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Home , Diving supervisor, Gas cylinder

SUBCHAPTER V—MARINE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

PART 197—GENERAL PROVISIONS 197.456 supply hoses. 197.458 Gages and timekeeping devices. 197.460 . Subpart A [Reserved] 197.462 vessels and pressure piping.

Subpart B— Operations RECORDS

GENERAL 197.480 Logbooks. 197.482 Logbook entries. Sec. 197.484 Notice of casualty. 197.200 Purpose of subpart. 197.486 Written report of casualty. 197.202 Applicability. 197.488 Retention of records after casualty. 197.203 Right of appeal. 197.204 Definitions. Subpart C—Benzene 197.205 Availability of standards. 197.206 Substitutes for required equipment, 197.501 Applicability. materials, apparatus, arrangements, pro- 197.505 Definitions. cedures, or tests. 197.510 Incorporation by reference. 197.208 Designation of person-in-charge. 197.515 Permissible exposure limits (PELs). 197.210 Designation of . 197.520 Performance standard. 197.525 Responsibility of the person in EQUIPMENT charge. 197.300 Applicability. 197.530 Persons other than employees. 197.310 Air compressor system. 197.535 Regulated areas. 197.312 Breathing supply hoses. 197.540 Determination of personal exposure. 197.314 and treatment equipment. 197.545 Program to reduce personal expo- 197.318 Gages and timekeeping devices. sure. 197.320 Diving ladder and stage. 197.550 Respiratory protection. 197.322 Surface-supplied helmets and masks. 197.555 Personal protective clothing and 197.324 Diver’s safety harness. equipment. 197.326 safety. 197.560 Medical surveillance. 197.328 PVHO—General. 197.565 Notifying personnel of benzene haz- 197.330 PVHO—Closed bells. ards. 197.332 PVHO— chambers. 197.570 Recordkeeping. 197.334 Open diving bells. 197.575 Observation of . 197.336 Pressure piping. 197.580 Appendices. 197.338 Compressed cylinders. APPENDIX A TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—SAM- 197.340 supply. PLE SUBSTANCE , 197.342 -changing devices. BENZENE 197.344 Inflatable flotation devices. APPENDIX B TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—SUB- 197.346 Diver’s equipment. STANCE TECHNICAL GUIDELINES, BENZENE APPENDIX C TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—MED- OPERATIONS ICAL SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES FOR BEN- 197.400 Applicability. ZENE 197.402 Responsibilities of the person-in- APPENDIX D TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—SAM- charge. PLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR 197.404 Responsibilities of the diving super- BENZENE MONITORING—MEASUREMENT visor. PROCEDURES 197.410 Dive procedures. APPENDIX E TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—RES- 197.420 . PIRATOR FIT TESTS APPENDIX F TO SUBPART C OF PART 197—SAM- SPECIFIC DIVING MODE PROCEDURES PLE WORKER CERTIFICATION FORM 197.430 . APPENDIX A TO PART 197—AIR NO-DECOM- 197.432 Surface-supplied air diving. PRESSION LIMITS 197.434 Surface-supplied mixed gas diving. AUTHORITY: 33 U.S.C. 1509; 43 U.S.C. 1333; 46 197.436 Liveboating. U.S.C. 3306, 3703, 6101; Department of Home- land Security Delegation No. 0170.1. PERIODIC TESTS AND INSPECTIONS OF DIVING EQUIPMENT SOURCE: CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, unless otherwise noted. 197.450 Breathing gas tests. 197.452 Oxygen cleaning. 197.454 First aid and treatment equipment. Subpart A [Reserved] 383

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Subpart B—Commercial Diving § 197.203 Right of appeal. Operations Any person directly affected by a de- cision or action taken under this sub- GENERAL chapter, by or on behalf of the Coast Guard, may appeal therefrom in ac- § 197.200 Purpose of subpart. cordance with subpart 1.03 of this chap- This subpart prescribes rules for the ter. design, construction, and use of equip- [CGD 88–033, 54 FR 50382, Dec. 6, 1989] ment, and inspection, operation, and safety and health standards for com- § 197.204 Definitions. mercial diving operations taking place As used in this subpart: from vessels and facilities under Coast ACFM means actual cubic feet per Guard jurisdiction. minute. § 197.202 Applicability. ANSI Code1 means the B31.1 Amer- ican National Standards Institute (a) This subpart applies to commer- ‘‘Code for Pressure Piping, Power Pip- cial diving operations taking place at ing.’’ any deepwater port or the safety zone ASME Code means the American So- thereof as defined in 33 CFR part 150; ciety of Mechanical Engineers ‘‘Boiler from any artificial island, installation, and Code.’’ or other device on the Outer Conti- ASME PVHO–1 means the ANSI/ nental Shelf and the waters adjacent ASME standard ‘‘Safety Standard for thereto as defined in 33 CFR part 147 or Pressure Vessels for Human Occu- otherwise related to activities on the pancy.’’ Outer Continental Shelf; and from all ATA means a measure of pressure ex- vessels required to have a certificate of pressed in terms of atmosphere abso- inspection issued by the Coast Guard lute (includes barometric pressure). including mobile offshore drilling units Bell means a compartment either at regardless of their geographic location, (open bell) or pressur- or from any vessel connected with a ized (closed bell) that allows deepwater port or within the deepwater to be transported to and from the un- port safety zone, or from any vessel en- derwater work site, allows the diver ac- gaged in activities related to the Outer cess to the surrounding environment, Continental Shelf; except that this sub- and is capable of being used as a refuge part does not apply to any diving oper- during diving operations. ation— Bottom time means the total elapsed (1) Performed solely for marine sci- time measured in minutes from the entific research and development pur- time the diver leaves the surface in de- poses by educational institutions; scent to the time to the next whole (2) Performed solely for research and minute that the diver begins ascent. development for the advancement of Breathing gas/breathing mixture means diving equipment and technology; or the mixed-gas, oxygen, or air as appro- (3) Performed solely for search and priate supplied to the diver for breath- rescue or related public safety purposes ing. by or under the control of a govern- Bursting pressure means the pressure mental agency. at which a pressure containment device (b) Diving operations may deviate would fail structurally. from the requirements of this subpart Commercial diver means a diver en- to the extent necessary to prevent or gaged in for hire ex- minimize a situation which is likely to cluding sport and cause death, injury, or major environ- and the instruction thereof. mental damage. The circumstances Commercial diving operation means all leading to the situation, the deviations activities in support of a commercial made, and the corrective action taken, diver. if appropriate, to reduce the possibility Cylinder means a pressure vessel for of recurrence shall be recorded by the the storage of under pressure. diving supervisor in the logbook as re- Decompression chamber means a pres- quired by § 197.482(c). sure vessel for human occupancy such

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as a surface decompression chamber, Shelf subject to Coast Guard jurisdic- closed bell, or system espe- tion. cially equipped to recompress, decom- Fsw means feet of seawater (or equiv- press, and treat divers. alent static pressure head). means a condi- Gas embolism means a condition tion caused by the formation of gas or caused by expanding gases, which have gas bubbles in the blood or body tissue been taken into and retained in the as a result of pressure reduction. lungs while breathing under pressure, Decompression table means a profile or being forced into the bloodstream or set of profiles of ascent rates and other tissues during ascent or decom- breathing mixtures designed to reduce pression. the pressure on a diver safely to atmos- Heavy- diving outfit means pheric pressure after the diver has been diver-worn surface-supplied deep-sea exposed to a specific depth and bottom dress. time. Hyperbaric conditions means pressure Depth means the maximum pressure conditions in excess of surface atmos- expressed in feet of seawater attained pheric pressure. by a diver and is used to express the Injurious means an advanced depth of a dive. state of corrosion which may impair Dive location means that portion of a the structural integrity or safe oper- vessel or facility from which a diving ation of the equipment. operation is conducted. Liveboating means the support of a surfaced-supplied diver from a vessel Dive team means the divers and diver underway. support personnel involved in a diving means the operation, including the diving super- Maximum working pressure maximum pressure to which a pressure visor. containment device can be exposed Diver means a person working be- under operating conditions (usually the neath the surface, exposed to pressure setting of the pressure relief hyperbaric conditions, and using un- device). derwater breathing apparatus. No-decompression limits means the air Diver-carried reserve breathing gas depth and bottom time limits of appen- means a supply of air or mixed-gas, as dix A. appropriate, carried by the diver in ad- Pressure vessel means a ca- dition to the primary or secondary pable of withstanding an internal max- breathing gas supplied to the diver. imum working pressure over 15 psig. Diving installation means all of the Psi(g) means pounds per square inch equipment used in support of a com- (gage). mercial diving operation. PVHO means pressure vessel for Diving mode means a type of diving human occupancy but does not include requiring SCUBA, surface-supplied air, pressure vessels for human occupancy or surface-supplied mixed-gas equip- that may be subjected to external pres- ment, with related procedures and sures in excess of 15 psig but can only techniques. be subjected to maximum internal Diving stage means a suspended plat- of 15 psig or less (i.e., form constructed to carry one or more submersibles, or one atmosphere obser- divers and used for putting divers into vation bells). the water and bringing them to the means saturating a surface when in-water decompression diver’s tissues with the inert gas in the or a heavy-weight diving outfit is used. breathing mixture to allow an exten- Diving supervisor means the person sion of bottom time without additional having complete responsibility for the decompression. safety of a commercial diving oper- SCUBA diving means a diving mode in ation including the responsibility for which the diver is supplied with a com- the safety and health of all diving per- pressed breathing mixture from diver sonnel in accordance with this subpart. carried equipment. Facility means a deepwater port, or Standby diver means a diver at the an artificial island, installation, or dive location available to assist a diver other device on the Outer Continental in the water.

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Surface-supplied air diving means a 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY diving mode in which the diver is sup- 10017. plied from the dive location or bell [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as with compressed breathing air includ- amended by CGD 96–041, 61 FR 50735, Sept. 27, ing oxygen or oxygen enriched air if 1996] supplied for treatment. Surface-supplied mixed-gas diving § 197.206 Substitutes for required means a diving mode in which the diver equipment, materials, apparatus, is supplied from the dive location or arrangements, procedures, or tests. bell with a compressed breathing mix- (a) The Coast Guard may accept sub- ture other than air. stitutes for equipment, materials, ap- Timekeeping device means a device for paratus, arrangements, procedures, or measuring the time of a dive in min- tests required in this subpart if the utes. substitute provides an equivalent level Treatment table means a depth, time, of safety. and breathing gas profile designed to (b) In any where it is shown to treat a diver for decompression sick- the satisfaction of the Commandant ness. that the use of any particular equip- Umbilical means the hose bundle be- ment, material, apparatus, arrange- tween a dive location and a diver or ment, procedure, or test is unreason- bell, or between a diver and a bell, that able or impracticable, the Com- supplies the diver or bell with a life- mandant may permit the use of alter- line, breathing gas, communications, nate equipment, material, apparatus, power, and heat as appropriate to the arrangement, procedure, or test to diving mode or conditions. such an extent and upon such condition Vessel means any waterborne craft in- as will insure, to his satisfaction, a de- cluding mobile offshore drilling units gree of safety consistent with the min- required to have a Certificate of In- imum standards set forth in this sub- spection issued by the Coast Guard or part. any waterborne craft connected with a deepwater port or within the deepwater § 197.208 Designation of person-in- port safety zone, or any waterborne charge. craft engaged in activities related to (a) The owner or agent of a vessel or the Outer Continental Shelf. facility without a designated master Volume tank means a pressure vessel shall designate, in writing, an indi- connected to the outlet of a compressor vidual to be the person-in-charge of the and used as an air reservoir. vessel or facility. Working pressure means the pressure (b) Where a master is designated, the to which a pressure containment device master is the person-in-charge. is exposed at any particular instant during normal operating conditions. § 197.210 Designation of diving super- visor. § 197.205 Availability of standards. The name of the diving supervisor for (a) Several standards have been in- each commercial diving operation shall corporated by reference in this sub- be— chapter. The incorporation by ref- (a) Designated in writing; and erence has been approved by the Direc- (b) Given to the person-in-charge tor of the Federal Register under the prior to the commencement of any provisions of 1 CFR part 51. commercial diving operation. (b) The standards are available from the appropriate organizations whose EQUIPMENT addresses are listed below: (1) American National Standards In- § 197.300 Applicability. stitute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, (a) Each diving installation used on NY 10036. each vessel or facility subject to this (2) American Society of Mechanical subpart must meet the requirements of Engineers, United Engineering Center, this subpart.

