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Hypothermia and Respiratory Heat Loss While Scuba Diving
HYPOTHERMIA AND RESPIRATORY HEAT LOSS WHILE SCUBA DIVING Kateřina Kozáková Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Department of Biomedical Labo- ratory Abstract One of the factors affecting length of stay under water of a diver is heat comfort. During scuba diving there is an increased risk of hypothermia. Hypothermia is one of the most life threatening factors of a diver and significantly affects his performance. The body heat loss runs by different mechanisms. One of them is the respiratory mechanism, which is often overlooked. Compressed dry air or other media is coming out from the cylinder, which have to be heated and humidified to a suitable value. Thus the organism loses body heat and consequently energy. Based on literature search the article will describe safe dive time in terms of hypo- thermia in connection to respiratory heat loss. Key words: hypothermia, heat loss, respiration, scuba diving, water environment Souhrn Jedním z faktorů ovlivňujících délku pobytu potápěče pod vodou je tepelný komfort. Během výkonu přístro- jového potápění hrozí zvýšené riziko hypotermie. Hypotermie představuje jedno z nejzávažnějších ohrožení života potápěče a zásadně ovlivňuje jeho výkon. Ke ztrátám tělesného tepla dochází různými mechanismy. Jednou cestou tepelných ztrát je ztráta tepla dýcháním, která je často opomíjená. Z potápěčského přístroje vychází suchý stlačený vzduch nebo jiné médium, který je třeba při dýchání ohřát a zvlhčit na potřebnou hodnotu. Tím organismus ztrácí tělesné teplo a potažmo energii. Tento článek, na základě literární rešerše, popíše bezpečnou dobou ponoru z hlediska hypotermie a v souvislosti se ztrátou tepla dýcháním. Klíčová slova: hypotermie, ztráta tepla, dýchání, přístrojové potápění, vodní prostředí Introduction amount of body heat. -
Subchapter V—Marine Occupational Safety and Health Standards
SUBCHAPTER V—MARINE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS PART 197—GENERAL PROVISIONS 197.456 Breathing supply hoses. 197.458 Gages and timekeeping devices. 197.460 Diving equipment. Subpart A [Reserved] 197.462 Pressure vessels and pressure piping. Subpart B—Commercial Diving Operations RECORDS GENERAL 197.480 Logbooks. 197.482 Logbook entries. Sec. 197.484 Notice of casualty. 197.200 Purpose of subpart. 197.486 Written report of casualty. 197.202 Applicability. 197.488 Retention of records after casualty. 197.203 Right of appeal. 197.204 Definitions. Subpart C—Benzene 197.205 Availability of standards. 197.206 Substitutes for required equipment, 197.501 Applicability. materials, apparatus, arrangements, pro- 197.505 Definitions. cedures, or tests. 197.510 Incorporation by reference. 197.208 Designation of person-in-charge. 197.515 Permissible exposure limits (PELs). 197.210 Designation of diving supervisor. 197.520 Performance standard. 197.525 Responsibility of the person in EQUIPMENT charge. 197.300 Applicability. 197.530 Persons other than employees. 197.310 Air compressor system. 197.535 Regulated areas. 197.312 Breathing supply hoses. 197.540 Determination of personal exposure. 197.314 First aid and treatment equipment. 197.545 Program to reduce personal expo- 197.318 Gages and timekeeping devices. sure. 197.320 Diving ladder and stage. 197.550 Respiratory protection. 197.322 Surface-supplied helmets and masks. 197.555 Personal protective clothing and 197.324 Diver’s safety harness. equipment. 197.326 Oxygen safety. 197.560 Medical surveillance. 197.328 PVHO—General. 197.565 Notifying personnel of benzene haz- 197.330 PVHO—Closed bells. ards. 197.332 PVHO—Decompression chambers. -
Compressed Gas Cylinder Procedure for Scuba Diving
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine General University of Maine Publications University of Maine Publications 5-20-2019 Compressed Gas Cylinder Procedure for Scuba Diving University of Maine System Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/univ_publications Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Repository Citation University of Maine System, "Compressed Gas Cylinder Procedure for Scuba Diving" (2019). General University of Maine Publications. 837. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/univ_publications/837 This Other is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in General University of Maine Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Campus: The University of Maine System / Safety Management Page 1 of 15 Document: Compressed Gas Cylinder Procedure for Scuba Diving 0507425, 05/20/19 Compressed Gas Cylinder Procedure for Scuba Diving TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Purpose and Background ..................................................................................................................... 2 Regulatory Guidance .................................................................................................................... 2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Responsibilities ............................................................................................................................. -
