An Historical Survey of Public Land and Public Education in the State of Arizona from 1863 to 1960
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An historical survey of public land and public education in the State of Arizona from 1863 to 1960 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Gladen, Frank H. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 13:42:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565606 AN HISTORICAL SURVEY OF PUBLIC LAND AND PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA FROM 1863 TO I960 by Frank H^&laden, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF EDUCATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1962 Copyrighted by Frank Henry Gladen, jr. 1962 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Frank H. Gladen. Jr.______________________ entitled AN HISTORICAL SURVEY OF PUBLIC LAND AND PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA FROM 1363 TO I960 be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Education_________________________ Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED APPROVAL BY DISSERTATION DIRECTOR This dissertation has been approved on the date shown below: Emil L. Larson ate Professor of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his appreciation for the excellent cooperation received from personnel in the offices of the Arizona State Capitol Library, and the Arizona Education Association. He is especially indebted to his advisor and dissertation director. Dr. Emil L. Larson, for the careful guidance provided during the progress of this study. Sincere appreciation is also due the members of the writer’s doctoral examination committee: to Dr. Emil S. Gavlak; to Dr. T. C. Johnston; to Dr. Lloyd McCann; Dr. Dorothy I. Marquart; and Dr. 0. A. Simley, for their interest and understanding. The writer is grateful for the rapport and helpfulness of the personnel of the Arizona State Land Department during all phases of the research. In particular, the writer is grateful, also, to his wife, Estella and daughters, Melody and Dawn, for their constant support and understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................ ................ Nature and Purpose of the Investigation ... 1 Statement of the Study ................. 1 Importance of the Study .............. 1 Purpose of the Investigation ........... 5 Review of Related Literature ......... 9 The Beginning of Federal Support for Education ............... 9 Principles of Educational Support ..... 16 Land Economics..... .......... 33 Principles of Land U s e ....... •••...... 33 Selected State Land Reports ............... 44 Arizona............. 45 California ......................... 45 Colorado ............................... 47 Idaho .................................. 4# Montana .......... 49 N e v a d a .... ............................ 49 New M e x i c o .......... 50 Oklahoma............................••• 51 O r e g o n ................................. 53 iii CHAPTER PAGE Texas ................................... 54 U t a h .................................... 57 Washington State .......... ........... 57 Wyom i n g ................................. 5& Past Studies of Arizona .................... 60 Graduate Studies ..................... 61 Arizona State Land Department Study ..... 63 Permanent Funds ............... .......... 66 Early Forms of Permanent School Funds ••• 66 Organization of the Study .................. 76 Sources of Information ............. ........ 7# Summary of the Chapter ..................... 80 II. THE ARIZONA TERRITORY 1863-1912 ............... 85 Social and Political Pressures ..........••• 85 The Influence of Charles D. P o s t o n ..... 85 The Territorial Legislature ............ 88 Growth of the Territory.... ............ 90 The United States Land Reports ............. 92 Territorial Land Management.... 92 Mechanics of Surveying .................. 94 Pessimistic Land Reports ..... 99 Summary of the Chapter ................... 108 III. THE -TERRITORIAL LAND AND ITS ASSIGNMENT, 1863-1912 .................................. Ill iv CHAPTER PAGE The National Survey System ...... Ill Characteristics of Townships ....... Ill : The Origin of School Lands in the Terri tory of Arizona ............. 113 Land Grant Sections....... .. .... 113 Memorials to Congress.... 120 Territorial Land B o a r d .............. 123 Summary of the Chapter..... ........... 126 IV. THE IMPACT OF ARIZONA’S STATEHOOD UPON THE PUBLIC LANDS .......... 129 Required Changes in Operational Procedure 129 The Enabling Act for Arizona and New M e x i c o ............ 130 Territorial D e b t ........... 134 Restrictions.of the Enabling Act ..... 135 The 1910 Constitutional Convention ... 139 The State Land Commission ............... 142 Personnel of the Land Commission.... 142 Summary of the Chapter ............ 14$ V. THE STATE LAND DEPARTMENT, STATE OF ARIZONA 151 Introduction.... 151 The State Land Commission......... 151 The State Land Department ............ 152 v CHAPTER PAGE Facilities of the State Land Department . 156 Location and Function . ...... 156 The State Land Commissioner ............. 159 Duties and Authority............ 159 Complexity of Administration ........ 162 Sale of State L a n d .... ...... 164 Taxation ................ 169 Free Enterprise....... 169 Leasing ................. 17# Administration...... ................ 179 Selection........ ...................... 182 School Land Indemnity Selections .... 182 Bureau of Mines ........ I84 Board of Appeals ........................ 186 Introduction ......................... 186 Appeal Procedure .................... 187 Arizona’s Land Utilization............ 188 A Public Land State .................. 188 Protraction and Field Surveys ....... 189 Summary of the Chapter...... ......... 193 VI. STATUS AND FISCAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STATE LANDS IN ARIZONA............... 199 Introduction ............... 199 vi CHAPTER PAGE Money ..... ........ 199 The Territorial Period .......... 200 Fiscal Operations of the State Land Department..... ........... 202 The Permanent Common School Fund ...... 203 The Investment Program ................... 206 Farm Loans ........................... 206 Investment Authority........ 208 The Reduction of Cash Reserves....... 218 The Business Cycles ............ 220 The Lyman Dam ..................... 226 Misfortune and Mismanagement ......... 226 An Analysis of Failure............... 229 Repayment of the Farm Loans ............. 238 An Era of Neglect ...... 238 Nonresident Loans .... 249 Contemporary Farm Loan Mortages ...... 254 The Bond Investment Program ......... 260 Introduction.............. 260 The Bond Portfolio .......... 261 Revenue....... 263 Endowment Earnings ............... 263 Uninvested C a s h .... .......... 265 Summary of the Chapter ................... 268 vii CHAPTER PAGE VII. THE PUBLIC LAND POLICIES OF,SELECTED TEACHERS» ASSOCIATIONS .................. 306 Historical Background........... ....... 306 Introduction.... .................... 306 The Arizona Education Associations Professional Interest in the Public Lands of Arizona ..................... 307 The Permanent Common School F u n d .... 307 The Farm Loan Program ....... 311 State Land Department Administration • 316 Expanded Services .................... 316 The Lyman Dam Reclamation Project ....... 319 A History of Irresponsibility . 319 The United States Justice Department . 321 Participation of the.ASA in Land Matters ••••••..... 322 Evidence of Mismanagement ............ 324- Mineral Rights Reservations .......... 337 Purchase Rights to State Land ........ 339 • Activities of Other Western States Teachers' Associations ............... 341 A Survey ............... 341 Questionnaire Design and Procedure ... 341 Results of the S u r v e y ............... 343 viii CHAPTER PAGE Summary of the Chapter.............. ... 353 VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....... 358 Conclusions .............. 358 Introduction .............. 358 School Finance ....... 358 The Role of Compromise .............. 360 Disorder