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(b) In addition to the requirements of (i) Are made of corrosion-resistant this subpart, equipment which is per- material; manently installed on vessels and is (ii) Are resistant to accidental dis- part of the diving installation must engagement; and meet Subchapters F and J of this chap- (iii) Have a maximum working pres- ter. sure that is at least equal to the max- (c) All repairs and modifications to imum working pressure of the hose to pressure vessels used for commercial which they are attached; and diving operations must be made in ac- (4) Resist kinking by— cordance with the requirements of sec- (i) Being made of kink-resistant ma- tion VIII, division 1 or division 2 of the terials; or ASME Code, ASME PVHO–1, part 54 of (ii) Having exterior support. this chapter, or 49 CFR 173.34, as appli- (b) Each umbilical must— cable. (1) Meet the requirements of para- (d) All repairs and modifications to graph (a) of this section; and pressure piping used for commercial (2) Be marked from the diver or open diving operations must be made in ac- bell end in 10-foot intervals to 100 feet cordance with the requirements of the and in 50-foot intervals thereafter. ANSI Code or part 56 of this chapter, as applicable. § 197.314 First aid and treatment equipment. § 197.310 Air compressor system. (a) Each dive location must have— A compressor used to supply breath- (1) A medical kit approved by a phy- ing air to a diver must have— sician that consists of— (a) A volume tank that is— (i) Basic first aid supplies; and (1) Built and stamped in accordance (ii) Any additional supplies necessary with section VIII, division 1 of the to treat minor trauma and illnesses re- ASME Code with— sulting from hyperbaric exposure; (i) A check on the inlet side; (2) A copy of an American Red Cross (ii) A pressure gage; Standard First Aid handbook; (iii) A relief valve; and (3) A -type manual resuscitator (iv) A drain valve; and with transparent mask and tubing; and (2) Tested after every repair, modi- (4) A capability to remove an injured fication, or alteration to the pressure diver from the water. boundaries as required by § 197.462; (b) Each diving installation must (b) Intakes that are located away have a two-way communications sys- from areas containing exhaust fumes of tem to obtain emergency assistance ex- internal combustion engines or other cept when the vessel or facility ship-to- hazardous contaminants; shore, two-way communications sys- (c) An efficient filtration system; and tem is readily available. (d) Slow-opening shut-off when (c) Each dive location supporting the maximum allowable working pres- mixed-gas dives, dives deeper than 130 sure of the system exceeds 500 psig. fsw, or dives outside the no-decompres- sion limits must meet the require- § 197.312 Breathing supply hoses. ments of paragraph (a) of this section (a) Each breathing supply hose and have— must— (1) A decompression chamber; (1) Have a maximum working pres- (2) Decompression and treatment ta- sure that is equal to or exceeds— bles; (i) The maximum working pressure of (3) A supply of breathing gases suffi- the section of the breathing supply sys- cient to treat for decompression sick- tem in which used; and ness; (ii) The pressure equivalent of the (4) The medical kit required by para- maximum depth of the dive relative to graph (a)(1) of this section that is— the supply source plus 100 psig; (i) Capable of being carried into the (2) Have a bursting pressure of four decompression chamber; and times its maximum working pressure; (ii) Suitable for use under hyperbaric (3) Have connectors that— conditions; and

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(5) A capability to assist an injured (1) Ventilate at least 4.5 ACFM at diver into the decompression chamber. any depth at which it is operated; or (2) Be able to maintain the diver’s in- § 197.318 Gages and timekeeping de- spired carbon dioxide vices. below 0.02 ATA when the diver is pro- (a) A gage indicating diver depth ducing carbon dioxide at the rate of 1.6 must be at each dive location for sur- standard liters per minute. face-supplied dives. (b) A timekeeping device must be at § 197.324 Diver’s safety harness. each dive location. Each safety harness used in surface- § 197.320 Diving ladder and stage. supplied diving must have— (a) A positive buckling device; and (a) Each diving ladder must— (b) An attachment point for the um- (1) Be capable of supporting the bilical life line that— weight of at least two divers; (1) Distributes the pulling of (2) Extend 3 feet below the water sur- the umbilical over the diver’s body; face; and (3) Be firmly in place; (4) Be available at the dive location (2) Prevents strain on the mask or for a diver to enter or exit the water helmet. unless a diving stage or bell is pro- § 197.326 Oxygen safety. vided; and (5) Be—(i) Made of corrosion-resist- (a) Equipment used with oxygen or ant material; or oxygen mixtures greater than 40 per- (ii) Protected against and maintained cent by volume must be designed for free from injurious corrosion. such use. (b) Each diving stage must— (b) Oxygen systems with pressures (1) Be capable of supporting the greater than 125 psig must have slow- weight of at least two divers; opening shut-off valves except pressure (2) Have an open-grating platform; boundary shut-off valves may be ball (3) Be available for a diver to enter or valves. exit the water from the dive location and for in-water decompression if the § 197.328 PVHO—General. diver is— (a) Each PVHO, contracted for or (i) Wearing a heavy-weight diving purchased after February 1, 1979, must outfit; or be built and stamped in accordance (ii) Diving outside the no-decompres- with ASME PVHO–1. sion limits, except when a bell is pro- (b) Each PVHO, contracted for or vided; and constructed before February 1, 1979, (4) Be—(i) Made of corrosion-resist- and not Coast Guard approved, must be ant material; or submitted to the Coast Guard for ap- (ii) Protected against and maintained proval prior to February 1, 1984. free from injurious corrosion. (c) To be approved under paragraph § 197.322 Surface-supplied helmets and (b), a PVHO must be— masks. (1) Constructed in accordance with (a) Each surface-supplied helmet or part 54 of this chapter; or— mask must have— (2) Be built in accordance with sec- (1) A nonreturn valve at the attach- tion VIII, division 1 or division 2 of the ment point between helmet or mask ASME Code; and— and umbilical that closes readily and (i) Have the plans approved in accord- positively; ance with § 54.01–18 of this chapter; (2) An exhaust valve; and (ii) Pass the radiographic and other (3) A two-way voice communication survey tests of welded joints required system between the diver and the dive by section VIII, division 1 or division 2, location or bell. as appropriate, of the ASME Code; and (b) Each surface-supplied air helmet (iii) Pass—(A) The or mask must— described in § 54.10–10 of this chapter; or

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(B) The pneumatic test described in (13) Have a means of extinguishing a § 54.10–15 of this chapter and such addi- fire in the interior; tional tests as the Officer-in-Charge, (14) Have a means of maintaining the Marine Inspection (OCMI) may require. oxygen content of the interior atmos- (d) Each PVHO must— phere below 25 percent surface equiva- (1) Have a shut-off valve located lent by volume when pressurized with within 1 foot of the pressure boundary air as the breathing mixture; on all piping penetrating the pressure (15) Have a means of maintaining the boundary; interior atmosphere below 2 percent (2) Have a check valve located within surface equivalent carbon dioxide by 1 foot of the pressure boundary on all volume; piping exclusively carrying fluids into (16) Have a means of overriding and the PVHO; controlling from the exterior all inte- (3) Have the pressure relief device re- rior breathing and pressure supply con- quired by ASME PVHO–1; trols; (4) Have a built-in breathing system (17) Have a speech unscrambler when with at least one mask per occupant used with mixed-gas; stored inside each separately pressur- (18) Have interior electrical systems ized compartment; that are designed for the environment (5) Have a two-way voice communica- in which they will operate to minimize tions system allowing communications the risk of fire, electrical shock to per- between an occupant in one pressurized sonnel, and galvanic action of the compartment of the PVHO and— PVHO; and (i) The diving supervisor at the dive (19) Be tested after every repair, location; modification, or alteration to the pres- (ii) Any divers being supported from sure boundaries as required by § 197.462. the same PVHO; and (iii) Occupants of other separately § 197.330 PVHO—Closed bells. pressurized compartments of the same (a) Except as provided in paragraph PVHO; (b) of this section, each closed bell (6) If designed to mechanically couple must meet the requirements of § 197.328 to another PVHO, have a two-way com- and— munications system allowing commu- (1) Have underwater breathing appa- nications between occupants of each ratus for each occupant stored inside PVHO when mechanically coupled; each separately pressurized compart- (7) Have a pressure gage in the inte- ment; rior of each compartment that is— (2) Have an umbilical; (i) Designed for human occupancy; (3) Have lifting equipment attached and to the closed bell capable of returning (ii) Capable of having the compart- the occupied closed bell when fully ment pressure controlled from inside flooded to the dive location; the PVHO; (4) Be capable of recompressing on (8) Have viewports that allow obser- the surface to the maximum design vation of occupants from the outside; diving depth; (9) Have viewports that meet the re- (5) Be constructed and equipped as re- quirements of ASME PVHO–1 except quired by § 197.332; those PVHO’s approved under para- (6) Have an emergency locating de- graph (b) of this section which have vice designed to assist personnel on the nonacrylic viewports; surface in acquiring and maintaining (10) Have means of illumination suffi- contact with the submerged PVHO if cient to allow an occupant to— the umbilical to the surface is severed; (i) Read gages; and (7) Have a capability to remove an in- (ii) Operate the installed systems jured diver from the water; and within each compartment; (8) Have a life support capability for (11) Be designed and equipped to min- the intact closed bell and its occupants imize sources of combustible materials for— and ignition; (i) Twelve hours after an accident (12) Have a protective device on the severing the umbilical to the surface inlet side of PVHO exhaust lines; when the umbilical to the surface is

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the only installed means of retrieving (1) 6 ATA, when used for diving to 300 the closed bell; or fsw; or (ii) A period of time, at least equal to (2) The maximum depth of the dive, 1 hour plus twice the time required to when used for diving operations deeper retrieve the bell from its designed op- than 300 fsw, unless a closed bell meet- erating depth and attach an auxiliary ing the requirements of § 197.330(a) (3), lifesupport system, after an accident (4), and (5) is used; severing the umbilical to the surface (i) Have a minimum pressurization when the umbilical is one of the two rate of 2 ATA per minute to 60 fsw and independent installed means of retriev- at least 1 ATA per minute thereafter; ing the closed bell, each meeting the (j) Have a decompression rate of 1 requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this ATA per minute to 33 fsw; section. (k) Have an external pressure gage (b) A closed bell that does not meet for each pressurized compartment; the requirements of paragraphs (a)(3), (l) Have a capability to supply (a)(4), and (a)(5) of this section, must be breathing mixtures at the maximum capable of attachment to another rate required by each occupant doing PVHO that— heavy work; and (1) Allows the transfer of personnel (m) Have a sound-powered headset or and diver’s equipment under pressure telephone as a backup to the commu- from the closed bell to the PVHO; nications system required by § 197.328(c) (2) Meets the requirements of para- (5) and (6), except when that commu- graph (a)(3) of this section; nications system is a sound-powered system. (3) Is capable of attachment to a de- compression chamber meeting the re- § 197.334 Open diving bells. quirements of paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section; and Each open must— (a) Have an upper section that pro- (4) Allows the transfer of personnel vides an capable of maintain- and diver’s equipment under pressure ing a bubble of breathing mixture from the PVHO to the decompression available to a diver standing on the chamber. lower section of the platform with his § 197.332 PVHO—Decompression body through the open bottom and his chambers. head in the bubble; (b) Have lifting equipment capable of Each decompression chamber must— returning the occupied open bell to the (a) Meet the requirements of § 197.328; dive location; (b) Have internal dimensions suffi- (c) Have an umbilical; and cient to accommodate a diver lying in (d) Be—(1) Made of corrosion-resist- a horizontal position and another per- ing material; or son tending the diver; (2) Protected against and maintained (c) Have a capability for ingress and free from injurious corrosion. egress of personnel and equipment while the occupants are under pressure; § 197.336 Pressure piping. (d) Have a means of operating all in- Piping systems that are not an inte- stalled man-way locking devices, ex- gral part of the vessel or facility, car- cept disabled shipping dogs, from both rying fluids under pressures exceeding sides of a closed hatch; 15 psig must— (e) Have interior illumination suffi- (a) Meet the ANSI Code; cient to allow visual observation, diag- (b) Have the point of connection to nosis, and medical treatment of an oc- the integral piping system of the vessel cupant. or facility clearly marked; and (f) Have one bunk for each two occu- (c) Be tested after every repair, modi- pants; fication, or alteration to the pressure (g) Have a capability that allows boundaries as set forth in § 197.462. bunks to be seen over their entire lengths from the exterior; § 197.338 Compressed gas cylinders. (h) Have a minimum pressure capa- Each compressed must— bility of— (a) Be stored in a ventilated area;

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(b) Be protected from excessive heat; the dive location or planned pick-up (c) Be prevented from falling; point. (d) Be tested after any repair, modi- (e) A diver-carried reserve breathing fication, or alteration to the pressure gas supply for SCUBA diving must be boundaries as set forth in § 197.462; and sufficient to allow the diver to return (e) Meet the requirements of— to the dive location or planned pick-up (1) Part 54 of this chapter; or point from the greatest depth of the (2) 49 CFR 173.34 and 49 CFR part 178, planned dive. subpart C. (f) Oxygen used for breathing mix- tures must— § 197.340 Breathing gas supply. (1) Meet the requirements of Federal (a) A primary breathing gas supply Specification BB-0–925a; and for surface-supplied diving must be suf- (2) Be type 1 (gaseous) grade A or B. ficient to support the following for the (g) Nitrogen used for breathing mix- duration of the planned dive: tures must— (1) The diver. (1) Meet the requirements of Federal (2) The standby diver. Specification BB-N–411c; (3) The decompression chamber, when (2) Be type 1 (gaseous); required by § 197.432(e)(2) or by (3) Be class 1 (oil free); and § 197.434(a) for the duration of the dive (4) Be grade A, B, or C. and for one hour after completion of (h) Helium used for breathing mix- the planned dive. tures must be grades A, B, or C pro- (4) A decompression chamber when duced by the Federal Government, or provided but not required by this sub- equivalent. part. (i) Compressed air used for breathing (5) A closed bell when provided or re- mixtures must— quired by § 197.434(d). (1) Be 20 to 22 percent oxygen by vol- (6) An open bell when provided or re- ume; quired by § 197.432(e)(4) or by § 197.434(c). (2) Have no objectionable odor; and (b) A secondary breathing gas supply (3) Have no more than— for surface-supplied diving must be suf- (i) 1,000 parts per million of carbon ficient to support the following: dioxide; (1) The diver while returning to the (ii) 20 parts per million carbon mon- surface. oxide; (2) The diver during decompression. (iii) 5 milligrams per cubic meter of (3) The standby diver. solid and liquid particulates including (4) The decompression chamber when oil; and required by § 197.432(e)(2) or by (iv) 25 parts per million of hydro- § 197.434(a) for the duration of the dive carbons (includes and all and one hour after the completion of other hydrocarbons expressed as meth- the planned dive. ane). (5) The closed bell while returning the diver to the surface. § 197.342 Buoyancy-changing devices. (6) The open bell while returning the (a) A or other buoyancy- diver to the surface. changing device not directly connected (c) A diver-carried reserve breathing to the exhaust valve of the helmet or gas supply for surface-supplied must have an independent ex- must be sufficient to allow the diver haust valve. to— (b) When used for SCUBA diving, a (1) Reach the surface. buoyancy-changing device must have (2) Reach another source of breathing an inflation source separate from the gas; or breathing gas supply. (3) Be reached by a standby diver equipped with another source of § 197.344 Inflatable floatation devices. breathing gas for the diver. An inflatable floatation device for (d) A primary breathing gas supply SCUBA diving must— for SCUBA diving must be sufficient to (a) Be capable of maintaining the support the diver for the duration of diver at the surface in a faceup posi- the planned dive through his return to tion;