Airgas Booklet
AIR-233-doc 11/7/03 9:45 AM Page 1 SafetySafety BookletBooklet You’ll find it with us. Airgas, Inc. 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 (610) 687-5253 FAX: (610) 687-1052 For the Safe Handling 800-255-2165 www.airgas.com and Transportation of Compressed Gases © 2003 Airgas, Inc. MCM-0XX 11/03 AIR-233-doc 11/7/03 9:45 AM Page 3 TThings you should know before handling or HHandling Compressed Gases transporting compressed gas cylinders. Compressed gases are capable of creating environ- Did you know that all compressed gases are labeled ments that are explosive, reactive, flammable, hazardous materials simply because they’re under oxidizing, oxygen deficient, extremely cold, corrosive pressure? Many gases are also considered hazardous or otherwise extremely hazardous to health, depend- materials because of the properties of the gas con- ing upon the product contained in the cylinder. tained in the cylinder. Since all compressed gases are classified as a hazardous material, specific training on Most compressed gas cylinders are very heavy, and federal and state regulations covering the safe han- remain so whether they are empty or full, as their dling and transportation of compressed gases should contents are in gaseous form and weigh very little. be provided to you by your manager or employer Cylinders containing product in liquid form are before you ever touch a compressed gas cylinder. You extremely heavy when full, but less so when empty. should also receive training by your manager or Acetylene cylinders are designed with a heavy filler employer concerning the nature and properties of any material in addition to the gas product itself. -
Summary of Gas Cylinder and Permeation Tube Standard Reference Materials Issued by the National Bureau of Standards
A111D3 TTbS?? o z C/J NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 260-108 o ^EAU U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Materials: Summary of Gas Cylinder and Permeation Tube Standard Reference Materials Issued by the National Bureau of Standards QC 100 U57 R. Mavrodineanu and T. E. Gills 260-108 1987 m he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal i s t0 strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research to assure international competitiveness and leadership of U.S. industry, science arid technology. NBS work involves development and transfer of measurements, standards and related science and technology, in support of continually improving U.S. productivity, product quality and reliability, innovation and underlying science and engineering. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering. The National Measurement Laboratory Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards 2 coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, • Analytical Chemistry industry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; provides calibration services; and manages the National Standard Reference Data System. -
Compressed Gas Cylinder Training
Compressed Gas Cylinder Training PFW ANNUAL TRAINING Overview of Training Description of compressed gas cylinders How compressed gas cylinders are used Potential hazards of compressed gas cylinders Best practices for storage, transport, and use Description of compressed gas cylinders Compressed gas cylinders are portable tanks used to store, transport, and dispense gases for use in a broad range of industrial, research, and medical applications. The purpose of a high pressure gas cylinder is to serve as a reliable source of a specific type of gas for a specialized function. A large volume of gas is compressed into a relatively small volume of the cylinder… the result is a versatile high pressure cylinder that can be easily delivered where ever its needed . These cylinders are designed to be easy to handle BUT can create potential health and safety hazards if not properly handled. Description of compressed gas cylinders Common Industrial High Pressure Cylinder ◦ Height 5 ft. ◦ Diameter 9 in. ◦ Wall Thickness ½ in. steel ◦ Weight 140 lbs. ◦ Internal Capacity 1.8 ◦ Design Pressure 2,400 3psi Description of compressed gas cylinders A main fill and shut off valve is secured into the single opening at the top of the cylinder. When the cylinder is put into use, a pressure regulator is attached to reduce and control the pressure of gas flowing from the cylinder. When the cylinder is not in use, the regulator is typically removed and a protective cap can be screwed over the main valve for safe storage. Some cylinders have a built in protective ring in place of the cap. -
Deep Sea Dive Ebook Free Download
