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SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION and ECOLOGICAL SAFETY EDITORS Assoc SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY EDITORS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU İKSAD Publishing House SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY EDITOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Adnan ORAK Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze BAYRAM Prof. Dr. Ahmet Esen ÇELEN Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Şeyma YILMAZ Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT Assist. Prof. Dr. Medine ÇOPUR DOĞRUSÖZ Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Nizamettin TURAN Prof. Dr. Kağan KÖKTEN Assist. Prof. Dr. Şule ERKOVAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa SÜRMEN Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep DUMANOĞLU Prof. Dr. Özlem Önal AŞCI Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep DUMLU GÜL Prof. Dr. Sebnem KUSVURAN PhD Erdal KARADENİZ Prof. Dr. Uğur BAŞARAN PhD Hazim Serkan TENIKECIER Prof. Dr. Zeki ACAR PhD Mehmet CAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alpaslan KUSVURAN Research Assistant Emre KARA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine BUDAKLI ÇARPICI Research Assistant Gülcan KAYMAK Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdal ÇAÇAN Research Assistant Onur İLERİ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdem GÜLÜMSER PhD Student Emre Süreyya DUMLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ilker NIZAM PhD Student Sabi Mohamed Sani Orou Ouennon Assouma Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Kerim GÜLLAP MSc Elif ŞAHİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa OKANT MSc Feyza Döndü BİLGİN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ MSc Ilknur DULGER Copyright © 2021 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2021© ISBN: 978-625-7636-89-6 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA June / 2021 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16x24 cm CONTENTS EDITED BY PREFACE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU..…………………………...……1 CHAPTER I AN ALTERNATIVE FORAGE CROP FOR TUKEY RIBWORT PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata L.) PhD Mehmet CAN MSc Elif ŞAHİN Research Assistant Gülcan KAYMAK Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT Prof. Dr. Özlem Önal AŞCI..……………………………………………...…3 CHAPTER II BIOACTIVE FORAGE LEGUMES Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa OKANT..…….……………………….…...….....33 CHAPTER III EFFECTS OF HARVEST TIME ON YIELD, QUALITY AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN DIFFERENT MAIZE GENOTYPES Prof. Dr. Mustafa SÜRMEN Research Assistant Emre KARA …………..………..…….…………….....45 CHAPTER IV SHRUB FORAGE Trichanthera gigantea Assist. Prof. Dr. Nizamettin TURAN …….……………………………..…65 CHAPTER V FROM AGROECOLOGY TOWARDS CIRCULAR AGRICULTURE Prof. Dr. Ahmet Esen ÇELEN………….……………...…………...…….75 CHAPTER VI ANNUAL RYEGRASS (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Esen ÇELEN PhD StudentSabi Mohamed Sani Orou Ouennon Assouma…......……….91 CHAPTER VII BENEFITS OF COVER CROPS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine BUDAKLI ÇARPICI ………..…………...……119 CHAPTER VIII COMPARISON OF HUNGARIAN VETCH (Vicia pannonica Crantz.), HAIRY VETCH (Vicia villosa Roth.) AND COMMON VETCH (Vicia sativa L.) SEEDS IN TERMS OF SOME PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep DUMANOĞLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdal ÇAÇAN Prof. Dr. Kağan KÖKTEN……......………..………………………..…….139 CHAPTER IX CURRENT STATUS AND POTENTIAL OF LEGUME FORAGE CROPS IN TURKEY Prof. Dr. Adnan ORAK Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ilker NIZAM PhD Hazim Serkan TENIKECIER …………………………………..……153 CHAPTER X GROWTH-PROMOTING ABILITY OF BACILLUS AND PSEUDOMONAS AND THEIR EFFECT ON INDUCED TOLERANCE IN GUAR (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] TAUB.) AGAINST DROUGHT STRESS Prof. Dr. Alpaslan KUSVURAN MSc Ilknur DULGER Prof. Dr. Sebnem KUSVURAN …...……….……………………..…...…175 CHAPTER XI BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATON INHIBITION CAPACITY OF FORAGE AND PASTURE CROPS MSc Feyza Döndü BİLGİN………..…...……….……………………..….215 CHAPTER XII THE IMPORTANCE OF MEADOW-RANGELANDS, ANIMAL EXISTENCE AND FORAGE CROPS CULTIVATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL OF TOKAT PROVINCE Assist. Prof. Dr. Gamze BAYRAM ………………..………………......….225 CHAPTER XIII EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ROW SPACINGS AND DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION DOSES ON THE SEED YIELD AND SOME YIELD PROPERTIES OF THE PERENNIAL RYEGRASS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ..…..……….……...…………..………245 CHAPTER XIV RELATIONS AMONG GRASS-FUNCTIONAL PLANT GROUPS Research Assistant Onur İLERİ Assist. Prof. Dr. Şule ERKOVAN …..…….………………………...……279 CHAPTER XV A VALUABLE FODDER TREE FROM EAST AFRICA: Ficus thonningii PhD Erdal KARADENİZ …..