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Karkheh Basin Coordinator, Bread and Durum Wheats, Chickpea, Pasture and Forage Legumes, and Farming Irrigation & Drainage Dept, AERI, Karaj Dr Project National Team in Iran Engr. A. Anagholi - National Salinity Research Center, Yazd Dr Z. Shoaei - Director General, Dept of Intl Engr. A. Abayani - Khuzestan Agricultural & Scientific & Research Affairs, AREO, and Focal Natural Resources Research Center, Ahwaz Person for CPWF projects in Karkheh River Engr. A.R. Tavakoli - Irrigation Researcher, DARI, Basin (KRB), Tehran Kermanshah Dr A. Javadi - Director, Agricultural Engg Engr. H. Asadi - Research staff, Seed & Plant Research Institute (AERI), and National Improvement Research Institute, Agricultural About ICARDA and the CGIAR Coordinator of Water Productivity Project, Economics, Karaj Karaj Engr. A. Ayeneh - Seed & Plant Improvement Res. Dr M.H. Davoudi - Director, Soil Conservation & Div., Khuzestan Ag. Research Center, Ahwaz Established in 1977, the International Center for Agricultural Research Watershed Mgmt Research Institute, Tehran in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) is one of 15 centers supported by the Engr. F. Mazraeh - Extension Div. of Azadegan Dr S.A.M. Cheraghi - Director, National Salinity and Sorkheh Agricultural Mgmt Dept, CGIAR. ICARDA’s mission is to improve the welfare of poor people Research Center, and Principal Investigator of Khuzestan Agricultural Organization, Ahwaz through research and training in dry areas of the developing world, Water Productivity Project, Yazd Engr. M. Ghamarinejad - Head of Agricultural by increasing the production, productivity and nutritional quality of Dr A. Ghaffari - Director, Dryland Agricultural Service Center of Sorkheh Agricultural Mgmt food, while preserving and enhancing the natural resource base. Research Institute, Maragheh Dept, Khuzestan Jihad-e-Agricultural ICARDA serves the entire developing world for the improvement of lentil, Dr F. Abbasi - Deputy Director Assistant Organization, Dezful barley and faba bean; all dry-area developing countries for the improvement of Coordinator of Water Productivity Project, on-farm water-use efficiency, rangeland and small-ruminant production; and the AERI, Karaj Project International Team Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) region for the improvement of Dr N. Heydari - CPWF Karkheh Basin Coordinator, bread and durum wheats, chickpea, pasture and forage legumes, and farming Irrigation & Drainage Dept, AERI, Karaj Dr. T.Oweis - Director, Integrated Water & Land systems. ICARDA’s research provides global benefits of poverty alleviation Dr H. Dehghanisanij - Irrigation & Drainage Dept, Management Program, & Project Manager of through productivity improvements integrated with sustainable natural-resource AERI, Karaj Water Productivity, International Center for management practices. ICARDA meets this challenge through research, train- Dr M. Akbari - Irrigation & Drainage Dept, AERI, Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - ICAR- ing, and dissemination of information in partnership with the national, regional Karaj DA, Aleppo, Syria and international agricultural research and development systems. Dr S. Ashrafi - Irrigation & Drainage Dept, AERI, Dr. H. Farahani - Integrated Water & Land Karaj Management Program, & Assist. Project Engr. A. Keshavarz - Senior Irrigation & Water Manager of Water Productivity, ICARDA, The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Mgmt Scientist, Principal Investigator and for- Aleppo (CGIAR) is a strategic alliance of countries, international and regional mer National Coordinator of Water Dr. H. Siadat - Integrated Water & Land organizations, and private foundations supporting 15 international Productivity Project, Tehran Management Program, & agricultural Centers that work with national agricultural research sys- Dr S.A. Asadollahi - Director General and Under Facilitator/Coordinator of Water Productivity, tems and civil society organizations including the private sector. The Secretary of Iranian National Committee on ICARDA, Tehran alliance mobilizes agricultural science to reduce poverty, foster Irrigation & Drainage, Ministry of Energy, Dr. A. Bruggeman - Integrated Water & Land human well being, promote agricultural growth and protect the environment. Tehran Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo The CGIAR generates global public goods that are available to all. Dr E. Pazira - Professor, Azad Islamic University, Dr. M. Qadir- Integrated Water & Land The World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Research Science Division, Tehran Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Engr. M. Moayeri - Director, Safi Abad Research Dr. K. Shideed - Director, Social, Economic & International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are cosponsors of the Station, Dezful Policy Rsrch.Prog., & PI