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(b) Have a manually activated infla- (4) A diving dress group consisting of tion device; wet or dry diving dress, gloves, shoes (c) Have an oral inflation device; or fins, and knife; and (d) Have an over-pressure relief de- (5) A hose group consisting of the vice; and breathing gas hose and fittings, the (e) Have a manually operated exhaust control valve, the lifeline, communica- valve. tions cable, and a pneumofathometer (if the breaking strength of the com- § 197.346 Diver’s equipment. munications cable is at least equal to (a) Each diver using SCUBA must that required for the lifeline, the com- have— munications cable can serve as the life- (1) Self-contained underwater breath- line). ing equipment including— (e) Each surface-supplied air dive op- (i) A primary breathing gas supply eration within the no-decompression with a cylinder pressure gage readable limits and to depths of 130 fsw or less by the diver during the dive; and must have a primary breathing gas (ii) A diver-carried reserve breathing supply at the dive location. gas supply provided by— (f) Each surface-supplied dive oper- (A) A manual reserve (J valve); or ation outside the no-compression lim- (B) An independent reserve cylinder its, deeper than 130 fsw, or using connected and ready for use; mixed-gas as a breathing mixture must (2) A face mask; have at the dive location— (3) An inflatable floatation device; (1) A primary breathing gas supply; (4) A weight belt capable of quick re- and lease; (2) A secondary breathing gas supply. (5) A knife; (g) Each diver diving outside the no- (6) Swim fins or shoes; decompression limits, deeper than 130 (7) A diving wristwatch; and fsw, or using mixed-gas must have a (8) A depth gage. diver-carried reserve breathing gas (b) Each diver using a heavyweight supply except when using a heavy- diving outfit must— weight diving outfit or when diving in (1) Have a helmet group consisting of a physically confining area. helmet, breastplate, and associated valves and connections; OPERATIONS (2) Have a diving dress group con- sisting of a basic dress that encloses § 197.400 Applicability. the body (except for head and hands) in Diving operations may only be con- a tough, waterproof cover, gloves, ducted from a vessel or facility subject shoes, weight assembly, and knife; to the subpart if the regulations in this (3) Have a hose group consisting of subpart are met. the breathing gas hose and fittings, the control valve, the lifeline, communica- § 197.402 Responsibilities of the per- tions cable, and a pneumofathometer; son-in-charge. and (4) Be provided with a helmet cushion (a) The person-in-charge shall— and weighted shoes. (1) Be fully cognizant of the provi- (c) Each surface-supplied dive oper- sions of this subpart; ation using a heavyweight diving outfit (2) Prior to permitting any commer- must have an extra breathing gas hose cial diving operation to commence, with attaching tools available to the have— standby diver. (i) The designation of the diving su- (d) Each diver using a lightweight pervisor for each diving operation as diving outfit must have— required by § 197.210; (1) A safety harness; (ii) A report on— (2) A weight assembly capable of (A) The nature and planned times of quick release; the planned diving operation; and (3) A mask group consisting of a (B) The planned involvement of the lightweight mask and associated valves vessel or facility, its equipment, and and connections; its personnel in the diving operation.

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(b) Prior to permitting any commer- (1) Before commencing diving oper- cial diving operation involving ations, dive team members are briefed liveboating to commence, the person- on— in-charge shall insure that— (i) The tasks to be undertaken; (1) A means of rapid communications (ii) Any unusual or environ- with the diving supervisor while the mental conditions likely to affect the diver is entering, in, or leaving the safety of the diving operation; and water is established; and (iii) Any modifications to the oper- (2) A boat and crew for diver pickup ations manual or procedures including in the event of an emergency is pro- safety procedures necessitated by the vided. specific diving operation; (c) The person-in-charge shall insure (2) The breathing gas supply systems, that a boat and crew for SCUBA diver masks, helmets, thermal protection, pickup is provided when SCUBA divers when provided, and bell lifting equip- are not line-tended from the dive loca- ment, when a bell is provided or re- tion. quired, are inspected prior to each div- (d) The person-in-charge shall coordi- ing operation; nate the activities on and of the vessel (3) Each diver is instructed to report or facility with the diving supervisor. any physical problems or physiological (e) The person-in-charge shall insure effects including aches, pains, that the vessel or facility equipment illnesses, or symptoms of decompres- and personnel are kept clear of the dive sion sickness prior to each dive; location except after coordinating with (4) A depth, bottom time profile, in- the diving supervisor. cluding any breathing mixture [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as changes, is maintained at the dive lo- amended by USCG–2014–0688, 79 FR 58289, cation for each diver during the dive, Sept. 29, 2014] except that SCUBA divers shall main- tain their own profiles; § 197.404 Responsibilities of the diving (5) A two-way voice communication supervisor. system is used between— (a) The diving supervisor shall— (i) Each surface-supplied diver and a (1) Be fully cognizant of the provi- dive team member at the dive location sions of this subpart; or bell (when provided); and (2) Be fully cognizant of the provi- (ii) The bell (when provided) and the sions of the operations manual re- dive location; quired by § 197.420; (6) A two-way communication system (3) Insure that diving operations con- is available at the dive location to ob- ducted from a vessel or facility subject tain emergency assistance; to this subpart meet the regulations in (7) After the completion of each this subpart; dive— (4) Prior to the commencement of (i) The physical condition of the any commercial diving operation, pro- diver is checked by— vide the report required by § 197.402 to (A) Visual observation; and the person-in-charge; (B) Questioning the diver about his (5) Coordinate with the person-in- physical well-being; charge any changes that are made to (ii) The diver is instructed to report the report required by § 197.402; and any physical problems or adverse phys- (6) Promptly notify the person-in- iological effects including aches, pains, charge of any diving related casualty, current illnesses, or symptoms of de- accident, or injury. compression sickness or gas embolism; (b) The diving supervisor is in charge (iii) The diver is advised of the loca- of the planning and execution of the tion of an operational decompression diving operation including the respon- chamber; and sibility for the safety and health of the (iv) The diver is alerted to the poten- dive team. tial hazards of flying after diving; (8) For any dive outside the no-de- § 197.410 Dive procedures. compression limits, deeper than 130 (a) The diving supervisor shall insure fsw, or using mixed-gas as a breathing that— mixture—

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(i) A depth, time, decompression pro- § 197.420 Operations manual. file including breathing mixture (a) The diving supervisor shall— changes is maintained for each diver at (1) Provide an operations manual to the dive location; the person-in-charge prior to com- (ii) The diver is instructed to remain mencement of any diving operation; awake and in the vicinity of the dive and location decompression chamber for at (2) Make an operations manual avail- least one hour after the completion of able at the dive location to all mem- a dive, decompression, or treatment; bers of the dive team. and (b) The operations manual must be (iii) A dive team member, other than modified in writing when adaptation is the diver, is trained and available to required because of— operate the decompression chamber; (1) The configuration or operation of and the vessel or facility; or (9) When decompression sickness or (2) The specific diving operation as gas embolism is suspected or symptoms planned. are evident, a report is completed con- (c) The operations manual must pro- taining— vide for the safety and health of the (i) The investigation for each inci- divers. dent including— (d) The operations manual must con- (A) The dive and decompression pro- tain the following: files; (1) Safety procedures and (B) The composition, depth, and time for each diving mode used. of breathing mixture changes; (2) Assignments and responsibilities (C) A description of the symptoms in- of each dive team member for each div- cluding depth and time of onset; and ing mode used. (D) A description and results of the (3) Equipment procedures and check- treatment; lists for each diving mode used. (ii) The evaluation for each incident (4) Emergency procedures for— based on— (i) Fire; (A) The investigation; (ii) Equipment failure; (B) Consideration of the past per- (iii) Adverse environmental condi- formance of the decompression table tions including, but not limited to, used; and weather and sea state; (C) Individual susceptibility; and (iv) Medical illness; and (iii) The corrective action taken, if (v) Treatment of injury. necessary, to reduce the probability of (5) Procedures dealing with the use recurrence. of— (b) The diving supervisor shall ensure (i) Hand-held power tools; that the working interval of a dive is (ii) Welding and burning equipment; terminated when he so directs or and when— (iii) . (1) A diver requests termination; (2) A diver fails to respond correctly SPECIFIC DIVING MODE PROCEDURES to communications or signals from a dive team member; § 197.430 SCUBA diving. (3) Communications are lost and can- The diving supervisor shall insure not be quickly reestablished between— that— (i) The diver and a dive team member (a) SCUBA diving is not conducted— at the dive location; or (1) Outside the no-decompression lim- (ii) The person-in-charge and the div- its; ing supervisor during liveboating oper- (2) At depths greater than 130 fsw; ations; or (3) Against currents greater than one (4) A diver begins to use his diver- (1) knot unless line-tended; and carried reserve breathing gas supply. (4) If a diver cannot directly ascend [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as to the surface unless line-tended; amended by USCG–2014–0688, 79 FR 58289, (b) The SCUBA diver has the equip- Sept. 29, 2014] ment required by § 197.346(a);

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(c) A standby diver is available while § 197.434 Surface-supplied mixed-gas a diver is in the water; diving. (d) A diver is line-tended from the The diving supervisor shall insure surface or accompanied by another that— diver in the water in continuous visual (a) When mixed-gas diving is con- contact during the diving operation; ducted, a decompression chamber or a (e) When a diver is in a physically closed bell meeting the requirements of confining space, another diver is sta- § 197.332 is ready for use at the dive lo- tioned at the underwater point of entry cation; and is line-tending the diver; and (b) A diving stage is used except (f) A boat is available for diver pick- when a bell is provided; up when the divers are not line-tended (c) A bell is used for dives deeper from the dive location. than 220 fsw or when the dive involves in-water decompression times greater § 197.432 Surface-supplied air diving. than 120 minutes, except when the diver is using a heavy-weight diving The diving supervisor shall insure outfit or is diving in a physically con- that— fining space; (a) Surface-supplied air diving is con- (d) A closed bell is used for dives at ducted at depths less than 190 fsw, ex- depths greater than 300 fsw, except cept that dives with bottom times of 30 when diving is conducted in a phys- minutes or less may be conducted to ically confining space; depths of 220 fsw; (e) A separate dive team member (b) Each diving operation has a pri- tends each diver in the water; mary breathing gas supply; (f) A standby diver is available dur- (c) Each diver is continuously tended ing all nonsaturation dives; while in the water; (g) When saturation diving is con- (d) When a diver is in a physically ducted— confining space, another diver is sta- (1) A standby diver is available when tioned at the underwater point of entry the closed bell leaves the dive location and is line-tending the diver; until the divers are in saturation; and (e) For dives deeper than 130 fsw or (2) A member of the dive team at the outside the no-decompression limits— dive location is a diver able to assist in (1) Each diving operation has a sec- the recovery of the closed bell or its oc- ondary breathing gas supply; cupants, if required; (2) A decompression chamber is ready (h) When closed bell operations are conducted, a diver is available in the for use at the dive location; closed bell to assist a diver in the (3) A diving stage is used except when water; a bell is provided; (i) When a diver is in a physically (4) A bell is used for dives with an in- confining space, another diver is sta- water decompression time greater than tioned at the underwater point of entry 120 minutes, except when the diver is and is line-tending the diver; using a heavy-weight diving outfit or is (j) Each diving operation has a pri- diving in a physically confining space; mary and secondary breathing gas sup- (5) A separate dive team member ply meeting the requirements of tends each diver in the water; § 197.340; and (6) A standby diver is available while (k) The surface-supplied mixed-gas a diver is in the water; and diver has the equipment required by (7) Each diver has a diver-carried re- § 197.346 (b) or (d). serve breathing gas supply except when using a heavy-weight diving outfit or § 197.436 Liveboating. when diving in a physically confining (a) During liveboating operations, space; and the person-in-charge shall insure (f) The surface-supplied air diver has that— the equipment required by § 197.346 (b) (1) Diving is not conducted in seas or (d). that impede station-keeping ability of the vessel;

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(2) Liveboating operations are not (2) Noxious or offensive odor and oxy- conducted— gen percentage; (i) From 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour (c) Each breathing supply system is before sunrise; or checked, prior to commencement of (ii) During periods of restricted visi- diving operations, at the umbilical or bility; underwater breathing apparatus con- (3) The propellers of the vessel are nection point for the diver, for noxious stopped before the diver enters or exits or offensive odor and presence of oil the water; and mist; and (4) A boat is ready to be launched (d) Each breathing supply system, with crew in the event of an emer- supplying mixed-gas to a diver, is gency. checked, prior to commencement of (b) As used in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of diving operations, at the umbilical or this section, restricted visibility means underwater breathing apparatus con- any condition in which vessel naviga- nection point for the diver, for percent- tional visibility is restricted by fog, age of oxygen. mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar § 197.452 Oxygen cleaning. causes. The diving supervisor shall ensure (c) During liveboating operations, the that equipment used with oxygen or diving supervisor shall insure that— oxygen mixtures greater than 40 per- (1) Diving is not conducted at depths cent by volume is cleaned of flammable greater than 220 fsw; materials— (2) Diving is not conducted in seas (a) Before being placed into service; that impede diver mobility or work and function; (b) After any repair, alteration, (3) A means is used to prevent the modification, or suspected contamina- diver’s hose from entangling in the pro- tion. pellers of the vessel; (4) Each diver carries a reserve § 197.454 First aid and treatment breathing gas supply; equipment. (5) A standby diver is available while The diving supervisor shall ensure a diver is in the water; that medical kits are checked monthly (6) Diving is not conducted with in- to insure that all required supplies are water decompression times greater present. than 120 minutes; and (7) The person-in-charge is notified § 197.456 Breathing supply hoses. before a diver enters or exits the water. (a) The diving supervisor shall insure that— PERIODIC TESTS AND INSPECTIONS OF (1) Each breathing supply hose is DIVING EQUIPMENT pressure tested prior to being placed into initial service and every 24 months § 197.450 Breathing gas tests. thereafter to 1.5 times its maximum The diving supervisor shall insure working pressure; that— (2) Each breathing supply hose as- (a) The output of each air compressor sembly, prior to being placed into ini- is tested and meets the requirements of tial service and after any repair, modi- § 197.340 for quality and quantity by fication, or alteration, is tensile tested means of samples taken at the connec- by— tion point to the distribution system— (i) Subjecting each hose-to-fitting (1) Every 6 months; and connection to a 200 pound axial load; (2) After every repair or modifica- and tion. (ii) Passing a visual examination for (b) Purchased supplies of breathing evidence of separation, slippage, or mixtures supplied to a diver are other damage to the assembly; checked before being placed on line (3) Each breathing supply hose is pe- for— riodically checked for— (1) Certification that the supply (i) Damage which is likely to affect meets the requirements of § 197.340; and pressure integrity; and