…….……………………………….………333 CHAPTER XVI THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RANGELANDS FOR SEDIMENT MOVEMENT PhD Student Emre Süreyya DUMLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Kerim GÜLLAP ……..…….………………..………345 CHAPTER XVII CROP SALINE TOLERANCE IN RELATION TO NITRATE/AMMONIUM RATIO IN FERTILIZERS Assist. Prof. Dr. Nizamettin TURAN …….……………………….………359 CHAPTER XVIII PROPOSAL OF A COMPLEX INTERCROP SYSTEM INCLUDING DURUM WHEAT (Triticum durum) FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa OKANT ……………………..…………..…….375 CHAPTER XIX SWEET CLOVERS (Melilotus sp.) AS AN ALTERNATİVE FORAGE CROP Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdem GÜLÜMSER Assist. Prof. Dr. Medine ÇOPUR DOĞRUSÖZ Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT Prof. Dr. Uğur BAŞARAN Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Prof. Dr. Zeki ACAR ……………………..…………………….………389 CHAPTER XX INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM (Cr) TREATMENT ON CHROMIUM ACCUMULATE IN PLANT ORGANS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN Sorghum VARIETIES Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Şeyma YILMAZ Prof. Dr. Kağan KÖKTEN ……………………..…………………………411 CHAPTER XXI A NEW FORAGE CROP TEDERA (Bituminaria bituminosa L): GROWN WITH LOW INPUTS IN POOR CONDITIONS Research Assistant Gülcan KAYMAK Prof. Dr. Zeki ACAR PhD Mehmet CAN Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdem GÜLÜMSER ...……………..............…...………437 CHAPTER XXII SILAGE ADDITIVES Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep DUMLU GÜL...……………...……………..….463 SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY| 1 PREFACE All impacts to the environment are tied directly or indirectly to world population. Grasslands and pastures are among the biggest ecosystems in the world. Forage production unites all branches of agriculture (soils, plants, animals, machines, chemicals, economics, management etc) into a single system and adopts itself to ecology to provide benefits to human socities. But grasslands, pastures and other feed crop production activities also maintains soil fertility, conserves soil & water resources, designs a habitat for wildlife and recreational areas during producing feeds for livestocks. Managers of livestock enterprises should consider forage yield, quality, availability, animal potential and supplemental feeds. But a forage scientist needs to well trained in an interdisiplinery way related to knowldge branches like plant protection, water management, ecology, seed production, alternative uses, genetic resources, crop improvements, storage & preservation, marketing, dissemination of knowledge, utilization etc. As an enviroment modifier, a forage scientist must be a lifelong learner to find and adopt to gaps threatening global ecosystem, too. Here in this book, reader may find selected articles related to this highly diversified knowledge branch. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gulcan DEMIROGLU TOPCU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOSOGLU Haziran, 2021 2 | SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY| 3 CHAPTER I AN ALTERNATIVE FORAGE CROP FOR TUKEY RIBWORT PLANTAIN (Plantago lanceolata L.) PhD Mehmet CAN* MSc Elif ŞAHİN** Research Assistant Gülcan KAYMAK* Prof. Dr. İlknur AYAN* Prof. Dr. Hanife MUT*** Prof. Dr. Özlem Önal AŞCI**** *Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Samsun-Turkey (Corresponding author: [email protected]) **Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun-Turkey ***Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Field Crops, Bilecik-Turkey **** Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ordu-Turkey 4 | SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SUSTAINABLE FORAGE PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY| 5 INTRODUCTION It is known that there is a significant deficit of quality roughage This deficit of quality roughage negatively affects livestock production in our country (Acar et al., 2020). More than 70% of the agricultural operating costs are feeding costs. To maintain sustainability and produce a high yield of quality forage cheaper, they must produce the feed themselves. High-quality roughages are the cheapest feeding stuff, as well as reduce or eliminate the need for concentrate feed. Therefore, it reduces the agricultural enterprise's dependence on external resources. Quality roughage needs of livestock are met from forage crops grown in field agriculture and natural, and sown pasture areas. In recent years, the production of forage crops, excluding corn, has been stagnant in Turkey. Considering the climate, soil, and plant characteristics, a fractional increase in forage production can be achieved by improving existing pastures. It is significant to establish sown pastures to provide roughage in areas where natural pastures cannot meet the needs or where productivity is low. Therefore, it would
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