.

Materials: Ample room to create a large crab made out of students (the more students, the more space; the gym or outside would work best) Picture of a crab

Background Information:

Crabs are arthropods (“jointed foot”) that belong to the Hermit crab subphylum Crustacea. Crabs belong to an order of crustaceans called Decapoda (“10 feet”). It is therefore not surprising that true crabs have 10 legs, two of which are often modified into claws or chelipeds. Most crabs are benthic, living near or on the bottom. They are scavengers that feed on just about anything they can find or catch. Crabs are often grouped as “true crabs,” infraorder Brachyura, and “false crabs,” infraorder Anomura. The true crabs include most of the familiar crabs (Dungeness, red rock, blue crabs, etc.). The false crabs show amazing modifications of body structure and are considered “false” due to their deviation from the typical crab body plan – examples include hermit crabs, mole crabs, porcelain crabs and king crabs.

Although it is difficult to tell, crabs have a segmented body that can be divided into a head, a thorax and an abdomen. Generally, the head and thorax are fused and are collectively called a cephalothorax. This is usually covered dorsally (on the back) by a thicker part of the exoskeleton known as the carapace. Many crabs can be distinguished by the shape and modifications of their carapace.

The abdomen is segmented and tucked underneath the crab’s body. The best way to tell male and female crabs apart is to look at the adbomen. In males, the abdomen is generally narrow and pointed, lying flat against the crab’s ventral (under) side. Females have a wider, more rounded abdomen for carrying eggs.

Two pairs of antennae distinguish crabs as crustaceans, although they are often very small. Also, crabs generally have large, stalked compound eyes. Crabs lack teeth and have three types of highly specialized appendages (mandibles, maxilla, and

36 maxillipeds) for feeding. These appendages function as moveable mouthparts for handling, crushing and tearing food, as well as generating water currents for feeding and respiration.

Activity: Preparation: 1. Introduce students to basic crab anatomy. Be sure to review the major parts that will be used in the activity – 10 legs (Decapoda), jointed appendages (Arthropoda), stalked eyes, carapace, two pairs of antennae, and exoskeleton. 2. Arrange for a large enough area (based on the number of students) to build your crab. Activity: 1. Review basic crab anatomy and background information with the students. 2. Explain to the students that they will be working cooperatively to build a crab. Each student will become an integral part of the crab’s anatomy. 3. Begin by dividing students up into crab parts – 6 or more students for carapace (2 of which will also be part of the eyes and antennae), 8 students for legs, and 2 students for claws. 4. Have carapace students stand in a circle or oval shape facing toward the center. 5. Decide which part of the carapace will be the front, or head end. Instruct the two students nearest the center of the head end to face outward, bending at the waist. These two students will represent the stalked eyes. Their bodies from the waist up will be the stalks and their heads will represent the eyes. 6. Next, have the rest of the students making up the carapace join hands with those opposite them in the circle (they will have to bend forward with their arms stretched out to do this). 7. Explain to students that this is the carapace of the crab – review exoskeleton characteristics and the functions of a carapace (protection, support, etc). 8. Next, begin adding students to make the legs. They should be arranged around the carapace (be sure to leave room towards the front of your crab for the claws). Students to be legs should be in a “push-up” position, but bent at the waist with their rears up to form an inverted V shape. 9. Continue around the carapace, adding legs (students) until all eight are in place (Technically the claws are also considered legs, so a “true crab” has ten legs). 10. Next, use two students on either side of the front of the carapace to be the claws. These students will stand on either side of the eyes, facing away from the carapace circle. Have them bend at the waist and extend their arms to make pincer-like claws. 11. Last, add the antennae. You can either have the students representing eyes extend their arms as antennae, or use extra students to form the antennae. (Remember, two pairs). 12. Your crab is complete! Now have fun by trying to make your crab walk. Instruct students that they must work together to move the crab as a unit.