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(ii) Contamination which is likely to defect that may impair the safety of affect the purity of the breathing mix- the pressure vessel or piping shall be ture delivered to the diver; and repaired and pressure tested to the sat- (4) The open ends of each breathing isfaction of the Officer in Charge, Ma- supply hose are taped, capped, or rine Inspection. plugged when not in use. (c) The following tests shall be con- (b) To meet the requirements of para- ducted at least every three years: graph (a)(3) of this section, each (1) All piping permanently installed breathing supply hose must be— on a PVHO shall be pressure tested. (1) Carefully inspected before being (2) PVHOs subject to internal pres- shipped to the dive location; sure shall be leak tested at the max- (2) Visually checked during daily op- imum allowable working pressure eration; and using the breathing mixture normally (3) Checked for noxious or offensive used in service. odor before each diving operation. (3) Equivalent may be conducted in lieu of pressure § 197.458 Gages and timekeeping de- testing. Proposals to use non- vices. destructive testing in lieu of pressure The diving supervisor shall insure testing shall be submitted to the Offi- that— cer in Charge, Marine Inspection. (a) Each depth gage and timekeeping (d) Unless otherwise noted, pressure device is tested or calibrated against a tests conducted in accordance with this master reference gage or time-keeping section shall be either hydrostatic device every 6 months; tests or pneumatic tests. (b) A depth gage is tested when a dis- (1) When a hydrostatic test is con- crepancy exists in a depth gage reading ducted on a pressure vessel, the test greater than 2 percent of full scale be- pressure shall be no less than 1.25 times tween any two gages of similar range the maximum allowable working pres- and calibration; sure. (c) A timekeeping device is tested (2) When a pneumatic test is con- when a discrepancy exists in a ducted on a pressure vessel, the test timekeeping device reading greater pressure shall be the maximum allow- than one-quarter of a minute in a 4- able working pressure stamped on the hour period between any two nameplate. timekeeping devices; and (3) When a pneumatic test is con- (d) Each depth gage and timekeeping ducted on piping, the test pressure device is inspected before diving oper- shall be no less than 90 percent of the ations are begun. setting of the relief device. (4) Pressure tests shall be conducted § 197.460 Diving equipment. only after suitable precautions are The diving supervisor shall insure taken to protect personnel and equip- that the diving equipment designated ment. for use in a dive under § 197.346 is in- (5) When pressure tests are conducted spected before each dive. on pressure vessels or pressure piping, the test pressure shall be maintained § 197.462 Pressure vessels and pres- for a period of time sufficient to allow sure piping. examination of all joints, connections (a) The diving supervisor shall ensure and high stress areas. that each pressure vessel, including [CGD 95–028, 62 FR 51220, Sept. 30, 1997] each volume tank, cylinder and PVHO, and each pressure piping system is ex- RECORDS amined and tested as required by this section and after any repair, modifica- § 197.480 Logbooks. tion or alteration to determine that (a) The person-in-charge of a vessel they are in satisfactory condition and or facility, that is required by 46 U.S.C. fit for the service intended. 11301 to have an official logbook, shall (b) Pressure vessels and pressure pip- maintain the logbook on form CG–706. ing shall be examined annually for me- (b) The person-in-charge of a vessel chanical damage or deterioration. Any or facility not required by 46 U.S.C.

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11301 to have an official logbook, shall (11) For each fatality or any diving maintain, on board, a logbook for mak- related injury or illness that results in ing the entries required by this sub- incapacitation of more than 72 hours or part. requires any dive team member to be (c) The diving supervisor conducting hospitalized for more than 24 hours— commercial diving operations from a (i) The date; vessel or facility subject to this sub- (ii) Time; part shall maintain a logbook for mak- (iii) Circumstances; and ing the entries required by this sub- (iv) Extent of any injury or illness. part. (c) The diving supervisor shall insure [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as that the following is recorded in the amended by CGD 95–028, 62 FR 51220, Sept. 30, logbook for each diving operation devi- 1997] ating from the requirements of this subpart: § 197.482 Logbook entries. (1) A description of the cir- (a) The person-in-charge shall insure cumstances leading to the situation. that the following information is re- (2) The deviations made. corded in the logbook for each com- (3) The corrective action taken, if ap- mercial diving operation: propriate, to reduce the possibility of (1) Date, time, and location at the recurrence. start and completion of dive oper- ations. (d) The diving supervisor shall insure (2) Approximate underwater and sur- that a record of the following is main- face conditions (weather, visibility, tained: , and currents). (1) The date and results of each check (3) Name of the diving supervisor. of the medical kits. (4) General nature of work performed. (2) The date and results of each test (b) The diving supervisor shall insure of the air compressor. that the following information is re- (3) The date and results of each check corded in the logbook for each com- of breathing mixtures. mercial diving operation: (4) The date and results of each check (1) Date, time, and location at the of each breathing supply system. start and completion of each dive oper- (5) The date, equipment cleaned, gen- ation. eral cleaning procedure, and names of (2) Approximate underwater and sur- persons cleaning the diving equipment face conditions (weather, visibility, for oxygen service. temperatures, and currents). (6) The date and results of each test (3) Names of dive team members in- of the breathing supply hoses and sys- cluding diving supervisor. tem. (4) General nature of work performed. (7) The date and results of each in- (5) Repetitive dive designation or spection of the breathing gas supply elapsed time since last hyperbaric ex- system. posure if less than 24 hours for each (8) The date and results of each test diver. of depth gages and timekeeping de- (6) Diving modes used. vices. (7) Maximum depth and bottom time for each diver. (9) The date and results of each test (8) Name of person-in-charge. and inspection of each PVHO. (9) For each dive outside the no-de- (10) The date and results of each in- compression limits, deeper than 130 spection of the diving equipment. fsw, or using mixed-gas, the breathing (11) The date and results of each test gases and decompression table designa- and inspection of pressure piping. tions used. (12) The date and results of each test (10) When decompression sickness or and inspection of volume tanks and gas embolism is suspected or symptoms cylinders. are evident— (e) The diving supervisor shall insure (i) The name of the diver; and that a notation concerning the loca- (ii) A description and results of treat- tion of the information required under ment. paragraph (d) is made in the logbook.

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NOTE: 46 U.S.C. 11301 requires that certain (c) The report required by this sec- entries be made in an official logbook in ad- tion must be accompanied by a copy of dition to the entries required by this section; the report required by § 197.410(a)(9) and 46 U.S.C. 11302 prescribes the manner of when decompression sickness is in- making those entries. volved. [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as (d) The report required by this sec- amended by USCG–1999–6216, 64 FR 53229, Oct. tion must include information relating 1, 1999] to alcohol or drug involvement as re- quired by § 4.05–12 of this chapter. § 197.484 Notice of casualty. (The reporting requirement in paragraph (a) (a) In addition to the requirements of was approved by OMB under control number subpart 4.05 of this chapter and 33 CFR 1625–0001) 146.30, the person-in-charge shall notify the Officer-in-Charge, Marine Inspec- [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as amended by CGD 82–023, 47 FR 35748, Aug. 16, tion, as soon as possible after a diving 1982; 48 FR 43328, Sept. 23, 1983; CGD 84–099, 52 casualty occurs, if the casualty in- FR 47536, Dec. 14, 1987; USCG–2006–25697, 71 volves any of the following: FR 55747, Sept. 25, 2006] (1) Loss of life. (2) Diving-related injury to any per- § 197.488 Retention of records after son causing incapacitation for more casualty. than 72 hours. (a) The owner, agent, or person-in- (3) Diving-related injury to any per- charge of a vessel or facility for which son requiring hospitalization for more a report of casualty is made under than 24 hours. § 197.484 shall retain all records onboard (b) The notice required by this sec- that are maintained on the vessel or fa- tion must contain the following: cility and those records required by (1) Name and official number (if ap- this subpart for 6 months after the re- plicable) of the vessel or facility. port of a casualty is made or until ad- (2) Name of the owner or agent of the vised by the Officer-in-Charge, Marine vessel or facility. Inspection, that records need not be re- tained onboard. (3) Name of the person-in-charge. (b) The records required by paragraph (4) Name of the diving supervisor. (a) of this section to be retained on (5) Description of the casualty in- board include, but are not limited to, cluding presumed cause. the following: (6) Nature and extent of the injury to (1) All logbooks required by § 197.480. persons. (2) All reports required by (c) The notice required by this sec- § 197.402(a)(2)(ii), § 197.404(a)(4), tion is not required if the written re- § 197.410(a)(9). port required by § 197.486 is submitted (c) The owner, agent, person-in- within 5 days of the casualty. charge, or diving supervisor shall, upon [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as request, make the records described in amended by CGD 95–072, 60 FR 50469, Sept. 29, this section available for examination 1995] by any Coast Guard official authorized to investigate the casualty. § 197.486 Written report of casualty. The person-in-charge of a vessel or Subpart C—Benzene facility for which a notice of casualty was made under § 197.484 shall submit a SOURCE: CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, report to the Officer-in-Charge, Marine 1991, unless otherwise noted. Inspection, as soon as possible after the casualty occurs, as follows: § 197.501 Applicability. (a) On Form CG–2692, when the diving (a) Except for vessels satisfying para- installation is on a vessel. graph (b) of this section, this subpart (b) Using a written report, in nar- applies to all Coast Guard inspected rative form, when the diving installa- vessels, including tank ships and tion is on a facility. The written report barges, that are carrying benzene or must contain the information required benzene containing liquids in bulk as by § 197.484. cargo.

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(b) This subpart does not apply to (2) For an unmanned barge, vessels that are carrying only liquid (i) The licensed operator of the vessel cargoes containing less than 0.5% ben- for barge tows; zene by volume. (ii) Where there is no licensed oper- (c) This subpart does not apply to ator, the tankerman who signs the dec- vessels of foreign registry. laration of inspection for a cargo trans- [CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR fer for an operation involving benzene; 65006, Dec. 13, 1991] or (iii) Where there is no licensed oper- § 197.505 Definitions. ator or tankerman, the individual in As used in this subpart— charge of the vessel when it is moored Action level means an airborne con- at a fleet, terminal, or other place. centration of benzene of 0.5 parts of Permissible exposure limits or PELs benzene per million parts of air cal- mean the exposure limits specified in culated as an eight hour time-weighted § 197.515. average, generated from vessels regu- means the con- lated by this subpart. Personal exposure Authorized person means a person spe- centration of airborne benzene to cifically authorized by the person in which a person would be exposed if that charge of the vessel to enter a regu- person were not using a properly fitted lated area. respirator in compliance with § 197.550 Benzene means liquefied or gaseous and the personal protective clothing and equipment in compliance with benzene (C6 H6; Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 71–43–2) and in- § 197.555. cludes benzene contained in liquid mix- Regulated area means an area des- tures and the benzene vapors released ignated in compliance with § 197.535. by these mixtures. The term does not Short-term exposure limit or STEL include trace amounts of unreacted means an airborne of benzene contained in solid materials. five parts of benzene per million parts Breathing zone means the area within of air (five ppm), as averaged over any one foot of a person’s mouth and nose. 15 minute period. Employee means an individual who is Time-weighted average exposure limit or on board a vessel by reason of that in- TWA means an airborne concentration dividual’s employment and who is em- of one part of benzene per million parts ployed directly by the owner, of air (one ppm), as averaged over an charterer, managing operator, or agent eight-hour period. This eight hour pe- of that vessel. riod covers the time, up to eight hours, Employer means the owner, charterer, that the employee works in any 24 hour managing operator, or agent of a ves- period. If the exposure period is less sel. than eight hours within the 24 hour pe- Emergency means an occurrence, such riod, the difference between eight as an equipment failure, a container hours and the time of exposure (that is, rupture, or a control equipment fail- the unexposed time) is averaged into ure, which results or may result in an the TWA. If the exposure period ex- unexpected release of benzene. Operations involving benzene means ceeds eight hours in any 24 hour period, any operation that could subject a sum the products of each exposure worker to benzene exposures above the level multiplied by the time at that ex- PEL, including cargo transfer oper- posure level. The TWA is the value of ations involving connecting or dis- that sum divided by eight hours. connecting liquid or vapor hoses; cargo Vapor control or recovery system means tank gauging and sampling; and cargo a system of piping and equipment used tank gas freeing, venting, and cleaning. to collect vapors by transporting the Performance standard means the vapors from a tank being loaded to a standard in § 197.520. tank being unloaded or by collecting Person in charge means— the vapors and containing them, recov- (1) For a self propelled vessel, the ering them, dispersing them in a loca- master or licensed operator of the ves- tion remote from personnel, or destroy- sel; and ing them.

