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A Comprehensive Review of Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus (GPGV)

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A Comprehensive Review of Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus (GPGV) A comprehensive review of Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) FINAL REPORT TO WINE AUSTRALIA Project Number: VHA 1701 Principal Investigator: Inca Pearce Research Organisation: Vinehealth Australia Date: 25 January 2019 Project Number: VHA 1701 Project Title: A comprehensive review of Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), including recommendations for future research, development and extension work in Australia Date: 25 January 2019 Project Supervisor: Inca Pearce Authors: Fiona E. Constable, Agriculture Victoria Research Elizabeth Tassie, Tassie Viticultural Consulting Suzanne McLoughlin, Vinehealth Australia Acknowledgements: The project team gratefully acknowledge: • Mardi Longbottom and Nuredin Habili of the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) for reviewing the literature review, the pest risk assessment and the preliminary sampling trial included in this report. • The growers in South Australia and Victoria who availed their vineyards for the GPGV preliminary sampling trial work. • Crop Health Services virology team and AWRI for their molecular diagnostic skill. AWRI provided in kind diagnostic testing for the laboratory comparison of testing. • Colleagues in other states and territories for updates and information on GPGV diagnostic testing done in their jurisdiction. • International colleagues who provided personal insights and unpublished information about GPGV for this review. • Vine Industry Nursery Association, Australian Grapevine Foundation Planting Service, Barossa Vine improvement, Adelaide Hills Vine Improvement, Langhorne Creek Vine Improvement, McLaren Vale Vine Improvement, Riverland Vine Improvement Committee, Western Australian Vine Improvement Association, and Vinehealth Australia who provided funding for the preliminary sampling trial. Vinehealth Australia Disclaimer Although Vinehealth Australia has taken reasonable care in preparing this document, neither Vinehealth Australia nor its officers accept any liability resulting from the interpretation or use of the information set out in this document. Information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. A comprehensive review of Grapevine Pinot Gris virus Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Definitions .................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. vii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. viii 1.0 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.0 Project Aims .................................................................................................................................... 10 3.0 Method ........................................................................................................................................... 10 4.0 A comprehensive review of Grapevine Pinot gris virus .................................................................. 11 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 4.2 Geographic distribution .............................................................................................................. 11 4.3 GPGV and disease ....................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Grapevine leaf mottling and deformation disease ................................................................... 15 4.3.2 GLMD disease expression can be variable ................................................................................ 15 4.3.3 Mixed virus infections and disease expression ......................................................................... 16 4.4 GPGV strain variation .................................................................................................................. 21 4.4.1 Definition of GPGV strains ......................................................................................................... 21 4.4.2 Evidence of strains..................................................................................................................... 21 4.4.3 Association between GPGV strains and GLMD ......................................................................... 22 4.4.4 Variability of Australian GPGV isolates and association with disease ....................................... 22 4.5 Surveillance and diagnostic capability ........................................................................................ 25 4.5.1 Laboratory methodologies for GPGV detection ........................................................................ 25 4.5.2 In-field diagnostics..................................................................................................................... 30 4.5.3 Field sampling strategies for accurate detection ...................................................................... 31 4.6 Impact of GPGV and GLMD on grape and nursery production ................................................... 33 4.6.1 Impact on vineyard production; individual grapevine basis ..................................................... 33 4.6.2 Impact on nursery, vine improvement and germplasm sector ................................................. 35 4.7 GPGV Epidemiology .................................................................................................................... 38 4.7.1 Alternative hosts ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.7.2 Vectors ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4.7.3 Other transmission modes ........................................................................................................ 39 4.7.4 Rate of incidence and spread of GPGV or the disease GLMD ................................................... 40 4.8 Current management strategies ................................................................................................. 43 4.8.1 Vector control ............................................................................................................................ 43 A comprehensive review of Grapevine Pinot gris virus Page | i 4.8.2 High-health certification programs ........................................................................................... 44 4.8.3 Virus elimination ....................................................................................................................... 44 4.8.4 Monitoring and vine removal .................................................................................................... 45 4.8.5 Vine nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 45 4.9 Biosecurity................................................................................................................................... 45 4.9.1 Notification of an exotic pest .................................................................................................... 46 4.9.2 Developing management plans for GPGV ................................................................................. 46 4.10 Ongoing international research ................................................................................................ 48 5.0 Outcome/Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 49 6.0 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 49 6.1 Future research to improve understanding of geographic distribution ..................................... 50 6.2 Future research to improve surveillance and diagnostic capability for accurate detection ...... 50 6.3 Future research to improve understanding of GPGV infected varieties, symptom expression, strain variation, coinfection with other viruses, and ultimate impact on vineyard production ...... 51 6.4 Future research to improve understanding of GPGV epidemiology: alternative hosts & vectors .......................................................................................................................................................... 51 6.5 Developing local management strategies ................................................................................... 51 6.6 Recommendations for immediate management of GPGV in Australian viticulture ................... 52 6.6.1 Management Strategies ............................................................................................................ 52 Appendix 1: Communication................................................................................................................. 53 Introduction
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