DEEP SEA DIVE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Frank Lampard | 112 pages | 07 Apr 2016 | Hachette Children's Group | 9780349132136 | English | London, United Kingdom Deep Sea Dive PDF Book Zombie Worm. Marrus orthocanna. Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field. They can be found all over the world. Depth at which breathing compressed air exposes the diver to an oxygen partial pressure of 1. Retrieved 31 May Diving medicine. Arthur J. Retrieved 13 March Although commercial and military divers often operate at those depths, or even deeper, they are surface supplied. Minimal visibility is still possible far deeper. The temperature is rising in the ocean and we still don't know what kind of an impact that will have on the many species that exist in the ocean. Guiel Jr. His dive was aborted due to equipment failure. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Depth limit for a group of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers, breathing air. Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community. Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear. Michele Geraci [42]. Diving safety. Retrieved 19 September All of these considerations result in the amount of breathing gas required for deep diving being much greater than for shallow open water diving. King Crab. Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive. The bottom part which has the pilot sphere inside. List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment. -
Cylinder Valve Connections - Don’T Tamper with That Connection!
Diversified CPC International, Incorporated 24338 West Durkee Road | Channahon, IL 60410 | 815-424-2000 Cylinder Valve Connections - Don’t Tamper with That Connection! Some History Any gas cylinder that you purchase is equipped with a valve outlet connection. Over the course of the last century the cylinder outlet connection has been studied, developed, and standardized in order to maximize safety and prevent the interconnection of incompatible gases or of gases at incompatible pressure ratings. The hazards of valve outlet connections first became apparent during World War I, where many different connections were being used, and there was no standardization amongst gas manufacturers. In the United States and Canada committees were subsequently formed to study the problem, and a standardization plan was eventually developed and accepted in 1949 as National Standards in both countries. Types and Characteristics of Valve Outlet Connections In North America, standard valve outlet connections are manufactured according to the specifications defined by the Compressed Gas Association (CGA). The CGA provides detailed descriptions of the dimensions and design of each connection, which are based on the flammability, toxicity, state and corrosiveness of the gas, as well as its pressure rating. The connections are generally identified by a 3-digit number (i.e. CGA 555). There are numerous other standards organizations around the world, such as British Standards (BS), the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) in Germany, or Nederlandse Norm (NEN) in the Netherlands. Some Specialty Gas or Marine cylinders may occasionally be seen in North America, equipped with these valve outlet connections. Connections cover the wide range of gases and gas mixtures available today, including industrial gases, ultra-high integrity gases for the electronics sector, and breathing mixtures for the SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) industry. -
LP-Gas Basic Filling Procedures General Information
LP-Gas Basic Filling Procedures General Information Warning: Dispensing station to be operated only by a person who is certified according to Utah State Fire Prevention and Safety Law Title 53 Chapter 7 Part 3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Act. The State Fire Marshals Office is not to be considered a source of training in the dispensing of propane. The following information is given as a reference to the dispenser certification test only. Training shall be provided by the LP-Gas Supplier and/or Management. NFPA 58 requires that “persons who transfer liquid LP-Gas shall be trained in proper handling and operating procedures.” Standard Precautions All weeds, grass, brush, trash, and any other combustible materials shall be kept not less than 10 ft. from the propane tank or point of transfer. Smoking, open flames, metal cutting or welding, portable electrical tools, extension lights, or any other source of ignition shall not be permitted within 25 ft. of the point of transfer during operation. Dispensing employee must stay in attendance at the tank, cylinder, or vehicle during the entire filling procedure until equipment is turned off and all valves are closed plugged and or capped. Self dispensing by the general public is strictly prohibited. Propane is a liquid which boils at -44 Degrees Fahrenheit to produce vapor or gas. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required by OSHA when transferring liquid propane. Propane resistant gloves and eye protection shall be worn to prevent freezer burns from contact with liquid propane. Prior to filling ensure the valve is straight and undamaged. Look inside the valve opening for any obstructions such as dirt, sand, ice, insects, etc. -