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§ 197.510 Incorporation by reference. § 197.520 Performance standard. (a) Certain materials are incor- No person may be subjected to a per- porated by reference into this subpart sonal exposure in excess of the permis- with the approval of the Director of the sible exposure limits unless respiratory Federal Register in accordance with 5 protection is used. U.S.C. 522(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To en- force any edition other than the one § 197.525 Responsibility of the person listed in paragraph (b) of this section, in charge. notice of the change must be published Unless otherwise specified, the per- in the FEDERAL REGISTER and the ma- son in charge shall ensure that the per- terial made available to the public. All formance standard and other require- approved material is on file at Coast ments of this subpart are complied Guard Headquarters. Contact Com- with on that person’s vessel. mandant (CG–OES), Attn: Office of Op- erating and Environmental Standards, § 197.530 Persons other than employ- ees. U.S. Coast Guard Stop 7509, 2703 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE., Wash- (a) Before a nonemployee (other than ington, DC 20593–7509. You may also Federal, state, and local government contact the National Archives and personnel) engages in a benzene oper- Records Administration (NARA). For ation on a vessel in which the person is information on the availability of this likely to be exposed to benzene in ex- material at NARA, call 202–741–6030, or cess of the PELs, that person must cer- go to: http://www.archives.gov/ tify that— federallregister/ (1) That person has had, within the codeloflfederallregulations/ previous 12 months, at least one med- ibrllocations.html. All approved mate- ical examination in compliance with rial is available from the sources indi- § 197.560 or 29 CFR 1910.1028; cated in paragraph (b) of this section. (2) The physician who performed or (b) The material approved for incor- who supervised the latest medical ex- poration by reference in this subpart amination in compliance with para- and the sections affected are as follows: graph (a)(1) of this section did not rec- ommend that that person be excluded American National Standards Institute (ANSI) from areas where personal exposure may exceed the action level; 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (3) All respirators and personal pro- ANSI Z 88.2—1980—Practices for Res- tective clothing and equipment that piratory Protection ...... § 197.550 will be used by that person while on [CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991, as the vessel meet the requirements of amended by CGD 95–072, 60 FR 50469, Sept. 29, § 197.550(b) and § 197.555(c) or of 29 CFR 1995; CGD 96–041, 61 FR 50735, Sept. 27, 1996; 61 1910.1028; and FR 52497, Oct. 7, 1996; 69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004; (4) All respirators that will be used USCG–2009–0702, 74 FR 49241, Sept. 25, 2009; USCG–2012–0832, 77 FR 59789, Oct. 1, 2012; by that person while on the vessel have USCG–2013–0671, 78 FR 60165, Sept. 30, 2013] been fitted and fit tested in accordance with § 197.550 (c) and (d) or with 29 CFR § 197.515 Permissible exposure limits 1910.1028. (PELs). NOTE: The employer need not furnish the The permissible exposure limits required respirators and personal protective (PELs) for personal exposure are as fol- clothing and equipment to nonemployees. lows: (b) The certification required by (a) The time-weighted average expo- paragraph (a) of this section must be in sure limit (TWA). writing, list the items in paragraphs (b) The short-term exposure limit (a)(1) through (a)(4) of this section, ref- (STEL). Exposures at the STEL must erence 46 CFR 197.530, state the date of not be repeated more than four times a the certification, and be signed by the day. There must be at least 60 minutes person making the certification. A between successive exposures at the sample certification form is contained STEL. in appendix F of this subpart.

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(c) Before the nonemployee making DANGER—BENZENE the certification engages in a benzene REGULATED AREA operation on a vessel, that person or a representative of the entity which em- CANCER CAUSING AGENT ploys that person must show a copy of FLAMMABLE—NO SMOKING the certification to the person in charge of the vessel and the person in AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY charge must examine the certification RESPIRATOR REQUIRED to ensure compliance with the require- ments of this section. § 197.540 Determination of personal exposure. § 197.535 Regulated areas. (a) General. (1) The employer shall en- (a) Based on the employer’s evalua- sure that one or more persons in each tion of the environmental monitoring, type of operation conducted on the ves- whenever the airborne concentration of sel which involves the handling of or benzene within an area exceeds or rea- potential exposure to benzene are mon- sonably can be expected to exceed the itored. The monitoring must be con- permissible exposure limits, the person ducted so as to determine the rep- in charge shall mark the area as a reg- resentative personal exposure of all ulated area. persons engaged in each particular op- (b) The person in charge shall re- eration involving benzene. Monitoring strict access to regulated areas to au- one vessel of a class is sufficient for all thorized persons wearing an appro- vessels of that class provided the proce- priate respirator in compliance with dures, equipment, work practices, § 197.550 and the personal protective cargo, and control equipment are sub- clothing and equipment in compliance stantially the same. with § 197.555. The person in charge (2) For long duration operations, such as cargo loading or tank entry, shall not allow any person to enter a the persons monitored must be mon- regulated area without another indi- itored to determine the representative vidual in the vicinity to perform rescue TWA for all persons engaged in the op- or call for help. The second individual eration. The monitoring must be based must maintain communication with on breathing zone air samples taken the one entering the regulated area or for the duration of the operation or for keep that individual in sight. Also, the eight hours, whichever is less. second individual must be located at (3) For short duration operations, the point of access during confined such as tank gauging or hose connec- space entry. tion and disconnection, the persons (c) The boundaries of regulated areas monitored must be monitored to deter- must be indicated by barricades, other mine the representative short term ex- devices, or by painted areas on the ves- posure level for all persons engaged in sel. A sign bearing the following legend the operation. The monitoring must be in letters at least three inches high based on 15 minute breathing zone air (except for the words ‘‘DANGER—BEN- samples. Brief period measuring de- ZENE’’, which must be printed in let- vices may be used to determine wheth- ters at least 50 percent larger than the er monitoring for the short term expo- other words) must be posted at each ac- sure level is needed. cess to the regulated areas: (4) If cargoes with different benzene are being carried on the vessel, an operation involving the lower concentration cargoes need not be monitored if the same type of oper- ation involving the highest concentra- tion cargo is monitored and found to be below the action level. (5) Initial monitoring must be con- ducted during weather conditions typ- ical in the geographic area and during

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the time of day the operation is nor- (3) For those cases in which the ben- mally conducted. If the benzene level is zene exposure can vary significantly above half the action level for the oper- over the year, the personnel exposure ation, additional monitoring must be reduction plan can reflect this vari- conducted under those weather condi- ation in time if both initial and peri- tions that will maximize benzene expo- odic exposure monitoring are con- sure, such as low wind, stable air, and ducted at those times. There must be high . sufficient monitoring to quantitatively (6) The monitoring method used must justify differences in the exposure re- be accurate to a confidence level of 95 duction program over the course of the percent to within plus or minus 25 per- year. The exposure monitoring must be cent for airborne concentrations of conducted under those weather condi- benzene equal to or greater than 0.5 tions that will maximize benzene expo- ppm. sure, such as low wind, stable air, and (b) Initial exposure monitoring. When high temperature. benzene is first loaded as a cargo on (4) The Coast Guard may require ad- board a vessel, an initial monitoring of ditional monitoring upon reasonable each type of operation must be con- belief that the PEL’s are being exceed- ducted to determine accurately the ed. representative personal exposure of (e) Notification of exposure monitoring persons involved in the operation. results. (1) Within 60 working days after (c) Periodic exposure monitoring. The the receipt of the results of monitoring monitoring must be repeated each July in compliance with this section, each or August if benzene containing car- person involved in the operation mon- goes are carried during those months; itored must be given written notice of monitoring must be conducted under the results, either by separate letter or those weather conditions that will by notice posted in a location acces- maximize benzene exposure, such as sible to all persons involved. low wind, stable air, and high tempera- (2) If the results indicate that the ture. If benzene containing cargoes are PELs were exceeded, the written notice not carried during those months, moni- required by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- toring must be conducted at the time tion must state, or refer to a document of carriage nearest those months; mon- available to the persons involved which itoring must be conducted under those states, the corrective action to be weather conditions that will maximize taken to reduce the personal exposure benzene exposure, such as low wind, to or below the PELs. stable air, and high temperature. (d) Additional exposure monitoring. (1) [CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR Monitoring in compliance with para- 65006, Dec. 13, 1991; CGD 95–028, 62 FR 51221, graphs (b) and (c) of this section must Sept. 30, 1997] be repeated for the operation when there has been a change in the proce- § 197.545 Program to reduce personal exposure. dure, equipment, or work practices of the operation which may increase per- (a) When personal exposure for an op- sonal exposure or whenever the em- eration is over the applicable PEL as ployer or person in charge has any rea- determined in compliance with son to suspect that personal exposure § 197.540, the employer shall develop has increased. and implement, within 60 working days (2) Whenever emergencies occur that of the date of that determination, a may increase personal exposure, oper- written program detailing the correc- ations affected by the emergency must tive actions that will be taken to re- be monitored using area or personal duce personal exposure to or below the sampling after the spill is cleaned up or PEL’s. The written program must in- the leak, rupture, or other breakdown clude a timeframe for implementing is repaired to determine when personal the corrective actions to be taken. exposure has returned to the level that (b) Corrective actions in compliance existed before the emergency. There with paragraph (a) of this section may must be monitoring equipment aboard include, but are not limited to, one or each ship. more of the following:

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(1) (e.g. vapor (4) The type of respirator provided control or recovery systems, closed must be a type specified in table loading systems, or controlled venting 197.550(b) of this section that is appro- systems); priate for the exposure. (2) Revised work practices; or (3) Respirators in compliance with TABLE 197.550(b)—RESPIRATORY PROTECTION § 197.550 and personal protective cloth- FOR BENZENE ing and equipment in compliance with Airborne concentration of ben- § 197.555. zene or condition of use Respirator type (c) Whenever the exposure moni- toring data show a significant increase Up to 10 times the TWA ...... (1) Half-mask air-purifying respirator with organic in personnel exposure, the program vapor cartridges. must be revised to reflect the new data. Up to 50 times the TWA ...... (1) Full facepiece respirator (d) Each person involved in the oper- with organic vapor car- tridges. ation must be notified that a written (2) Full facepiece gas mask program detailing corrective actions is with chin style canister. 1 available upon request. Up to 100 times the TWA ...... (1) Full facepiece powered (e) A copy of the written program air purifying respirator with organic vapor canister. 1 must be furnished upon request to the Up to 1,000 times the TWA ... (1) Supplied air respirator Coast Guard. with full facepiece in posi- tive-pressure mode. § 197.550 Respiratory protection. More than 1,000 times the (1) Self-contained breathing TWA or unknown con- apparatus with full face- (a) General. When the use of res- centration. piece in positive pressure pirators in compliance with this sec- mode. tion and the personal protective cloth- (2) Full facepiece positive- pressure supplied-air res- ing and equipment in compliance with pirator with auxiliary self- § 197.555 is chosen as the method or one contained air supply. of the methods in compliance with Escape ...... (1) Any organic vapor gas mask. § 197.545 to be used in meeting the per- (2) Any self-contained formance standard, the respirators breathing apparatus with used must be selected and fitted ac- full facepiece cording to this section. Fire fighting ...... (1) Full facepiece self-con- tained breathing apparatus (b) Respirator selection. (1) The res- in positive pressure mode. pirator must be approved by the Mine 1 Canisters for non-powered air purifying respirators must Safety and Health Administration have a minimum service life of four hours when tested at 150 (MSHA) in compliance with 30 CFR ppm benzene, at a flow rate of 64 liters/minute at 25 °C and 85% relative humidity. Canisters for powered air-purifying res- part 11. When filter elements are used, pirators must have a flow rate of 115 liters/minute (for tight fit- they must include MSHA approval for ting respirators) or 170 liters/minute (for loose fitting organic vapors or benzene. respirators). (2) The employer shall provide af- (c) Respirator fit testing. (1) Before the fected employees with the appropriate person is permitted to use a respirator respirators without charge and ensure selected and fitted in compliance with that the respirators are used properly. this section, the person must undergo Any employee determined by the test- an Initial Fit Test (IFT) and either a ing physician as being unable to wear Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) or a Quan- negative pressure respirators, who con- titative Fit Test (QNFT), in compli- tinues to be subject to exposure over ance with Appendix E of this subpart, the PEL, must be given the option of using the respirator fitted. If a nega- wearing a respirator with less breath- tive pressure respirator is used, the ing resistance, such as a powered air- QLFT or QNFT must be repeated at purifying respirator or a supplied air least once a year thereafter. respirator. (2) The objective of the tests is to (3) Electrically powered respiratory identify for the person a respirator protective equipment must meet the which minimizes the chance of leak- electrical engineering requirements in age. subchapter J of this chapter and the (3) The person conducting the tests electrical equipment requirements in required by paragraph (c)(1) of this sec- part 151, table 151.05, and part 153, table tion must understand the purpose of 1, of this chapter. these tests and how to perform them.

