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Influencia De Sistemas Forestales Sobre Los Suelos En Selva Alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú”

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Influencia De Sistemas Forestales Sobre Los Suelos En Selva Alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú” ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS: 2148 enero – marzo. 2017 Vol. 5(1):33-48 Buendiía Quispe, B, F., Bernal Marcelo, A,R., Bautista Vargas, M., Quisoe Rodríguez, J., Hurtado Rivera, J, A., Córdova Sotomayor, I. “Influencia de sistemas forestales sobre los suelos en selva alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú” http://cfores.upr.edu.cu/index.php/cfores/article/view/201/html Influencia de sistemas forestales sobre los suelos en selva alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú Influence of forest systems on soils in the Oxapampa Pasco height jungle, Peru Benito Filemón Buendía Quispe1, Alfredo R. Bernal Marcelo2, Marino Bautista Vargas3, Juan Quispe Rodriguez4, Jesús Antonio Hurtado Rivera5, Iván Sotomayor Córdova5 1Docente Principal UNDAC. Universidad de Oxapampa, Perú. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 2Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión Oxapampa, Pasco. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 3Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Perú. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 4Universidad Nacional de Huanta Ayacucho Perú. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 5Escuela de postgrado Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ; [email protected] Recibido: 25 de noviembre de 2016. Aprobado: 7 de marzo de 2017. RESUMEN ABSTRACT La investigación fue ejecutada en la The research was carried out in the provincia de Oxapampa de la región Oxapampa province of the Pasco region, Pasco, en los sectores de San Alberto in the San Alberto (Oxapampa district), (distrito de Oxapampa), El Polvorín El Polvorín (Chontabamba district) (distrito de Chontabamba), en sectors, degraded agroecosystems (AD), agroecosistemas degradados (AD), en secondary forests (BS) and forests bosques secundarios (BS) y en bosques reforested with exotic species such as reforestados con especies exóticas como Cupressussempervirens (C), Eucalyptus Cupressussempervirens (C), grandis (E) and Pinustecunumanii (P), Eucalyptusgrandis (E) y plantations executed by INRENA. The Pinustecunumanii (P), plantaciones influence of forest systems on soils in ejecutadas por el INRENA. Se evaluó la high forest was evaluated. Type of influencia de los sistemas forestales research: Descriptive, non-experimental sobre los suelos en selva alta. Tipo de design, qualitative and quantitative investigación descriptivo, diseño no method, population constituted by all experimental, método cualitativo y soils at the province. The sample was cuantitativo, población constituida por represented by all the sampling points todos los suelos de la provincia. La in the observation plot, obtaining field muestra fue representada por los and laboratory data. Ten plots were puntos de muestreo en la parcela de made to characterize the soils at depths observación, y se obtuvieron datos del of 0 to 20 cm and from 20 to 60 cm, 33 ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS: 2148 enero – marzo. 2017 Vol. 5(1):33-48 Buendiía Quispe, B, F., Bernal Marcelo, A,R., Bautista Vargas, M., Quisoe Rodríguez, J., Hurtado Rivera, J, A., Córdova Sotomayor, I. “Influencia de sistemas forestales sobre los suelos en selva alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú” http://cfores.upr.edu.cu/index.php/cfores/article/view/201/html campo y laboratorio. Se realizaron 10 samples were taken that were analyzed calicatas para luego caracterizar los in the Soil Laboratory of the National suelos a profundidades de 0 a 20 cm. y Agrarian University La Molina. de 20 a60 cm.; se tomaron muestras Characterization of the soil profiles are que fueron analizadas en el Laboratorio of poor pedogenetic development, de Suelos de la Universidad Nacional alluvial coluvial origin, with average Agraria La Molina. Se realizó la texture in the San Alberto area and caracterización del perfil del suelo; estos moderately fine in the area of El son de escaso desarrollo pedogenético, Polvorín, with structure in medium de origen coluvial aluvial, con textura angular blocks, with relatively high media en la zona de San Alberto y apparent densities that are influencing a moderadamente fina en la zona de El slightly low porosity and some degree of Polvorín, con estructura en bloques compaction of the soils. The angulares medios, con densidades permeability is between moderately aparentes relativamente altas que están slow in fine to moderately rapid soils in influyendo en una porosidad coarse soils and because of the steep ligeramente baja y cierto grado de slope they are excessively drained. compactación de los suelos. La Evidence are influencing on physical permeabilidad está entre variations in the soils. moderadamente lenta en suelos finos a moderadamente rápida en suelos Key words: Sectors, forests, soil, gruesos y que debido a la pendiente profile characterization. escarpada son excesivamente drenados. Evidencias que influyen con variaciones físicas en los suelos. Palabras clave: sectores, bosques, suelo, caracterización, perfil. INTRODUCCIÓN La explotación forestal y agropecuaria como P, Ca y Mg, topografía y masiva en el valle de Oxapampa ha condiciones climáticas variables, generado un desequilibrio y deterioro de cambios en el uso del suelo, y la los ecosistemas naturales, muy toxicidad del aluminio (Al), manganeso especialmente el sistema edáfico, siendo (Mn), hierro (Fe) influyen notoria la presencia de zonas extensas significativamente en los indicadores de donde prácticamente no existen calidad del suelo (Ararsa et al., 2015). especies forestales nativas notables por su importancia maderera. Espacios que, Los bosques secundarios no representan por el paso del tiempo, se han los nichos ecológicos que albergaron en convertido en bosques secundarios el pasado a muchas especies silvestres formados por una biodiversidad de de fauna y flora; la formación natural de especies herbáceas, arbustivas, suelos, así como su conservación, y el arbóreas y agroecosistemas degradados ciclo hídrico han sido afectados, aun así con vegetación no relevantes. Con estos bosques siguen siendo la única y deficiencia de nutrientes principales valiosa defensa de la biodiversidad que todavía sobreviven, a pesar de las 34 ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS: 2148 enero – marzo. 2017 Vol. 5(1):33-48 Buendiía Quispe, B, F., Bernal Marcelo, A,R., Bautista Vargas, M., Quisoe Rodríguez, J., Hurtado Rivera, J, A., Córdova Sotomayor, I. “Influencia de sistemas forestales sobre los suelos en selva alta Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú” http://cfores.upr.edu.cu/index.php/cfores/article/view/201/html dificultades causadas por el uso MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS acelerado de los recursos naturales por el hombre, y también su capacidad para El trabajo se desarrolló en los sectores alternar los usos de la tierra que San Alberto (distrito de Oxapampa) y El aumenta su productividad en algunos Polvorín (distrito de Chontabamba), casos (Sharma, 2009). En la actualidad, ambos de la provincia de Oxapampa; existen muchas áreas reforestadas con geográficamente se ubica en la parte especies exóticas como cipreses, pinos y Centro Oriental de la región Pasco Perú; eucaliptos, que han sido introducidas gran parte es Selva Alta y se encuentra por instituciones públicas y privadas, ubicado en la zona de vida bosque donde es necesaria la forestación, según húmedo Premontano Tropical (bh-PT), (Mayani et al., 2013). desde 18002200msnm, Tº promedio de 17 ºC y precipitación promedio anual de Sin embargo, estas no recuperan los 1500-2000 mm. La fisiografía presenta ecosistemas como debería esperarse; se llanuras aluviales angostas a lo largo de observó poca vegetación herbácea y los ríos, montañas, laderas, terrazas arbustiva, y como consecuencia de ello intermedias, zonas empinadas y no contribuye al aumento de la escarpadas; muestran quebradas, población de animales silvestres, más riachuelos con limitaciones en drenaje. bien facilita la erosión de suelos por Se utilizó la carta nacional a escala escorrentía, poca acumulación de 1:100 000, mapa topográfico de la humedad, alteración en el perfil del Provincia de Oxapampa a escala 1: 50 suelo, pérdida de la fertilidad natural, 000 y mapa ecológico del Perú a escala los incendios forestales son muy 1: 100,así como el mapa base de comunes en los ecosistemas plantados, Oxapampa, GPS, brújula, cámara de acuerdo con Verma y Jayakumar digital, tarjetas de observación edáfica, (2012). Fue necesario plantear la ácido clorhídrico, agua destilada. Bolsas siguiente interrogante: ¿en qué niveles, de polietileno, potenciómetro manual, las especies exóticas forestales que han pico, pala, barreno, machetes, tijeras de sido introducidas contribuyen en el podar, regla graduada, libreta de mejoramiento de las propiedades campo, cámara fotográfica, botas de físicas, químicas y biológicas de los jebe e impermeable. suelos en comparación con los suelos de bosques secundarios y de un Tipo de investigación: Descriptivo. agroecosistema degradado? Para responder a tal objetivo, fue necesario Diseño de la investigación: No caracterizar los perfiles de los suelos: de experimental. La caracterización y un ecosistema degradado, de bosque descripción de perfiles se realizó de secundario y de bosques cultivados con acuerdo con el Manual de Descripción y Pinustecunumanii Muestreo de Suelos del Servicio de (P),Cupressussempervirens (C) y Conservación de Recursos Naturales Eucalyptusgrandis (E)en las zonas de (Field Book for Describing and Sampling San Alberto y el Polvorín de la provincia soils. Natural Resources Conservation de Oxapampa. Service. Nebraska, USA), propuesto por (Schoeneberger et al., 1988), que considera las siguientes variables con sus respectivos métodos analíticos, como se indica en la Tabla 1. 35 ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS:
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