Representations of Gender and Subjectivity in 21St Century American Science Fiction Television
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Representations of Gender and Subjectivity in 21st Century American Science Fiction Television Sophie Halliday Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia, School of Film, Television and Media Studies March 2014 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This thesis interrogates representations of gender and subjectivity within 21st century American science fiction television. It recognises a recent convergence of generic concerns, the shifting contexts of television, and the cultural context of 21st century America. Identifying a recent shift in how American science fiction television of this era has engaged with issues of gender and subjectivity, I offer an exploration of this trend via four key texts: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (FOX, 2008-2009), Fringe (FOX, 2008-2013), Battlestar Galactica (SyFy, 2004-2009) and Caprica (SyFy, 2009-2010). The importance of this thesis lies in its exploration of new representational strategies in contemporary science fiction television in relation to the female body, and its consideration of the wider socio- cultural concerns of America in the 21st century. Previous attempts have been made to examine the socio-political import of certain series this thesis interrogates. I intervene in these debates by offering a much more focused interrogation of gender and subjectivity in 21st century science fiction television, via the framework of acclaimed and newly emerging series. Utilising a methodological approach that involves detailed textual analysis informed by social and cultural theory, I situate my case study series within the socio- cultural context of 21st century America. As such, this thesis covers a broad range of current representations that speak to how constructions of gender and subjectivity within a contemporary US cultural context are currently being worked through. Foregrounding an engagement with a particularly fraught period of American history via the female body, I argue that the protagonists my case study series present offer a positive intervention in previous estimations of how the female body has been utilised in film and television. As such, this thesis considers the implications of this particular context upon how these protagonists are represented by these newly emerging series. 2 Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 2 Contents ...................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 4 List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 6 Defining Subjectivity .................................................................................... 9 Method and Structure ............................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: Contexts: Nation, Genre, Medium, Gender ........................................... 22 Myth and Ideology ...................................................................................... 23 Science Fiction and “Cultural Instrumentality” .......................................... 37 The Television Medium .............................................................................. 48 Representing the Female Heroine ............................................................. 60 Chapter 2: “Words to live by”: 21st Century Motherhood in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles ..................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 3: ‘Brave New World’: The Multiple Roles of Fringe’s Olivia Dunham .. 106 Chapter 4: “That was then and this is now”: Race and Subjectivity in Battlestar Galactica ................................................................................................................. 141 Season 1: “At this point there’s no choice. It’s either them, or us.” ........ 148 Sharon: “I make my own choices.” .......................................................... 165 Chapter 5: “The children of Caprica are lost…we are all lost”: Virtual Realities, Caprica and Youth in the 21st Century .................................................................... 189 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 222 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 235 Filmography ............................................................................................................ 257 Teleography ............................................................................................................ 258 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the University of East Anglia for the training and support that has been extended to me during my period of study. In particular, I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Christine Cornea and Keith Johnston, for their guidance, insight and enthusiasm throughout the development of my thesis. To all of my fellow PhD students in the School of Film, Television and Media Studies, thank you for your friendship and feedback during the seminars and conferences we participated in. Special thanks to Rhys Owain Thomas and Ed Clough for their wise words, humour and encouragement. Thank you to Stephanie Fuller and Nina Mickwitz for being both great colleagues and great neighbours, and to Stephen Mitchell for his advice (and banter). To Laura Hone, George Denman, Todd Kerry and Kirsty-Louise Bentley, thank you for all your support over the years. I could always count on you to provide me with necessary breaks from the thesis in the form of barbecues, gigs and trips to various sporting events! Thanks also to Mark and Lucy Leyland, and Jamie Warren and Dan Lockwood, for their friendship. Finally, special thanks are due to my family for their love and support throughout my PhD and university career. To my mother, Marianne, and my father, Nigel, I couldn't have done this without you. Thank you for everything you have done for me. To Richard, thank you for believing in me, and for your interest in my work. To Gill, Natalie, Laura, Anita, Stefan and Sydney, thank you for your encouragement. 4 List of Illustrations 2.1 Sarah paints a wall, behind which she has concelead a shotgun, in 1.01, 'Pilot.' ............................................................................................................. 91 2.2 Sarah takes cover behind a reinforced chair in 1.01, 'Pilot.' ......................... 92 2.3 Sarah visits Dr. Sherman in 2.09, 'Complications. ' ..................................... 103 3.1 Olivia is shot in the head in 4.22, 'Brave New World, Part 2.' ..................... 109 3.2 The twin towers in 1.20, 'There’s More Than One of Everything.' .............. 111 3.3 The 'amber protocol' in 3.01, 'Olivia.' ......................................................... 119 3.4 Olivia stares at her reflection in the amber in 3.01, 'Olivia.' ...................... 130 3.5 Split screen in 3.03, 'The Plateau.' .............................................................. 131 3.6 Olivia stares at the Manhattan skyline in 3.05, 'Amber 31422.' ................. 135 4.1 Zarek on CCTV in 1.03, 'Bastile Day.' ........................................................... 155 4.2 Sharon and Boomer in 1.02, 'Water.' .......................................................... 158 4.3 A grounded Colonial One in 3.01, 'Occupation.' ......................................... 174 4.4 Night time raid in 3.02, 'Precipice.' .............................................................. 178 4.5 Tigh’s missing eye is revealed in 3.01, 'Occupation.' ................................... 183 4.6 Cavil visits Tigh in 3.01, 'Occupation.' .......................................................... 184 5.1 Amanda watches home videos in 1.02, 'Rebirth.' ....................................... 203 5.2 The Cylon chassis in flames in 1.08, 'Ghosts in the Machine.' ..................... 206 5.3 Avatar Zoe in flames in 1.08, 'Ghosts in the Machine.' ............................... 207 5.4 Zoe fights her attackers in 1.10, 'Unvanquished.' ........................................ 214 5.5 The stadium in New Cap City in 1.12, 'Things We Lock Away.' .................... 216 5 Introduction This thesis interrogates representations of gender and subjectivity within 21st century American science fiction television. Science fiction has typically concentrated on issues of subjectivity, and its generic form is historically popular for working through shifts in such issues within national and global contexts. In this thesis I identify a recent shift in how American science fiction television of this era has engaged with issues of gender and subjectivity, and investigate this trend. Explicitly locating this interrogation within a wider American socio-cultural context, I explore how 21st century science fiction