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(4) The person conducting the tests (h) Respirator storage. Respirators required by paragraph (c)(1) of this sec- must be stored in accordance with tion must certify the results by signing ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8. the test report. [CGD 76–009, 43 FR 53683, Nov. 16, 1978, as (d) Respirator fitting. (1) Employees amended by USCG–2014–0688, 79 FR 58289, who are being fitted for respirators Sept. 29, 2014] must be trained in the methods for properly fitting a respirator and in- § 197.555 Personal protective clothing formed of the factors which may affect and equipment. a proper fit, such as beards, sideburns, (a) When the use of respirators in dentures, eyeglasses, and goggles, and compliance with § 197.550 and the per- that an unobstructed sealing surface is sonal protective clothing and equip- critical in fitting a respirator. (See ap- ment in compliance with this section is pendix E of this subpart). chosen as the method or one of the (2) For employees requiring eye methods required by § 197.545 to be used , corrective lenses should be in meeting the performance standard, fitted to the respirator faceplate. As a the clothing and equipment must meet temporary measure, glasses with short the requirements of this section. temple bars may be taped to the wear- (b) The employer shall provide em- er’s head. Contact lenses other than ployees with the necessary personal soft lenses or gas permeable lenses protective clothing and equipment must not be worn with respirators. without charge and shall ensure that (e) Respirator use. Persons wearing a the clothing and equipment are worn respirator in a regulated area must be or used properly. permitted to leave the regulated area to wash their face and respirator face- (c) Employees must be provided with piece, as necessary, in order to prevent coveralls or a large apron, boots, skin irritation associated with res- gloves, and, if necessary, tight-fitting pirator use or, if an air-purifying res- eye goggles to limit dermal exposure pirator is used, to change the filter ele- to, and prevent eye contact with, liquid ments whenever the person wearing the benzene. respirator detects a change in breath- § 197.560 Medical surveillance. ing resistance or a chemical vapor breakthrough. (a) General. (1) The employer must (f) Respirator inspection. Respirators provide, and the employees must sub- must be inspected in accordance with mit to, the medical surveillance exami- ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8. nations for employees, as required by (g) Respirator maintenance. (1) Res- this section. pirators must be maintained in accord- (2) All medical surveillance proce- ance with ANSI Z88.2—1980, section 8. dures in compliance with this section, (2) During respirator cleaning, the other than the pulmonary function test rubber or elastomer parts of the res- of paragraph (b)(5)(v) of this section pirator must be stretched and manipu- and all laboratory tests, must be per- lated with a massaging action to keep formed by, or under the supervision of, the parts pliable and flexible and to a licensed physician. keep the parts from taking a set during (3) The pulmonary function test of storage. paragraph (b)(5)(v) of this section must (3) The air purifying element of air- be administered by a licensed physi- purifying respirators must be replaced cian or by a person who has completed when the employee detects break- a training course in spirometry spon- through or after a period not to exceed sored by a governmental, academic, or eight hours, whichever comes first. The professional institution. element must also be replaced at the (4) All laboratory tests must be con- start of each shift. An air purifying ele- ducted by a laboratory accredited by ment with an end of useful life indi- an accrediting organization acceptable cator approved by MSHA or NIOSH for to the Commandant. benzene may be used until the indi- (b) Initial medical examination. (1) cator indicates end of useful life even if Within March 14, 1992 the employer this exceeds eight hours. shall make available to the employees

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listed in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this sec- medicinal drugs routinely taken, a his- tion an initial medical examination. tory of previous exposure to ionizing Within six months all initial medical radiation, and a history of exposure to examinations must be completed, in- marrow toxins outside of the employ- cluding those for the employees listed ee’s current work situation. The em- in paragraph (b)(2)(ii), and each em- ployee must provide to the examining ployee notified of the results of that physician as complete an occupational employee’s examination. history as possible for the period prior (2) The initial medical examination to the current employment. must be made available to the fol- (ii) A complete physical examination. lowing employees before they are per- (iii) A complete blood count, includ- mitted to enter or continue working in ing a leukocyte count, with differen- a workplace in which they will be or tial, quantitative thrombocyte count, may be exposed to benzene: hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte (i) Employees who were exposed to count. and erythrocyte indices (MCV, more than 10 ppm of benzene as an MCH, MCHC). The results of these tests eight-hour TWA on at least 30 calendar must be reviewed by the examining days during the year before January 15, physician. 1992 and who were employed by their (iv) As determined necessary by the present employer during each of the 30 examining physician, additional tests days. based on alterations to the components (ii) Employees, other than employees of the blood or other signs which may defined in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this be related to benzene exposure. section, who may reasonably be ex- pected to be exposed to benzene at or (v) For employees required to wear above the action level on at least 30 respirators for at least 30 days a year, calendar days, or at a level above a a pulmonary function test. PEL on at least 10 calendar days, dur- (c) Periodic medical examinations. (1) ing the coming year. The employer shall ensure that no one (3) Exposure to benzene, as referred performs a benzene operation exceed- to in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, ing the level criteria of paragraph means any exposure to benzene, wheth- (b)(2) of this section without having er or not at the time of the exposure, undergone an initial medical examina- the employee was or will be wearing an tion and periodic medical examinations appropriate respirator in compliance yearly thereafter. Also, those who in with § 197.550 and the personal protec- the previous year have performed ben- tive clothing and equipment in compli- zene operations exceeding the level cri- ance with § 197.555. teria of paragraph (b)(2) of this section (4) An initial medical examination is shall undergo a periodic medical exam- not required if the employer or em- ination even if they will not perform ployee has adequate records showing benzene operations in the current year. that the employee has had, within one Periodic examinations must include, at year, an examination meeting the re- least, the following elements: quirements of paragraph (b)(5) of this (i) A brief history regarding new ex- section. posure to potential marrow toxins, (5) The initial medical examination changes in medicinal drug use, and the must include at least the following ele- appearance of physical signs relating ments: to blood disorders. (i) A detailed occupational history (ii) A complete blood count, includ- which includes a history of past work ing a leukocyte count with differential, exposure to benzene or any other quantitative thrombocyte count, hem- hematological toxin, a family history atocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte of blood dyscrasias including count, and erythrocyte indices (MCV, hematological neoplasms, a history of MCH, MCHC). The results of these tests blood dyscrasias including genetic he- must be reviewed by the examining moglobin abnormalities, bleeding ab- physician. normalities, and abnormal functions of (iii) As determined necessary by the formed blood elements, a history of examining physician, additional tests renal or liver dysfunction, a history of based on alterations to the components

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of the blood or other signs which may These test must be completed in thirty be related to benzene exposure. days, whether or not the employee con- (2) If the employee develops signs and tinues to perform benzene operations. symptoms commonly associated with (e) Emergency medical examinations. (1) toxic exposure to benzene, the em- Whenever an employee is exposed to ployee must be provided with an addi- benzene resulting from an emergency, tional medical examination which in- a sample of that employee’s urine must cludes those elements considered ap- be taken at the end of the employee’s propriate by the examining physician. shift and a urinary phenol test must be (3) For employees required to use res- performed on the sample within 72 pirators for at least 30 days a year, a hours. Where due to unavoidable cir- pulmonary function test must be per- cumstances the sample cannot be test- formed, and specific evaluation of the ed by a laboratory within 72 hours of cardiopulmonary system must be exposure, the sample shall be frozen made, at least every three years. until it can be delivered to the labora- (d) Additional examinations and refer- tory. The specific gravity of the urine rals. (1) If the results of the complete must be corrected to 1.024. Since cer- blood count laboratory test required tain foods and medications can result for the initial or periodic medical ex- in elevated phenol levels, the employee amination indicate that any of the fol- must provide the physician with a die- lowing abnormal conditions exist, the tary and medication history. blood count must be retaken within (2) If the result of the urinary phenol four weeks: test is below 75 mg phenol/l of urine, no (i) The hemoglobin or the hematocrit further testing is required. falls below the normal limit (outside (3) If the result of the urinary phenol the 95% confidence interval (C.I.)), as test is equal to or greater than 75 mg determined by the laboratory, or the phenol/l of urine, the employee’s com- hemoglobin or hematocrit shows a per- plete blood count including an eryth- sistent downward trend from the em- rocyte count, a leukocyte count with ployee’s pre-exposure norms, if these differential, and a thrombocyte count findings cannot be explained by other must be taken at monthly intervals for medical reasons. a duration of three months following (ii) The thrombocyte count varies the emergency. more than 20 percent below the em- (4) If any of the conditions specified ployee’s most recent values or falls in paragraph (d)(1) of this section ex- outside the normal limit (95% C.I.), as ists, the additional examinations and determined by the laboratory. referrals specified in paragraph (d) of (iii) The leukocyte count is below this section must be performed and the 4,000 per cubic millimeter or there is an employee must be provided with peri- abnormal differential count. odic medical examinations, if any are (2) If the abnormal conditions persist, recommended by the examining physi- the employee must be referred by the cian. examining physician to a hematologist or an internist for further evaluation, (f) Information provided to the physi- unless the physician has good reason to cian. The following information must believe that the referral is unneces- be provided to the examining physi- sary. (See appendix C of this subpart cian: for examples of conditions in which re- (1) A copy of this subpart and its ap- ferrals may be unnecessary.) pendices. (3) The hematologist or internist (2) A description of the affected em- must be provided with the information ployee’s duties as they relate to the provided to the physician in compli- employee’s exposure. ance with paragraph (f) of this section (3) The employee’s actual or rep- and with the medical record in compli- resentative exposure level. ance with § 197.570(b). (4) A description of the respirator and (4) If the hematologist or internist personal protective clothing and equip- determines that additional tests are ment used or to be used, if any. needed, the employer shall ensure that (5) Records of all previous employ- these additional tests are provided. ment-related medical examinations of

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the affected employee which were con- The employee must provide the em- ducted while in the employ of the cur- ployer with a written copy of the phy- rent employer and which have not been sician’s decision signed by the physi- provided to the examining physician. cian. If the decision recommends that (g) Physician’s written opinion. (1) The the employee not be permitted to enter employer shall ensure that, within 45 those areas, the decision must include days of each examination required by the examining physician’s opinion as this section, the employer and the em- to when the employee may be per- ployee must be provided with a copy of mitted to reenter those areas and the the examining physician’s written requirements for future medical exami- opinion of the examination. nations to review the decision. (2) The written opinion must contain (3) Within six months of the date a at least the following information: decision in compliance with paragraph (i) The occupationally pertinent re- (h)(2) of this section not to permit re- sults of the medical examination and entry is made, the employee must be tests. provided with a follow-up examination (ii) All medical conditions, if any, of and a decision of the examining physi- the employee which the examining cian (based on the follow-up examina- physician believes would subject the tion and consultation with a hema- employee to a greater than normal risk tologist or internist) as to whether re- of material impairment of health if the entry should be permitted and, if so, employee is exposed again to benzene. when, or whether it should be perma- (iii) The examining physician’s rec- nently prohibited. ommended limitations, if any, upon the employee’s future exposure to benzene [CGD 88–040, 56 FR 52135, Oct. 17, 1991; 56 FR or use of respirators or other personal 65006, Dec. 13, 1991, as amended by USCG– protective clothing or equipment. 2014–0688, 79 FR 58289, Sept. 29, 2014] (iv) A statement that the employee § 197.565 Notifying personnel of ben- has been informed by the physician of zene hazards. the results of the medical examination and of all medical conditions of the (a) Material safety data sheet. A mate- employee resulting from benzene expo- rial safety data sheet (MSDS) address- sure which require further explanation ing benzene must be made available to or treatment. all persons involved in the benzene op- (3) The physician’s written opinion eration. The MSDS must describe the must not reveal specific records, find- physical and chemical characteristics, ings, or diagnoses that have no bearing physical and health hazards, permis- on the employee’s ability to work in a sible exposure limits, precautions for benzene-exposed workplace, ability to safe handling and use, control meas- use a respirator, or ability to use per- ures such as personal protection equip- sonal protective clothing or equip- ment, and first aid procedures for ben- ment. zene. A copy of appendices A and B of (h) Removal from exposure. (1) From this subpart or a MSDS on benzene the time an employee is referred to a meeting the requirements of 29 CFR hematologist or internist in compli- 1910.1200(g) is sufficient. ance with paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- (b) Training. (1) All employees must tion, the employee must not be per- be provided with training at the time mitted to enter areas where personal of their initial assignment to a work exposure may exceed the action level area where benzene is present and, if until the physician determines in com- exposures are above the action level, at pliance with paragraph (h)(2) of this least once a year thereafter. Employees section that the employee again may transferring to a new work area must enter those areas. be provided with training specific to (2) After examination by and con- that new work area. sultation with the hematologist or in- (2) The training must provide infor- ternist, the examining physician de- mation on— cides whether or not to permit the em- (i) Which operations on the vessel in- ployee to enter areas where personal volve or may involve exposure to ben- exposure may exceed the action level. zene;

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(ii) The methods and observations the results of medical examinations that may be used to detect the pres- and tests and all opinions and rec- ence or release of benzene; ommendations; (iii) The physical and health hazards (iii) A list of medical complaints, if associated with exposure to benzene; any, by the employee related to expo- (iv) The measures that may be taken sure to benzene; and the equipment that may be used to (iv) A copy of the information pro- protect persons from the hazards of vided to the physician required in benzene exposure; § 197.560(f)(2) through (f)(5); and (v) The proper selection, fitting, fit (v) A copy of the employee’s medical testing, and use of personal protective and work history related to exposure equipment in emergency situations; to benzene or other hematologic toxin. (vi) The meaning of a regulated area (c) Availability of records. (1) All and the means specified in § 197.535(c) records required to be maintained by to indicate a regulated area; this section must be made available (vii) The contents of this subpart and upon request to the Coast Guard. of appendices A through E of this sub- (2) Records of personal exposure mon- part and on where copies of this mate- itoring in compliance with (a) of this rial are available; and section must be provided upon request (viii) The medical surveillance pro- to persons involved in the operation. gram specified in § 197.560. (3) A copy of each item entered into the medical record in compliance with § 197.570 Recordkeeping. paragraph (b) of this section for a par- (a) Record of personal exposure moni- ticular employee must be given to that toring. (1) The employer shall maintain employee at the time the item is en- an accurate record of all monitoring tered into the medical record. conducted in compliances with § 197.540 (4) Medical records required by para- for three years. graph (b) of this section must be pro- (2) The record must include— vided to persons upon the written re- (i) The dates, number, duration, and quest of the subject employee. results of each sample taken, and a de- (d) Transfer of records. (1) If the em- scription of the procedure used to de- ployer ceases to do business and there termine representative personal expo- is no successor to receive and retain sures; the records for the prescribed period, (ii) A description of the sampling and the employer shall make the best ef- analytical methods used; fort to transfer all records required in (iii) A description of the type of res- paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section pirator and personal protective cloth- relating to the affected employees to ing and equipment worn, if any; and those employees for their disposition. (iv) The name, social security num- Before transferring medical records to ber, and job classification of each per- former employees, the employer shall son monitored and of all other persons determine whether any forwarding ad- whose exposure the monitoring is in- dress provided by the employee is still tended to represent; and valid and whether the employee desires (v) The exposure levels to which mon- the records. If a current or former em- itored persons were subjected, even if ployee refuses to accept the records or this level is below the PEL. does not respond to notification of (b) Medical record. (1) The employer their availability, the records shall be shall maintain an accurate medical destroyed. record for each employee subjected to (2) If the employer ceases to engage medical surveillance specified in in operations involving benzene, the § 197.560 for three years after the em- employer shall retain the records for ployee’s employment is terminated. inspection unless the employee re- (2) The record must include— quests them as provided in § 197.570(c). (i) The name and social security (e) Confidentiality of records. Except number of the employee; as specifically required by this Sub- (ii) The physician’s written opinion part, the employer shall keep confiden- on the initial, periodic, and special ex- tial all records required to be main- aminations of the employee, including tained by this Subpart.