Carbon Dioxide
Safetygram 18 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is nonflammable, colorless, and odorless in the gaseous and liquid states. Carbon dioxide is a minor but important constituent of the atmosphere, averaging about 0.036% or 360 ppm by volume. It is also a normal end-prod- uct of human and animal metabolism. Dry carbon dioxide is a relatively inert gas. In the event moisture is present in high concentrations, carbonic acid may be formed and materials resistant to this acid should be used. High flow rates or rapid depressurization of a system can cause temperatures approaching the sublimation point (–109.3°F [–78.5°C]) to be attained within the system. Carbon dioxide will convert directly from a liquid to a solid if the liquid is depressurized below 76 psia (61 psig). The use of ma- terials which become brittle at low temperatures should be avoided in applications where temperatures less than –20°F (–29°C) are expected. Vessels and piping used in carbon dioxide service should be designed to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) or Department of Transportation (DOT) codes for the pressures and temperatures involved. Physical properties are listed in Table 1. Carbon dioxide in the gaseous state is colorless and odorless and not easily detectable. Gaseous carbon dioxide is 1.5 times denser than air and therefore is found in greater concentrations at low levels. Ventilation systems should be designed to exhaust from the lowest levels and allow make-up air to enter at a higher level. Manufacture Carbon dioxide is produced as a crude by-product of a number of manufactur- ing processes. -
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 1000 INTRODUCTION 1010 INTRODUCTION 1010 A. Scope and Application of Methods The procedures described in these standards are intended for the examination of waters of a wide range of quality, including water suitable for domestic or industrial supplies, surface water, ground water, cooling or circulating water, boiler water, boiler feed water, treated and untreated municipal or industrial wastewater, and saline water. The unity of the fields of water supply, receiving water quality, and wastewater treatment and disposal is recognized by presenting methods of analysis for each constituent in a single section for all types of waters. An effort has been made to present methods that apply generally. Where alternative methods are necessary for samples of different composition, the basis for selecting the most appropriate method is presented as clearly as possible. However, samples with extreme concentrations or otherwise unusual compositions or characteristics may present difficulties that preclude the direct use of these methods. Hence, some modification of a procedure may be necessary in specific instances. Whenever a procedure is modified, the analyst should state plainly the nature of modification in the report of results. Certain procedures are intended for use with sludges and sediments. Here again, the effort has been to present methods of the widest possible application, but when chemical sludges or slurries or other samples of highly unusual composition are encountered, the methods of this manual may require modification or may be inappropriate. Most of the methods included here have been endorsed by regulatory agencies. Procedural modification without formal approval may be unacceptable to a regulatory body. -
Compressors & Nitrox Installations Compressors & Nitrox Installations
CompressorsCompressors & & NitroxNitrox Installations Installations Compressors Accessories and selection Nitrox Installations Kompressoren und Nitrox Anlagen Compressors & Nitrox Installations Scuba Publications – Daniela Goldstein Jan Oldenhuizing All rights of the author and its licensors reserved This publication and all its parts are protected under laws governing copyright. All use beyond the lim- its defined by these laws on copyright are, without written permission from the publisher, not author- ized and punishable. This applies especially - but is not limited to - copying, translation or storing and distributing via electronic systems. The use of trademarks, logos, commercial names and other does not give the right to assume, even if not specifically mentioned, that these are free of rights and can be used by anybody. www.scuba.ag Compressors & Nitrox Installations Table of Content Compressors........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Accessories and selection............................................................................................................................................................23 Nitrox Installations.........................................................................................................................................................................36 Index .....................................................................................................................................................................................................46