37 Summary and Extensions: 1. Review crab anatomical features as you build the crab. Be sure to talk about specific structures and their functions – exoskeleton, jointed appendages, carapace, claws, antennae, eyes. 2. Use extra students to be food that the crab must capture. Handicap the students that will be food to make capture possible (i.e. hop on one leg, keep legs together and hop, etc.). 3. This activity can be replicated with almost any animal, provided you have a good understanding of the basic anatomy. For example, try different insects (three body parts, six legs, one pair of antennae).

38 Crab Diagram

claw (also called a pincer or cheliped) antennae

stalked eye

maxilliped

carapace

39 How Big Is It?

Lesson at a glance: Students will measure out the maximum lengths of a variety of ocean animals. Common Curriculum Goals and Benchmarks: MEASUREMENT: UNITS AND TOOLS • Common Curriculum Goal: Select and use appropriate standard and nonstandard units and tools of measurement. Select and use appropriate units, tools and techniques to measure to the degree of precision and accuracy desired in particular situations. Grade 3 & 5 Benchmark: Develop understanding of measurement and concepts related to length, perimeter, weight, area, volume, time, temperature, money and angle. Grade 8 Benchmark: Select and use appropriate units and tools to measure to the degree of accuracy required in particular situations. DIRECT METHOD • Common Curriculum Goal: Describe estimate and use measures of length, perimeter, weight, time temperature, money and capacity. Grade 3 Benchmark: Measure length, weight, area, time and temperature using standard and nonstandard units of measurement. Grade 5 Benchmark: Measure length, perimeter, weight, area, temperature, volume, angle and distance using standard and nonstandard units of measurement. Materials:

Two 60-foot lengths of clothesline

Cable ties

Laminating materials

Permanent markers

A measuring tape for each small group of

students Ochre star Two copies of the attached animal pictures with their lengths

Background: Lined hermit crab ¾ inch Ochre star 12 inches Tufted puffin 26 inches Sunflower star 52 inches Wolf-eel 5 feet Leopard shark 6 feet Brown pelican (wingspan) 8 feet California sea lion (adult male) 10 ½ feet

40 Killer whale (adult male) 27 feet Gray whale (adult male) 40 feet Whale shark 49 feet Gray whale (adult female) 50 feet Sperm whale (adult male) 60 feet Activity: 1. Before class, cut apart the pictures, laminate them (this should prevent them from tearing when they are attached to the rope), and punch a hole near the top for attachment to the rope. 2. Divide your class in half (each half will be working with a separate rope). 3. Divide the students from each half into groups of two or three. 4. Give each small group a laminated, punched picture and a marking pen. 5. Ask each small group of students to measure out the length of their animal, all using the same end of the clothesline as a starting point. 6. When they reach their point on the clothesline, have them mark it with permanent marker and then attach their picture with a cable tie. 7. Ask each small group of students to stand at the length of their animal. Summary • Have the students share with their classmates the name of their animal and how long it is. • Did the two sets of measurements match? Why or why not? Relate this question to why scientists do the same experiment many times before they are satisfied that their results are accurate • Have the students record how many of their footsteps equal the various lengths. • Have your students design a bar graph with all of the animals. Extensions: • Have the students write a research report on their animal. Have them include where the animal lives, what and how it eats and other interesting information. Have them share it with the class. • Once the animals are researched, have the students create a mural showing where their animals live. Use the pictures again and create food chain based on the research your students completed on food choices. • Have your students measure their height. How many of them does it take to equal the length of a wolf-eel, a killer whale, a gray whale or a leopard shark? How many hermit crabs would it take to equal their height?

Lined Hermit Crab ¾ inch

Ochre Star 12 inches

Tufted Puffin (wingspan) 36 inches

Sunflower Star 52 inches

Gray Whale (adult female) 50 feet

Leopard Shark 6 feet

Killer Whale (adult male) 27 feet

Wolf-eel 5 feet

California Sea Lion (adult male) 10 ½ feet

Whale shark 49 feet

Gray Whale (adult male) 40 feet

Sperm Whale (adult male) 60 feet

Brown Pelican

(wingspan 8 feet)

has explored the intertidal zone in