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Vitis Vinifera L.) UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA AGRARIA GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND ELICITATION TO OBTAIN MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS IN GRAPEVINE ( Vitis vinifera L.) AND IN Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) STIRT. María Pazos Navarro 2012 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA AGRARIA GENETIC TRANSFORMATION AND ELICITATION TO OBTAIN MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS IN GRAPEVINE ( Vitis vinifera L.) AND IN Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) STIRT. María Pazos Navarro Directora Mercedes Dabauza Micó 2012 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Me gustaría dar las gracias a todas aquellas personas que han tenido algo que ver en la realización de esta tesis, ya sea de manera directa o indirecta. Espero no olvidar mencionar a nadie… Primero de todo, quiero agradecer a mi directora de tesis, la Dra. Mercedes Dabauza, su esfuerzo y paciencia durante la realización de esta tesis. Al final de todo seguimos llevándonos muy bien, y puedo decir que además de una gran directora de tesis, es una muy buena amiga. Muchas gracias por todo. Elena, Domingo y Antonio muchas gracias por esos viajes a Cartagena a las clases del Master. Entre todos hacíamos menos aburridos esos viajes. No puedo olvidarme del Equipo de Fruticultura del IMIDA; que puedo decir de ell@s: Pepe Cos y Antonio Carrillo, lo que me he reido y lo bien que me lo he pasado con vosotros emasculando flores; muchísimas gracias por esos buenos recuerdos, hacéis un buen tándem, seguid así. Marga, amiga mía, después de tantos años creo que nos lo hemos dicho casi todo; así que solo te digo que ¡dentro de poco te tocará a ti! Ten paciencia. Marcos, comencé siendo tu sombra en el laboratorio, y al final no he salido del todo mal (jejejeje…) gracias por ser buen amigo y compañero. Diego Frutos, Alfonso, Goyo y Belén muchas gracias por los buenos momentos que hemos pasado juntos. Gracias a Adrián, Pascual y Vicente por facilitarnos el trabajo, con iniciativa y buenas ideas. Sois los mejores técnicos del IMIDA. Me gustaría agradecer a David Walker su paciencia en la revisión de este manuscrito y su “buen” Inglés. A Enrique Correal le agradezco su apoyo y predisposición para ayudarnos tanto en el desarrollo de esta tesis como en proyectos futuros. Es una suerte contar con usted. José Antonio del Río y Ana Ortuño, muchísimas gracias por vuestra ayuda, por los análisis y por poner vuestro laboratorio a nuestra disposición. Licinio, a ti también muchas gracias por enseñarme a preparar las muestras. Leonor muchas gracias por darme buenas ideas para que no me perdiese en el maravilloso mundo de los marcadores moleculares. A Almudena le agradezco esos momentos en los que me encontraba aburrida y/o agobiada y podía ir a hablar con ella. Carlos, no me olvido de ti, gracias por esos ratos de conversación en el laboratorio. Y por cierto, todavía no he cobrado los honorarios por ser tu secretaria. A Las Pilares (Pilar Flores y Pilar Hellín), gracias por colaborar con nosotras y por vuestra dulzura. Acknowledgements No puedo olvidarme de mi tutor Antonio Calderón, muchísimas gracias por echarme una mano siempre que lo he necesitado. A Marcos Egea muchas gracias por solucionarme todas las dudas en el Master y Doctorado. Siempre te has preocupado por conseguir lo que crees que es justo y beneficioso para tus alumnos. Quiero agradecerle a Fco. Torrella su colaboración, valoro mucho su paciencia…hacía muchos años de sus clases de Microbiología. Daniel Real y Matt Nelson, gracias a vosotros además de aprender mucho sobre genómica y genética pude disfrutar de una experiencia maravillosa en Australia. Es un lujo poder trabajar con vosotros. Janine Croser, muchísimas gracias por abrirnos las puertas de tu casa, por organizar ese magnífico viaje a Margaret River, y hacer que ese último fin de semana en Australia fuese inolvidable. Natasha Teakle, Caroline Snowball y Junko, muchas gracias por ayudarme en el laboratorio. Al principio nos costó comunicarnos pero siempre estabais allí para ayudarme. Gracias al Servicio de Microscopía del SACE (Universidad de Murcia) y a la Colección Española de Cultivo Tipo (CECT) por su ayuda en la caracterización de los microorganismos estudiados en este tesis. Gracias a la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena por su gestión y buena organización. Gracias al Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario y a la Consejería de Educación y Ciencia de la Región de Murcia (Proyecto BIO-AGR06/03- 0006) por concederme la beca gracias a la cual ha sido posible la realización de esta tesis. Por supuesto no puedo olvidarme de mi familia, gracias por vuestro esfuerzo, apoyo y paciencia. Pensaba que serían unos agradecimientos cortos, pero me he tomado al pie de la letra ese refrán que dice “Es de bien nacidos, ser agradecidos”. Muchísimas gracias