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§ 197.575 Observation of monitoring. euphoric, or giddy and you may experience irritation in your eyes, nose, and respiratory (a) Persons involved in benzene oper- tract. You may develop a headache, feel ations or their representatives must be dizzy, nauseated, or intoxicated. Severe ex- provided with an opportunity to ob- posures may lead to convulsions and loss of serve all monitoring in compliance consciousness. with § 197.540. Coast Guard officials (2) Long-term (chronic) exposure: Repeated may also observe all monitoring in or prolonged exposure to benzene, even at compliance with § 197.540. relatively low concentrations, may result in (b) When observation of monitoring various blood disorders ranging from anemia to leukemia, an irreversible, fatal disease. requires entry into regulated areas, the Many blood disorders associated with ben- observers shall use respirator and per- zene exposure may occur without symptoms. sonal protective clothing and equip- ment approved in compliance with this III. Protective Clothing and Equipment subpart and comply with § 197.530. (a) Respirators. Respirators are required for those operations in which engineering con- § 197.580 Appendices. trols or work practice controls are not fea- (a) Appendices A through D and F of sible for reducing exposure to the permis- this subpart contain technical informa- sible level or are not chosen as the method of tion on benzene and its effects and pro- complying with the performance standard. If respirators are worn, they must have joint vide guidance for medical surveillance, Mine Safety and Health Administration and monitoring, and measuring. The appen- the National Institute for Occupational Safe- dices are informational and advisory ty and Health (NIOSH) seal of approval. Car- and do not create mandatory require- tridges or canisters must be replaced before ments. the end of their service life, or the end of the (b) Appendix E of this subpart con- shift, whichever occurs first. If you experi- tains tests and procedures for fitting ence difficulty breathing while wearing a respirators. As required by respirator, you may request a positive pres- sure respirator from your employer. You § 197.550(d)(1), compliance with appen- must be thoroughly trained to use the as- dix E of this subpart is mandatory. signed respirator, and the training will be provided by your employer. APPENDIX A TO SUBPART C OF PART (b) Protective clothing. You must wear ap- 197—SAMPLE SUBSTANCE SAFETY propriate protective clothing (such as boots, DATA SHEET, BENZENE gloves, sleeves, and aprons) over any parts of your body that could be exposed to liquid I. Substance Identification benzene. (a) Substance: Benzene. (c) Eye and face protection. You must wear (b) Performance standard exposure limits: splash-proof safety goggles if it is possible (1) Airborne: The maximum time-weighted that benzene may get into your eyes. In ad- average (TWA) exposure limit is one part of dition, you must wear a face shield if your benzene vapor per million parts of air (one face could be splashed with benzene liquid. ppm) for an eight-hour workday and the maximum short-term exposure limit (STEL) IV. Emergency and First Aid Procedures is five ppm for any 15-minute period. (a) Eye and face exposure. If benzene is (2) Dermal: Eye contact must be prevented splashed in your eyes, wash it out imme- and skin contact with liquid benzene must be diately with large amounts of water. If irri- limited. tation persists or vision appears to be af- (c) Appearance and odor: Benzene is a clear, fected, see a doctor as soon as possible. colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweet odor. (b) Skin exposure. If benzene is spilled on The odor of benzene does not provide ade- your clothing or skin, remove the contami- quate warning of its . nated clothing and wash the exposed skin with large amounts of water and soap imme- II. Health Hazard Data diately. Wash contaminated clothing before (a) Ways in which benzene affects your you wear it again. health. Benzene can affect your health if you (c) Breathing. If you or any other person inhale it or if it comes in contact with your breathes in large amounts of benzene, get skin or eyes. Benzene is also harmful if you the exposed person to fresh air at once. swallow it. Apply artificial if breathing has (b) Effects of overexposure. (1) Short-term stopped. Call for medical assistance or a doc- (acute) overexposure: If you are overexposed tor as soon as possible. Never enter any ves- to high concentrations of benzene, well sel or confined space where the benzene con- above the levels where its odor is first rec- centration might be high without proper ognizable, you may feel breathless, irritable, safety equipment and with at least one other

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person present who will stay outside. A life APPENDIX B TO SUBPART C OF PART line should be used. 197—SUBSTANCE TECHNICAL GUIDE- (d) Swallowing. If benzene has been swal- LINES, BENZENE lowed and the subject is conscious, do not in- duce vomiting. Call for medical assistance or I. Physical and Chemical Data a doctor immediately. (a) Substance identification. (1) Synonyms: Benzol, benzole, coal naphtha, V. Medical Requirements cyclohexatriene, phene, phenyl hydride, If you will be exposed to benzene at a con- pyrobenzol. (Benzin, petroleum benzin, and centration at or above 0.5 ppm as an eight- benzine do not contain benzene). hour time-weighted average or have been ex- (2) Formula: C6 H6 (CAS Registry Number: posed at or above 10 ppm in the past while 71–43–2). employed by your current employer, your (b) Physical data. (1) Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 80.1 °C (176 °F). employer may be required by 46 CFR 197.560 (2) Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.879. to provide a medical examination and his- (3) Vapor density (air = 1): 2.7. tory and laboratory tests. These tests must (4) Melting point: 5.5 °C (42 °F). be provided without cost to you. In addition, (5) at 20 °C (68 °F): 75 mm if you are accidentally exposed to benzene Hg. (either by ingestion, inhalation, or skin/eye (6) in water: .06%. contact) under emergency conditions known (7) Evaporation rate (ether = 1): 2.8. or suspected to constitute a toxic exposure (8) Appearance and odor: Clear, colorless to benzene, your employer is required to liquid with a distinctive sweet odor. make special laboratory tests available to you. II. Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data (a) Fire. (1) Flash point (closed cup): ¥11 °C VI. Observation of Monitoring (12 °F). ° The employer is required to conduct moni- (2) Autoignition temperature: 580 C (1076 °F). toring that is representative of your expo- (3) Flammable limits in air, % by volume: sure to benzene, and you or your designated Lower: 1.3%, Upper: 7.5%. representative are entitled to observe the (4) Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, monitoring procedure. You are entitled to dry chemical, or foam. observe the steps taken in the measurement (5) Special fire fighting procedures: Do not procedure and to record the results obtained. use a solid stream of water, because it will When the monitoring procedure is taking scatter and spread the fire. Fine water spray place in an area where respirators or per- may be used to keep fire-exposed sonal protective clothing and equipment are cool. required to be worn, you or your representa- (6) Unusual fire and explosion hazards: tive must wear the protective clothing and Benzene is a flammable liquid. Its vapors can equipment (See 46 CFR 197.575.) form mixtures. All ignition sources must be controlled when benzene is used, VII. Access to Records handled, or stored. Areas where liquid or vapor may be released are considered haz- You or your representative may see the ardous locations. Benzene vapors are heavier records of monitoring of your exposure to than air. Thus, benzene vapors may travel benzene upon written request to your em- along the deck and ground and be ignited by ployer. Your medical examination records open flames or sparks at locations remote may be furnished to you, your physician, or from the site at which benzene is handled. a representative designated by you. (See 46 (7) Benzene is classified as a flammable liq- CFR 197.570(c).) uid for the purpose of conforming to the re- quirements of 49 CFR 172.101 concerning the VIII. Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and designation of materials as hazardous mate- Storage rials. Locations where benzene may be Benzene liquid is highly flammable. Ben- present in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures are consid- zene vapor may form explosive mixtures in ered Class I Group D locations for the pur- air. All sources of ignition must be con- poses of conforming to the requirements of trolled. Use non-sparking tools when opening 46 CFR parts 30 through 40, 151, and 153 when or closing benzene containers. Fire extin- determining the requirements for electrical guishers, where required, must be readily equipment as specified in Subchapter J available. Know where they are located and (Electrical engineering). how to operate them. Smoking is prohibited (b) Reactivity. (1) Conditions contributing in areas where benzene is used or stored. to instability: Heat. (2) Incompatibility: Heat and oxidizing ma- terials.

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(3) Hazardous decomposition products: terized by exhilaration, nervous excitation, Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon mon- or giddiness, followed by a period of depres- oxide). sion, drowsiness, or fatigue. A sensation of tightness in the chest accompanied by III. Spill and Leak Procedures breathlessness may occur and ultimately the (a) Steps to be taken if the material is released victim may lose consciousness. Tremors, or spilled. As much benzene as possible should convulsions, and death may follow from res- be absorbed with suitable materials, such as piratory paralysis or circulatory collapse in dry sand or earth. That remaining must be a few minutes to several hours following se- flushed with large amounts of water. Do not vere exposures. flush benzene into a confined space, such as The detrimental effect on the blood-form- a sewer, because of explosion danger. Re- ing system of prolonged exposure to small move all ignition sources. Ventilate enclosed quantities of benzene vapor is of extreme im- places. portance. The hematopoietic system is the (b) Waste disposal method. Disposal methods chief target for benzene’s toxic effects which must conform to state and local regulations. are manifested by alterations in the levels of If allowed, benzene may be disposed of (a) by formed elements in the peripheral blood. absorbing it in dry sand or earth and dis- These effects may occur at concentrations of posing in a sanitary landfill, (b), if in small benzene which may not cause irritation of quantities, by removing it to a safe location mucous membranes or any unpleasant sen- away from buildings or other combustible sory effects. Early signs and symptoms of sources or by pouring onto dry sand or earth benzene morbidity are varied. Often, they and cautiously igniting it, and (c), if in large are not readily noticed and are non-specific. quantities, by atomizing it in a suitable Complaints of headache, dizziness, and loss combustion chamber. of appetite may precede or follow clinical signs. Rapid pulse and low blood pressure, in APPENDIX C TO SUBPART C OF PART addition to a physical appearance of anemia, 197—MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE GUIDE- may accompany a complaint of shortness of LINES FOR BENZENE breath and excessive tiredness. Bleeding from the nose, gums, or mucous membranes I. Route of Entry and the development of purpuric spots (small Inhalation; skin absorption. bruises) may occur as the condition pro- gresses. Clinical evidence of leukopenia, ane- II. Toxicology mia, and thrombocytopenia, singly or in combination, may be among the first signs. Benzene is primarily an inhalation hazard. Bone marrow may appear normal, aplastic, Systemic absorption may cause depression of or hyperplastic and may not, in all situa- the hematopoietic system, pancytopenia, tions, correlate with peripheral blood form- aplastic anemia, and leukemia. Inhalation of ing tissues. Because of variations in the sus- high concentrations may affect the func- ceptibility to benzene morbidity, there is no tioning of the central nervous system. Aspi- ‘‘typical’’ blood picture. The onset of effects ration of small amounts of liquid benzene of prolonged benzene exposure may be de- immediately causes pulmonary edema and layed for many months or years after the ac- hemorrhage of pulmonary tissue. There is tual exposure has ceased. Identification or some absorption through the skin. Absorp- correlation with benzene exposure must be tion may be more rapid in the case of ab- raded skin or if it is present in a mixture or sought out in the occupational history. as a contaminant in solvents which are read- IV. Treatment of Acute Toxic Effects ily absorbed. The defatting action of benzene may produce primary irritation due to re- Remove from exposure immediately. Make peated or prolonged contact with the skin. sure you are adequately protected and do not High concentrations are irritating to the risk being overcome by fumes. Give oxygen eyes and the mucous membranes of the nose or artificial resuscitation, if indicated. Flush and respiratory tract. eyes, wash skin if contaminated, and remove all contaminated clothing. Symptoms of in- III. Signs and Symptoms toxication may persist following severe ex- Direct skin contact with benzene may posures. Recovery from mild exposures is cause erythema. Repeated or prolonged con- usually rapid and complete. tact may result in drying, scaling dermatitis V. Surveillance and Preventive Considerations or development of secondary skin infections. In addition, benzene is absorbed through the (a) General. The principal effects of benzene skin. Local effects of benzene vapor or liquid exposure addressed in 46 CFR part 197, sub- on the eye are slight. Only at very high con- part C, appendix A, are pathological changes centrations is there any smarting sensation in the hematopoietic system, reflected by in the eye. Inhalation of high concentrations changes in the peripheral blood and mani- of benzene may have an initial stimulatory fested clinically as pancytopenia, aplastic effect on the central nervous system charac- anemia, or leukemia. Consequently, the

