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Knowledge and Confidence in Managing Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Knowledge and Confidence in Managing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Ansari and Hu Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2020) 49:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00417-6 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Knowledge and confidence in managing obstructive sleep apnea patients in Canadian otolaryngology - head and neck surgery residents: a cross sectional survey Saad Ansari and Amanda Hu* Abstract Background: Obstructive sleep apnea is an expected competency for Otolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery residents and tested on the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons examination. Our objective was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and confidence of Canadian Otolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery residents in managing Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients. Methods: An anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey was distributed to all current Canadian Otolaryngology- Head and Neck surgery residents according to the Dillman Tailored Design Method in English and French. The previously validated OSA Knowledge and Attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire was administered, along with questions exploring resident confidence levels with performing OSA surgeries. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon Rank Sum and unpaired Student’s t tests were calculated in Excel. Results: Sixty-six (38.4%) out of 172 residents responded (60.6% male; 80.3% English-speaking). Median OSAKA knowledge score was 16/18 (88.9%; Interquartile range: 14–16). Although all respondents believed that OSA was an important clinical disorder, only 45.5% of residents felt confident in managing OSA patients, while only 15.2% were confident in managing continuous positive airway pressure therapy (CPAP). Senior residents were more confident than junior residents in identifying OSA patients (96.7% vs 69.4%; p < 0.005) and managing the disease (60.0% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.03), including CPAP (26.7% vs. 5.6%; p = 0.01). Residents had lowest confidence levels in performing tongue base suspension (1.5%), transpalatal advancement pharyngoplasty (3.0%), and laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty (6.1%). Highest confidence levels were described in performing septoplasty (56.1%), adult tonsillectomy (75.8%), and tracheotomy (77.3%). Conclusions: Otolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery residents’ knowledge of OSA was very good; however, confidence levels for managing OSA and performing OSA surgeries were varied. Several areas of perceived strengths and weaknesses in OSA training were identified by Canadian Otolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery residents. Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea, Medical education, Resident, Otolaryngology - head and neck surgery * Correspondence: [email protected] An abstract was submitted to the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology Annual Meeting in Fredericton, November 2020 Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 4th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Ansari and Hu Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2020) 49:21 Page 2 of 9 Background Neck Surgery residents in Canada (n = 172), including Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent both English and French programs, between October sleep-related breathing disorder in Canada. The Canad- and November 2019. Canadian Otolaryngology - Head ian 2009 Sleep Apnea Rapid Response Questionnaire es- and Neck surgery residents enter directly into a five-year timated that the prevalence rate was 3% among adults residency program after medical school. Residents per- 18 years or older [1]. This statistic is not dissimilar to form some off-service rotations, but the majority of their the 3.1–7.5% prevalence rates found in United States, time is spent practicing Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Australia, India, China and Korea [2]. Canadian adults Surgery. Junior residents were defined as post-graduate diagnosed with sleep apnea were more likely to have years (PGY) 1, 2, and 3. Senior residents were defined as other health conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, PGY 4 and 5. heart disease, and various mood disorders [1]. First-line treatment is a trial of nocturnal continuous positive air- Distribution way pressure (CPAP) ventilation. A comprehensive lit- The survey was distributed according to the Dillman erature review by Rotenberg et al. in 2016 revealed that Tailored Design Method. This methodology is used by non-adherence to CPAP was 34.1% [3]. Therefore, sec- the US Census Bureau and Gallup Organization and has ond line options are now becoming more prevalent. Sur- been shown to enhance response rates [6]. Respondents gical procedures for sleep apnea are being used with were contacted multiple times over an 8-week period variable success to manage or potentially cure OSA. through email. In week 1, an invitation to participate Management of OSA is an expected competency for and survey link were provided. In week 2, the first re- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery residents and minder was sent with the survey link. In week 4, a sec- tested on the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons ond reminder with the survey link and a thank you to examination. Competency based education recognizes those who had participated were distributed. In week 7, the importance of OSA as noted in Entrustable Profes- a third reminder to participate with the survey link and sional Activity (EPA) #9, which states that a resident a thank you were sent. After week 8, survey enrollment must be able to assess and manage adult and pediatric was closed. The survey was created and hosted on the patients with sleep disordered breathing [4]. As a result, University of British Columbia’s secure Qualtrics Survey training residents to understand the nature of OSA and program. making them confident in performing sleep surgeries is crucial. A US-based study from Stanford by Gouveia Survey structure et al. found that programs with a dedicated sleep sur- The survey consisted of two components. The first part geon were more likely to respond “extremely” or “very” incorporated the validated OSAKA (Obstructive Sleep satisfied when asked about resident exposure to sleep Apnea Knowledge and Attitudes) questionnaire, which surgery compared to those who did not have a sleep sur- evaluates the knowledge, attitudes and confidence of the geon [5]. respondent on the topic of OSA [7]. OSAKA has been The objective of this study was to determine the level used in several studies worldwide and has been trans- of OSA knowledge, attitudes and confidence amongst lated from English into Spanish and Italian [8–11]. Canadian Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery resi- There were three subsections within the questionnaire. dents. The study also aimed to determine the confidence The first subsection evaluated basic OSA knowledge and levels of residents in performing various sleep apnea sur- generated the Knowledge score. Respondents answered geries. Upon review of PubMed, EMBASE and Medline, 18 general knowledge questions on OSA, shown in no study to date has answered these questions for Can- Table 1. Respondents options included “True”, “False”, adian Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and “Unsure/Do Not Know”. The second subsection de- residents. lineated the attitudes of the respondent with respect to It was hypothesized that Canadian Otolaryngology - the importance of OSA, which generated the Attitude Head and Neck Surgery residents are not fully confident Score (two questions), shown in Table 1. In this subsec- with managing OSA. tion, respondents replied on a five-point scale, from 1 (Not Important) to 5 (Extremely Important). The third Methods subsection determined the confidence levels in managing Design and study population the condition and it generated the Confidence Score This study was approved by the University of British (three questions), shown in Table 1. In this subsection, Columbia Research Ethics Board (REB # H19–2007) and respondents answered on a five-point Likert scale, from consent was obtained from each participant prior to sur- 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). vey initiation. An anonymous, online, cross-sectional The second component to the survey was a confidence survey was sent to all current Otolaryngology-Head and questionnaire for various procedures involved in the Ansari and Hu Journal of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2020) 49:21 Page 3 of 9 Table 1 OSAKA Questionnaire Responses Table 1 OSAKA Questionnaire Responses (Continued) OSAKA Questionnaire Responses OSAKA Questionnaire Responses Knowledge Questions Number of Correct Knowledge Questions Number of Correct Responses (%) Responses (%) 1. Women with OSA may present with 57 (86.4%) 1. I feel confident identifying patients at-risk 4(4–4) fatigue alone. (True) for OSA: 2. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is curative for 59 (89.4%) 2. I am confident in my ability to manage 3(3–4) the majority of patients with OSA. (False) patients with OSA: 3. The estimated prevalence of OSA among 35 (53.0%) 3. I am confident in my ability to manage 3(2–3) adults is between 2 and 10%. (True) patients on CPAP therapy: 4. The majority of patients with OSA snore. 53 (80.3%) Mean Total Confidence Score 3(3–4) (True) 5.
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