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Selecting Different Surgical Approaches for Hypopharyngeal Obstruction Chu Qin PHUA1, Shaun Ray Han LOH2, Song Tar TOH3

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Selecting Different Surgical Approaches for Hypopharyngeal Obstruction Chu Qin PHUA1, Shaun Ray Han LOH2, Song Tar TOH3 SPECIAL ISSUE 3: INVITED ARTICLE Selecting Different Surgical Approaches for Hypopharyngeal Obstruction Chu Qin PHUA1, Shaun Ray Han LOH2, Song Tar TOH3 ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has evolved significantly over the last few decades owing to lessons learned from prior failures and increased understanding of this condition. Analysis of single-level palatal surgery failures and the advent of sleep endoscopy showed the presence of a concomitant hypopharyngeal obstruction, highlighting the importance of hypopharyngeal obstruction in the treatment of OSA. Objective: This article aims to delineate the concepts behind optimal patient selection for hypopharyngeal OSA surgery. Results: Understanding the various factors contributing to hypopharyngeal obstruction allows the treating surgeon to build a framework in the thought process. This allows customization in selecting proper surgical techniques for individual patients in the setting of treating this multifactorial condition. These concepts include understanding the significance of hypopharyngeal obstruction, the concept of volume reduction versus tension enhancement in upper airway surgery, synchronization of major airway dilator with respiration during sleep, the notion of multilevel surgery and significance of holistic management in OSA. It is also important to understand multiple surgeries or different types of surgery may be applicable at the different timeline, for the same patients. Optimal treatment outcome relies on accurate assessment. Assessment methods of particular relevance to hypopharyngeal surgery for OSA include drug-induced sleep endoscopy, Friedman Tongue Position and tongue base lymphoid tissue grading. Types of hypopharyngeal surgery, their indication and efficacy are also discussed in this article. Conclusion: Hypopharyngeal obstruction is prevalent, and its presence is associated with increased OSA severity. In the context of hypopharyngeal surgery for OSA, the key achieving optimal outcome is integration of targeted treatment, clinical expertise, patient preference, and understanding potential positive and negative predictive clinical findings. Keywords: Hypopharyngeal obstruction, Hypopharyngeal surgery, Patient selection, Surgical approach, Obstructive sleep apnea. International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery (2019): 10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1375 AIM 1Department of Otolaryngology, Sengkang General Hospital, Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea has evolved significantly over Singapore the last few decades. This article aims to delineate the concepts 2Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital, behind optimal patient selection for hypopharyngeal OSA surgery, Singapore as well as to briefly discuss the various surgical approaches for 3Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital; hypopharyngeal obstruction, with the objective of ensuring best SingHealth Duke-NUS Sleep Centre; National University of Singapore; patient outcomes. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine & Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore BACKGROUND Corresponding Author: Song Tar TOH, Department of Otolaryngology, Since the first description of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) by Singapore General Hospital; SingHealth Duke-NUS Sleep Centre; National University of Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Fujita in 1981,1 surgical treatment of the obstructive sleep apnea & Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, e-mail: toh.song.tar@ (OSA) has expanded from a single level palatal surgery to a tailored singhealth.com.sg treatment of other nonpalatal sites of airway obstruction. This stems How to cite this article: PHUA CQ, LOH SRH, TOH ST. Selecting Different from lessons learned from prior surgical failures and increasing 2-4 Surgical Approaches for Hypopharyngeal Obstruction. Int J Head Neck awareness that upper airway collapse is often multilevel. Sher Surg 2019;10(3):67–76. et al. demonstrated that failure of single-level palatal surgery was Source of support: Nil largely attributed to the presence of a concomitant hypopharyngeal obstruction,5 highlighting the importance of hypopharyngeal Conflict of interest: None obstruction in the treatment of OSA. Powell and Riley have been the very first surgeons to understand the complexity of OSA and