a tod@s, si me he olvidado de alguien espero que no me lo tome en cuenta. María Pazos Navarro Abstract ABSTRACT Plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine due to the properties of their secondary metabolites (SMs) as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, chemicals or nutraceuticals. For a long time, the production of SMs has only been achieved through the field cultivation of medicinal plants. However, in most cases the active natural product is present at low levels, or is accumulated only in a specific tissue and at a specific vegetative growth stage or under certain environmental conditions, which complicates its extraction. Furthermore, collecting material from the wild is not always feasible and the over-collection could provoke the habitat destruction. Plant Biotechnology is an alternative to produce SMs on a large-scale, and to ensure the conservation and multiplication of interesting plants with active molecules. The phenolic compounds trans -resveratrol and furanocoumarins are among the relevant SMs reported as interesting for human health. Resveratrol exhibits antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties and prevents cardiovascular diseases. Furanocoumarins are used for the treatment of skin disorders (psoriasis and vitiligo), and show anti-mutagenic and anti-microbial activities. Two different natural sources of these compounds are known: Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) and Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. (Fabaceae) as trans-resveratrol and furanocoumarin producers respectively. Genomic and plant tissue culture techniques have been developed for grapevine but not for B. bituminosa. In the present thesis, biotechnological tools have been successfully developed for the production of those SMs: (1) genetic modification with the stilbene synthase (Vst1 ) gene and plant regeneration of grapevine (cv. Sugraone) for over-producing trans-resveratrol and (2) plant tissue culture and elicitation techniques for furanocoumarin over-production, and genetic tools for genetic variability studies in B. bituminosa . Abstract Index INDEX INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1. Plant tissue culture techniques applied to secondary metabolite production…………………… 4 2. A drawback of in vitro plant tissue culture: endogenous contamination………………………… 11 3. Resveratrol……………………………………………………………………………………………... 11 3.1. Biosynthesis of stilbenes ……………………………………………………………. 12 3.2. Resveratrol applications on human health………………………………………….. 16 3.3. The Role of Plant Biotechnology in trans-resveratrol production ………………... 17 3.3.1. Cell suspension cultures……………………………………………………… 17 3.3.2. Hairy root cultures……………………………………………………………... 19 3.3.3. Callus cultures…………………………………………………………………. 19 3.3.4. Genetic modification……………………………………………………………19 4. Furanocoumarins…………………………………………………………….…………….………...24 4.1. Biosynthesis of furanocoumarins …………………………………………………….24 4.1.1. The role of P450s in furannocouamrin biosynthesis……………………… 28 4.2. Furanocoumarins and their application on human health………………………… 29 4.3. The role of Plant Biotechnology in furanocoumarin production…………………... 30 4.3.1. Cell suspension cultures and elicitation…………………………………….. 30 4.3.2. Callus and shoot cultures ……………………………………………………. 31 4.3.3. Plant regeneration and micropropagation…………………………………... 31 4.3.4. Hairy root cultures……………………………………………………………... 32 4.3.5. Genetic modification ………………………………………………………….. 32 4.4. Genetic characterisation by molecular markers…………………………………… 32 OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 CHAPTER I: Tran-resveratrol production by engineered grapevines that over-express cisgenic VitisviniferaStilbene Synthase 1 gene ………………………………………………………………………… 39 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………... 41 MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………………………………………………… 42 Bacterial strains and plasmids…………………………………………………………….. 42 Genetic modification………………………………………………………………………... 43 PCR analyses……………………………………………………………………………….. 44 Southern blot………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Cisgene copy number determination……………………………………………………... 45 RNA extraction and reverse transcription………………………………………………... 45 Quantitative real-time PCR………………………………………………………………… 46 Vst1 relative expression……………………………………………………………………. 46 Resveratrol analysis………………………………………………………………………... 47 Statistical analysis………………………………………………………………………….. 48 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 Genetic modification and plant regeneration…………………………………………….. 48 PCR analyses……………………………………………………………………………….. 51 Souther blot………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Amplification specificity of Vst1…………………………………………………………… 53 Index Relative expression of Vst1……………………………………………………………….. 54 Resveratrol analysis………………………………………………………………………... 57 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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