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General Midi Specifications General MIDI 11/5/03 8:28 AM GENERAL MIDI Not everyone becomes involved with MIDI and electronic instruments because they want to create all kinds of new sounds. Some of us are just musicians who want a palette of good sounds with which to compose and perform. A need arose in the computer world for better sounds in games and multimedia. Those needs were recognized, and a new part of the MIDI standard was born. Welcome to General MIDI. No, not a high ranking musical military officer, General MIDI (GM) is an unusual part of the MIDI specification called a recommended practice. It isn't a MIDI message or command. Instead, it is a description of a class of musical instruments that all share a consistent set of feature and capabilities. This means that music created for playback on a GM instrument will sound musically consistent on any GM instrument. A typical MIDI system is very personalized. You choose the instruments you want to use and the sounds that are in each instrument. Manufacturers developing new synthesizers are free to put any kind of sounds in teh machine as they wish, in any order. Sequences you record in your studio with your equipment will not automatically fit into other MIDI systems. You will need to put some amount of effort in to redirecting channels and changing pitch change messages to fit the new gear you are using. SPECIFICATIONS All of this extra noodling disappears with GM. Any instrument that bears the mighty GM logo must adhere to a predetermined list of feature and patch assignments. They include: http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim419/midi/HTMLs/GENMID~3.HTM#anchor%20intro Page 1 of 5 General MIDI 11/5/03 8:28 AM 24 voices of polyphony in order to play back very full arrangements Respond to all 16 MIDI channels Each channel can access any number of voices (dynamic voice allocation) Each channel can play a different timbre A full set of percussion instruments is available on Channel 10 All percussion instruments are mapped to specific MIDI note numbers A minimum of 128 presets available as MIDI Program numbers All sounds are available on all MIDI channels (except 10, which is for percussion) All GM instruments and percussion respond to Note On velocity Middle C is always note number 60 All GM instruments can respond to these MIDI Controllers: 1 Modulation 7 Volume 10 Pan 11 Expression 64 Sustain Pedal 121 Reset All Controllers 123 All Notes Off GM instruments respond to all Registered Parameters: 0 Pitch Bend Sensitivity 1 Fine Tuning 2 Coarse Tuning GM instruments all respond to these additional MIDI messages: Channel Pressure (Aftertouch) Pitch Bend (with a default of two semitones) http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim419/midi/HTMLs/GENMID~3.HTM#anchor%20intro Page 2 of 5 General MIDI 11/5/03 8:28 AM INSTRUMENTS Perhaps most importantly, GM doesn't leave the order of the patches in a synthesizer's memory to chance. At the heart of the GM system is the GM Sound Set. It specifies the exact sound, by name, for each of the 128 sound in the synthesizer. For example, Patch #1 must always be an acoustic grand piano on all channels (except 10 which is reserved for drums and percussion) on all GM instruments. All other patch locations are also organized to conform to the GM Sound Set. The patches are arranged into 16 "families" of instruments, with each family containing 8 instruments. For example, there is a Reed family. Among the 8 instruments within the Reed family, you will find Saxophone, Oboe, and Clarinet. GENERAL MIDI SOUND SET PIANO BASS REED SYNTH EFFECTS 1. Acoustic Grand Piano 33. Acoustic Bass 65. Soprano Sax 97. FX 1 (rain) 2. Bright Acoustic Piano 34. Electric Bass (finger) 66. Alto Sax 98. FX 2 (soundtrack) 3. Electric Grand Piano 35. Electric Bass (pick) 67. Tenor Sax 99. FX 3 (crystal) 4. Honky-tonk Piano 36. Fretless Bass 68. Baritone Sax 100. FX 4 (atmosphere) 5. Electric Piano 1 37. Slap Bass 1 69. Oboe 101. FX 5 (brightness) 6. Electric Piano 2 38. Slap Bass 2 70. English Horn 102. FX 6 (goblins) 7. Harpsichord 39. Synth Bass 1 71. Bassoon 103. FX 7 (echoes) 8. Clavi 40. Synth Bass 2 72. Clarinet 104. FX 8 (sci-fi) CHROMATIC STRINGS PIPE ETHNIC PERC. 9. Celesta 41. Violin 73. Piccolo 105. Sitar 10. Glockenspiel 42. Viola 74. Flute 106. Banjo 11. Music Box 43. Cello 75. Recorder 107. Shamisen 12. Vibraphone 44. Contrabass 76. Pan Flute 108. Koto 13. Marimba 45. Tremelo Strings 77. Blown Bottle 109. Kalimba 14. Xylophone 46. Pizzicato Strings 78. Shakuhachi 110. Bag Pipe 15. Tubular Bells 47. Orchestral Harp 79. Whistle 111. Fiddle 16. Dulcimer 