of Water Productivity CGIAR. The World Bank provides the CGIAR with a System Office in Washington, Engr. B. Hessari - Irrigation Researcher, AERI project, ICARDA, Aleppo DC. A Science Council, with its Secretariat at FAO in Rome, assists the System in branch in West Azarbaijan Ag. Research Dr. E. De Pauw - Head, Geographic Info. Systs. the development of its research program. Center, Uromieh Unit, & PI of Water Productivity project, ICAR- Engr. S. Absalan - Agricultural Engg Research Div, DA, Aleppo Khuzestan Ag. Research Center, Ahwaz Dr. J. Anthofer - Integrated Water & Land Engr. E. Dehghan - Agricultural Engg Research Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo Div, Khuzestan Ag. Research Center, Ahwaz Dr. M. Pala - Integrated Water & Land Engr. A.F. Nato - Research Staff, Safi Abad Ag. Management Program, ICARDA, Aleppo Research Center, Dezful Dr. T. Hsiao - Prof., University of California at Davis, Engr. Y. Hasheminejhad - National Salinity & PI of Water Productivity project, Davis, Research Center, Yazd California, USA Engr. G.H. Ranjbar - National Salinity Research Dr. A. Qureshi - International Water Management Center, Yazd Institute, & PI of Water Productivity project, Engr. M.H. Rahimian - National Salinity Research Karaj Center, Yazd ICARDA-01/500/Salhani/January 2008 Improving On-farm Agricultural Water Productivity in the Karkheh River Basin (CPWF Project no. 8) Research Report no. 1 A Compendium of Review Papers Edited by: T. Oweis, H. Farhani, M. Qadir, J. Anthofer, H. Siadat, F. Abbasi and A. Bruggeman International Center for Agricultural Research Agricultural Research and Education in the Dry Areas Organization Copyright © 2008 ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) All rights reserved. ICARDA encourages fair use of this material for non-commercial purposes, with proper citation. Citation: T. Oweis, H. Farahani, M. Qadir, J. Anthofer, H. Siadat, F. Abbasi and A. Bruggeman (eds). 2008. Improving On-farm Agricultural Water Productivity in the Karkheh River Basin. Research Report no. 1: A Compendium of Review Papers. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria. iv+103 pp. ISBN: 92-9127-205-9 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. Tel: (963-21) 2213433 Fax: (963-21) 2213490 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.icarda.org The views expressed are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of ICARDA. Where trade names are used, it does not imply endorsement of, or discrimination against, any product by the Center. Maps have been used to support research data, and are not intended to show political boundaries. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge with thanks the funding and research support of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food in the research on which this publication is based. Cover design: George Chouha ii Contents Introduction 1 Chapter I – Agricultural Water Productivity in Karkheh River Basin 3 Hamid Farahani and Theib Oweis Introduction 5 Water Productivity in the Karkheh River Basin 7 Background and Justification 7 Upper Karkheh River Basin 9 Lower Karkheh River Basin 9 Water Productivity – Definition and Analysis 12 WP of Multi-Sector Land Use Systems 14 Methodology for Assessment/ Diagnosis of WP in Karkheh 15 Concluding Remarks & Future Work 16 References 17 Chapter II – Supplemental Irrigation in Iran 19 Ali Reza Tavakoli, Abdolmajid Liaghat, Shahram Ashrafi and Fariborz Abbasi Introduction 21 Supplemental irrigation in WANA 21 Supplemental irrigation in Iran 25 Climate 25 Water Resources 26 Water productivity (WP) concept 27 Previous supplemental irrigation research 27 Optimization of supplemental irrigation 36 Conclusions 36 References 38 Chapter III – Overview of Crop Water Productivity in Irrigated Agriculture in Lower Karkheh River Basin 43 Hossein Dehghanisanij and Mansour Moayeri Introduction 45 Water and land resource and productivity 46 Challenges and opportunities for improving WP 52 References 54 Chapter IV - Overview of Soil and Water Resources and Salinity in Lower Karkheh River Basin 57 Nader Heydari and Seyed Ali Mohammad Cheraghi Introduction 59 The Khuzestan Environment 60 Climate and Soils 60 Surface Water Resources 61 Ground Water Resources 61 The Khuzestan Water & Power Authority (KWPA) 61 Challenges in the soil & water development of the Khuzestan Province 63 Soil and water salinity in Iran 63 Extent and types of saline soils in Iran 63 Causes of soil salinization in Iran 65 Salinity research and management in Iran 65 Salinity in Karkheh River Basin (KRB) 67 Dasht-e Azadegan Plain 71 Salinity in the Dasht-e Azadegan 73 Conclusions and Recommendations 76 References 79 Chapter V – Causes and Management of Salt-prone Land Degradation in Lower Karkheh River Basin 81 S.A.M. Cheraghi, Y. Hasheminejhad, and N. Heydari Introduction 83 Major causes
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