corrective procedure is of utmost importance in ensuring the best incorporated multilevel surgical techniques in their treatment surgical outcomes. protocol.2 The decision for treatment of a hypopharyngeal obstruction Basic Concepts in Hypopharyngeal Surgery in OSA is complex owing to the intricate interaction of the Several concepts form our basic paradigm in the surgical treatment tongue, lateral pharyngeal wall, aryepiglottic folds, and the of a hypopharyngeal obstruction in OSA patients. Understanding epiglottic collapse. Multiple surgical options exist for treatment these concepts builds a framework in the thought process of of hypopharyngeal obstruction. Identifying the obstruction site customizing the treatment decisions to individual patients in the and mechanism and subsequently matching it with the adequate setting of multiple variables. © The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Selecting Different Surgical Approaches for Hypopharyngeal Obstruction Table 1: Surgical procedures for hypopharyngeal obstruction Soft tissue volume reduction Tension enhancement Tongue Midline glossectomy Genioplasty Radiofrequency ablation to tongue base Genioglossus advancement Hypoglossal nerve stimulation Lingual tonsil • Lingual tonsillectomy • Transoral robotic tongue base reduction (TORS) Coblation assisted Lateral pharyngeal wall Maxillomandibular advancement Hyoid suspension Epiglottis Partial epiglottectomy Hyoepiglottoplasty Aryepiglottoplasty Significance of Hypopharyngeal Obstruction the tongue, lingual tonsil, lateral pharyngeal wall, and the epiglottis. In the context of sleep surgery, hypopharyngeal collapse is broadly Table 1 summarizes the different surgical procedures available to accepted as an area encompassing tongue base, lingual tonsil, treat hypopharyngeal obstruction. 6 epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold and hypopharyngeal wall. The Multilevel Surgery significance of hypopharyngeal obstruction was recognized early Whilst this paper’s focus is on the selection of surgical correction for back in the 1990s by Powell and Riley from Stanford University, with hypopharyngeal obstruction in OSA to improve surgical outcomes,7 the incorporation of surgical techniques to address hypopharyngeal it is important to know that efficacy of surgical treatment lies obstruction in their dynamic OSA surgery protocol when they in localizing the level of anatomic obstructions and providing published their result in 1993.2 adequate corrective treatment. It is crucial for sleep surgeons to Hypopharyngeal obstruction is common in OSA patients, consider combination treatment of other anatomic obstructions occurring in 38.7% of patients and tongue base obstruction in such as nose, palate, and oropharynx if such obstructions coexist. 46.6%, according to a large study by Vroegop et al.3 In Asian Indeed, multilevel surgery has been shown to improve patient patients, the prevalence of hypopharyngeal obstruction and outcomes, with a surgical success rate of up to 66.4%,8 compared tongue base obstruction is at 52.5% and 46.2%.4 to the conventional single-level UPPP at 40%5. Hypopharyngeal obstruction is associated with increased OSA severity and obesity which predisposes to hypopharyngeal Holistic Management 3,4 obstruction. Surgeons also need to be aware of hypopharynx’s Apart from considering surgical treatment, sleep surgeons role in respiration, speech, and swallowing, which has to be taken must equip themselves with various other strategies in their into consideration when surgery is performed. In particular, care armamentarium to provide holistic care to the patient. These should be taken to manage and avoid postoperative edema or treatment strategies can be used in combination with surgical hemorrhage in the hypopharynx which can threaten the patency treatment, or as an alternative or salvage therapy. Various other of the airway. adjunct treatment modalities and lifestyle modifications can be utilized in the treatment of OSA, including: Volume Reduction versus Static Tension Enhancement versus • Myofunctional therapy Dynamic Airway Enhancement • Weight management and maintenance The concept of upper airway surgery revolves around normalizing • Sleep hygiene and lifestyle modification the airway in form and function by altering abnormal anatomy • Understanding various OSA phenotypes. and pathophysiology causing the narrowed airway and can be Myofunctional therapy can be useful for hypopharyngeal achieved by: obstruction. It represents a set of exercises for the lip, tongue, soft • Reduction of soft tissue volume resulting in an increase of upper palate and lateral pharyngeal wall, aimed at training the upper airway passage volume airway dilator
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