48. Timpani 80. Ocarina 112. Shanai ORGAN ENSEMBLE SYNTH LEAD PERCUSSIVE 17. Drawbar Organ 49. String Ensemble 81. Lead 1 (square) 113. Tinkle Bell 18. Percussive Organ 50. String Ensemble 82. Lead 2 (sawtooth) 114. Agogo 19. Rock Organ 51. SynthStrings 1 83. Lead 3 (calliope) 115. Steel Drums 20. Church Organ 52. SynthStrings 2 84. Lead 4 (chiff) 116. Woodblock 21. Reed Organ 53. Choir Aahs 85. Lead 5 (charang) 117. Taiko Drum 22. Accordian 54. Voice Oohs 86. Lead 6 (voice) 118. Melodic Tom 23. Harmonica 55. Synth Voice 87. Lead 7 (fifths) 119. Synth Drum 24. Tango Accordian 56. Orchestra Hit 88. Lead 8 (bass + lead) 120. Reverse Cymbal GUITAR BRASS SYNTH PAD SOUND EFFECTS 25. Acoustic Guitar (nylon) 57. Trumpet 89. Pad 1 (new age) 121. Guitar Fret Noise 26. Acoustic Guitar (steel) 58. Trombone 90. Pad 2 (warm) 122. Breath Noise http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim419/midi/HTMLs/GENMID~3.HTM#anchor%20intro Page 3 of 5 General MIDI 11/5/03 8:28 AM 27. Electric Guitar (jazz) 59. Tuba 91. Pad 3 (polysynth) 123. Seashore 28. Electric Guitar (clean) 60. Muted Trumpet 92. Pad 4 (choir) 124. Bird Tweet 29. Electric Guitar (muted) 61. French Horn 93. Pad 5 (bowed) 125. Telephone Ring 30. Overdriven Guitar 62. Brass Section 94. Pad 6 (metallic) 126. Helicopter 31. Distortion Guitar 63. SynthBrass 1 95. Pad 7 (halo) 127. Applause 32. Guitar Harmonics 64. SynthBrass 2 96. Pad 8 (sweep) 128. Gunshot GENERAL MIDI PERCUSSION SET 51. Ride Cymbal 1 35. Acoustic Bass Drum 52. Chinese Cymbal 67. High Agogo 36. Bass Drum 1 53. Ride Bell 68. Low Agogo 37. Side Stick 54. Tambourine 69. Cabasa 38. Acoustic Snare 55. Splash Cymbal 70. Maracas 39. Hand Clap 56. Cowbell 71. Short Whistle 40. Electric Snare 57. Crash Cymbal 2 72. Long Whistle 41. Low Floor Tom 58. Vibraslap 73. Short Guiro 42. Closed Hi-Hat 59. Ride Cymbal 2 74. Long Guiro 43. High Floor Tom 60. Hi Bongo 75. Claves 44. Pedal Hi-Hat 61. Low Bongo 76. Hi Wood Block 45. Low Tom 62. Mute Hi Conga 77. Low Wood Block 46. Open Hi-Hat 63. Open Hi Conga 78. Mute Cuica 47. Low-Mid Tom 64. Low Conga 79. Open Cuica 48. Hi Mid Tom 65. High Timbale 80. Mute Triangle 49. Crash Cymbal 1 66. Low Timbale 81. Open Triangle 50. High Tom Quicktime Files of some General MIDI samples MIDI AND THE COMPUTER Perhaps the most exciting field where GM has had an impact is with personal computers. The market for computer soundcards (a special electronic card that fits into an internal slot in a computer) has become enormous, primarily for video game sound enhancement. These cards provide sound capabilities far beyond what is built into most standard PCs. In order for game designers to take advantage of better sounds for http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim419/midi/HTMLs/GENMID~3.HTM#anchor%20intro Page 4 of 5 General MIDI 11/5/03 8:28 AM their scores, they must know exactly what card the game will use. The industry standard in the IBM world has been the SoundBlaster series form Creative Labs for many years. The original was a simple, 11 voice synthesizer with relatively crude sound quality and basic sample playback for sound effects. The newer SoundBlaster versions come with many more voices and much better sound quality. Virtually every video game for the IBM PC supports these cards for enhanced sound capabilities. With the introduction of GM, computer-game software companies recognized that the far superior sound quality and musical sophistication of these instruments were a much desired upgrade from the current crop of relatively simple sound cards. GM-compatible synthesizer cards that plug inside a PC are available from several companies. Many games offer the option of either SoundBlaster or General MIDI. Of course, while the music and sound effects for games using the SoundBlaster will work with only that one card, games using GM can use any GM synthesizer. Creative Labs released a GM add-on for the SoundBlaster called the WaveBlaster. While some multimedia systems rely only on digitally recorded sound from disk, MIDI sequences sent to a GM synthesizer module have become an attractive alternative for some software makers. Recording to hard disks takes up a huge amount of space, while even a very complex MIDI sequence takes up very little space and still sounds great. The use of GM-compatible MIDI sequences and the proper hardware can allow for hours instead of minutes of music on a small disk. MIDI can also be used to supplement audio recordings in a multimedia presentation. http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim419/midi/HTMLs/GENMID~3.HTM#anchor%20intro Page 5 of 5.
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