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medical surveillance program specified in 46 prompt consultation with a specialist, name- CFR 197.560 is designed to observe, on a reg- ly: ular basis, blood indices for early signs of (i) Thrombocytopenia. these effects. Although early signs of leu- (ii) A trend of decreasing white cell, red kemia are not usually available, emerging cell, or platelet indices in an individual over diagnostic technology and innovative re- time is more worrisome than an isolated ab- gimes are making consistent surveillance for normal finding at one test time. The impor- leukemia, as well as other hematopoietic ef- tance of a trend highlights the need to com- fects, more and more beneficial. pare an individual’s test results to baseline, Initial and periodic medical examinations to previous periodic tests, or to both. must be provided as required in 46 CFR (iii) A constellation or pattern of abnor- 197.560. There are special provisions for med- malities in the different blood indices is of ical tests in the event of hematologic abnor- more significance than a single abnormality. malities or emergencies. A low white count not associated with any The blood values which require referral to abnormalities in other cell indices may be a a hematologist or internist are noted in 46 normal statistical variation. Whereas, if the CFR 197.560(d) (i), (ii), and (iii). That section low white count is accompanied by decreases specifies that, if blood abnormalities persist, in the platelet and/or red cell indices, such a the employee must be referred unless the pattern is more likely to be associated with physician has good reason to believe that the benzene toxicity and merits thorough inves- referral is unnecessary. Examples of condi- tigation. tions that might make a referral unneces- Anemia, leukopenia, macrocytosis, or an sary despite abnormal blood limits are iron abnormal differential white blood cell count or folate deficiency, menorrhagia, or blood should alert the physician to investigate fur- loss due to some unrelated medical abnor- ther and to refer the patient if repeat tests mality. confirm the abnormalities. If routine screen- Symptoms and signs of benzene toxicity ing detects an abnormality, the follow-up can be non-specific. Only a detailed history tests which may be helpful in establishing and appropriate investigative procedures the etiology of the abnormality are the pe- will enable a physician to rule out or con- ripheral blood smear and the reticulocyte firm conditions that place the employee at count. increased risk. To assist the examining phy- The extreme range of normal for sician with regard to which laboratory tests reticulocytes is 0.4 to 2.5 percent of the red are necessary and when to refer an employee cells. The usual range is 0.5 to 1.2 percent of to the specialist, the following guidelines the red cells. A decline in reticulocytes to have been established. levels of less than 0.4 percent is to be re- (b) Hematology Guidelines. A minimum bat- garded as possible evidence of benzene tox- tery of tests is to be performed by strictly icity requiring accelerated surveillance (un- standardized methods. less another specific cause is found). An in- (1) Red cell, white cell, platelet counts, crease in reticulocyte levels to above 2.5 per- white blood cell differential, hematocrit, and cent also may be consistent with, but not red cell indices must be performed by an ac- characteristic of, benzene toxicity. credited laboratory. The normal ranges for (2) A careful examination of the peripheral the red cell and white cell counts are influ- blood smear is an important diagnostic test. enced by altitude, race, and sex and, there- As with the reticulocyte count, the smear fore, should be determined by an accredited should be with fresh uncoagulated blood ob- laboratory in the specific area where the tained from a needle tip following tests are performed. venipuncture or from a drop of earlobe blood Either a decline from an absolute normal (capillary blood). If necessary, the smear or from an individual’s base line to a sub- may, under certain limited conditions, be normal value or a rise to a supra-normal made from a blood sample anticoagulated value are indicative of potential toxicity, with EDTA (but never with oxalate or hep- particularly if all blood parameters decline. arin). When the smear is to be prepared from The normal total white blood count is ap- a specimen of venous blood which has been proximately 7,200/mm 3 plus or minus 3,000. collected by a commercial Vacutainer ® type For cigarette smokers, the white count may containing neutral EDTA, the smear be higher and the upper range may be 2,000 should be made as soon as possible after the cells higher than normal for the laboratory. venesection. A delay of up to 12 hours is per- In addition, infection, allergies, and some missible between the drawing of the blood drugs may raise the white cell count. The specimen into EDTA and the preparation of normal platelet count is approximately the smear if the blood is stored at refrig- 250,000 with a range of 140,000 to 400,000. erator (not freezing) temperature. Counts outside this range should be regarded (3) The minimum mandatory observations as possible evidence of benzene toxicity. to be made from the smear are as follows: Certain abnormalities found through rou- (i) The differential white blood cell count. tine screening are of greater significance in (ii) Description of abnormalities in the ap- the benzene-exposed worker and require pearance of red cells.

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(iii) Description of any abnormalities in insidiously during a period of established the platelets. aplastic anemia and may be followed within (iv) A careful search must be made of every one to a few years by the appearance of rap- blood smear for immature white cells such as idly fatal, acute myelogenous leukemia. band forms (in more than normal proportion, Clinical detection of PNH, which occurs in i.e., over ten percent of the total differential only one or two percent of those destined to count), any number of metamyelocytes, have acute myelogenous leukemia, may be myelocytes, or myeloblasts. Any nucleate or difficult. If the ‘‘sucrose water test’’ is posi- multinucleated red blood cells should be re- tive, the somewhat more definitive Ham ported. Large ‘‘giant’’ platelets or fragments test, also known as the acid-serum hemolysis of megakaryocytes must be recognized. test, may provide confirmation. An increase in the proportion of band (v) Individuals documented to have devel- forms among the neutrophilic granulocytes oped acute myelogenous leukemia years is an abnormality deserving special mention. after initial exposure to benzene may have Such an increase may represent a change progressed through a preliminary phase of which should be considered as an early warn- hematologic abnormality. In some instances, ing of benzene toxicity in the absence of pancytopenia (i.e., a lowering in the counts other causative factors (most commonly in- of all circulating blood cells of bone marrow fection). Likewise, the appearance of origin, but not to the extent implied by the metamyelocytes, in the absence of another term ‘‘aplastic anemia’’) preceded leukemia probable cause, is to be considered a possible for many years. Depression of a single blood indication of benzene-induced toxicity. cell type or platelets may represent a har- An upward trend in the number of binger of aplasia or leukemia. The finding of basophils, which normally do not exceed two or more cytopenias or pancytopenia in a about 2.0 percent of the total white cells, is benzene-exposed individual must be regarded to be regarded as possible evidence of ben- as highly suspicious of more advanced, al- zene toxicity. A rise in the eosinophil count though still reversible, toxicity. is less specific but may indicate toxicity if Pancytopenia coupled with the appearance of the rise is above 6.0 percent of the total immature cells (myelocytes, myeloblasts, white count. erythroblasts, etc.) with abnormal cells The normal range of monocytes is from 2.0 (pseudo Pelger-Huet anomaly, atypical nu- to 8.0 percent of the total white count with clear heterochromatin, etc.) or of unex- an average of about 5.0 percent. About 20 per- plained elevations of white blood cells must cent of individuals reported to have mild but be regarded as evidence of benzene overexpo- persisting abnormalities caused by exposure sure, unless proved otherwise. Many severely to benzene show a persistent monocytosis. aplastic patients manifested the ominous The findings of a monocyte count which per- finding of five to ten percent myeloblasts in sists at more than ten to 12 percent of the the marrow, occasional myeloblasts and normal white cell count (when the total myelocytes in the blood, and 20 to 30 percent count is normal) or persistence of an abso- monocytes. It is evident that isolated lute monocyte count in excess of 800/mm 3 cytopenias, pancytopenias, and even aplastic should be regarded as a possible sign of ben- anemias induced by benzene may be revers- zene-induced toxicity. ible and complete recovery has been reported A less frequent but more serious indication on cessation of exposure. However, because of benzene toxicity is the finding in the pe- any of these abnormalities is serious, the ripheral blood of the so-called ‘‘pseudo’’ (or employee must immediately be removed acquired) Pelger-Huet anomaly. In this from any possible exposure to benzene vapor. anomaly, many, or sometimes the majority, Certain tests may substantiate the employ- of the neutrophilic granulocytes possess two ee’s prospects for progression or regression. round nuclear segments, or, less often, one One such test would be an examination of or three round segments, rather than three the bone marrow, but the decision to per- normally elongated segments. When this form a bone marrow aspiration or needle bi- anomaly is not hereditary, it is often, but opsy must be made by the hematologist. not invariably, predictive of subsequent leu- The findings of basophilic stippling in cir- kemia. However, only about two percent of culating red blood cells (usually found in one patients who ultimately develop acute to five percent of red cells following marrow myelogenous leukemia show the acquired injury) and detection in the bone marrow of Pelger-Huet anomaly. Other tests that can what are termed ‘‘ringed sideroblasts’’ must be administered to investigate blood abnor- be taken seriously, as they have been noted malities are discussed below. However, these in recent years to be premonitory signs of tests should be undertaken by the hema- subsequent leukemia. tologist. Recently peroxidase-staining of circulating An uncommon sign, which cannot be de- or marrow neutrophil granulocytes, employ- tected from the smear but can be elicited by ing benzidine dihydrochloride, have revealed a ‘‘sucrose water test’’ of peripheral blood, is the disappearance of, or diminution in, per- transient paroxysmal nocturnal hemo- oxidase in a sizable proportion of the globinuria (PNH). This sign may first occur granulocytes. This has been reported as an

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early sign of leukemia. However, relatively percent confidence level, of not less than few patients have been studied to date. plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations Granulocyte granules are normally strongly of benzene greater than or equal to 0.5 ppm. peroxidase positive. A steady decline in leu- In developing the following analytical pro- kocyte alkaline phosphatase has also been cedures, the OSHA Laboratory modified reported as suggestive of early acute leu- NIOSH Method S311 and evaluated it at a kemia. Exposure to benzene may cause an benzene air concentration of one ppm. A pro- early rise in serum iron, often but not al- cedure for determining the benzene con- ways associated with a fall in the centration in bulk material samples was also reticulocyte count. Thus, serial measure- evaluated. This work, as reported in OSHA ments of serum iron levels may provide a Laboratory Method No. 12, includes the fol- means of determining whether or not there lowing two analytical procedures: is a trend representing sustained suppression of erythropoiesis. I. OSHA Method 12 for Air Samples Measurement of serum iron and determina- Analyte: Benzene. tion of peroxidase and of alkaline phos- Matrix: Air. phatase activity in peripheral granulocytes Procedure: Adsorption on charcoal, can be performed in most pathology labora- desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by tories. Peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase gas chromatograph. staining are usually undertaken when the Detection limit: 0.04 ppm. index of suspicion for leukemia is high. Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 10 liter at 0.2 liter/min. APPENDIX D TO SUBPART C OF PART 1. Principle of the method 197—SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR BENZENE MONI- 1.1. A known volume of air is drawn TORING—MEASUREMENT PROCE- through a charcoal tube to trap the organic vapors present. DURES 1.2. The charcoal in the tube is transferred Measurements taken for the purpose of de- to a small, stoppered and the analyte is termining employee exposure to benzene are desorbed with carbon disulfide. best taken so that the representative aver- 1.3. An aliquot of the desorbed sample is in- age eight-hour exposure may be determined jected into a gas chromatograph. from a single eight-hour sample or two four- 1.4. The area of the resulting peak is deter- hour samples. Short-time interval samples mined and compared with areas obtained (or grab samples) may also be used to deter- from standards. mine average exposure level if a minimum of 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the five measurements are taken in a random method manner over the eight-hour work shift. In random sampling, any portion of the work 2.1. The sampling device is small, portable, shift has the same chance of being sampled and involves no liquids. Interferences are as any other. The arithmetic average of all minimal and most of those which do occur random samples taken on one work shift is can be eliminated by altering an estimate of an employee’s average level of chromatographic conditions. The samples exposure for that work shift. Air samples are analyzed by means of a quick, instru- should be taken in the employee’s breathing mental method. zone (i.e., air that would most nearly rep- 2.2. The amount of sample which can be resent that inhaled by the employee). Sam- taken is limited by the number of milli- pling and analysis must be performed with grams that the tube will hold before over- procedures meeting the requirements of 46 loading. When the sample value obtained for CFR part 197, subpart C. the backup section of the charcoal tube ex- There are a number of methods available ceeds 25 percent of that found on the front for monitoring employee exposures to ben- section, the possibility of sample loss exists. zene. The sampling and analysis may be per- 3. Apparatus formed by collection of the benzene vapor on charcoal adsorption tubes, with subsequent 3.1. A calibrated personal sampling pump chemical analysis by gas chromatography. having a flow that can be determined within Sampling and analysis also may be per- ±five percent at the recommended flow rate. formed by portable direct reading instru- 3.2. Charcoal tubes: with both ends ments, real-time continuous monitoring sys- flame sealed, seven cm long with a six mm tems, passive dosimeters, or other suitable O.D. and a four mm I.D., containing two sec- methods. The employer is required to select tions of 20/40 mesh activated charcoal sepa- a monitoring method which meets the accu- rated by a two mm portion of urethane foam. racy and precision requirements of 46 CFR The activated charcoal is prepared from co- 197.540(a)(6) for the weather conditions ex- conut shells and is fired at 600 °C before pected. Section 197.540(a)(6) requires that packing. The adsorbing section contains 100 monitoring must have an accuracy, to a 95 mg of charcoal and the back-up section 50

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mg. A three mm portion of urethane foam is 5.3.1. Immediately before sampling, break placed between the outlet end of the tube the ends of the tube to provide an opening at and the back-up section. A plug of silanized least one-half the internal diameter of the glass wool is placed in front of the adsorbing tube (two mm). section. The pressure drop across the tube 5.3.2. The smaller section of the charcoal is must be less than one inch of mercury at a used as the backup and should be placed flow rate of one liter per minute. nearest the sampling pump. 3.3. Gas chromatograph equipped with a 5.3.3. The charcoal tube should be placed in flame ionization detector. a vertical position during sampling to mini- 3.4. Column (10 ft. × 1⁄8 in. stainless ) mize channeling through the charcoal. packed with 80/100 Supelcoport coated with 5.3.4. Air being sampled should not be 20 percent SP 2100 and 0.1 percent CW 1500. passed through any hose or tubing before en- 3.5. An electronic integrator or some other tering the charcoal tube. suitable method for measuring peak area. 5.3.5. A sample size of 10 liters is rec- ommended. Sample at a flow rate of approxi- 3.6. Two-milliliter sample with Tef- mately 0.2 liters per minute. The flow rate lon-lined caps. should be known with an accuracy of at least 3.7. Microliter syringes: ten microliter (ten ±five percent. μl) syringe, and other convenient sizes for 5.3.6. The charcoal tubes should be capped making standards. One μl syringe for sample with the supplied plastic caps immediately injections. after sampling. 3.8. Pipets: 1.0 ml delivery pipets. 5.3.7. Submit at least one blank tube (a 3.9. Volumetric flasks: convenient sizes for charcoal tube subjected to the same handling making standard . procedures, without having any air drawn through it) with each set of samples. 4. Reagents 5.3.8. Take necessary shipping and packing 4.1. Chromatographic quality carbon disul- precautions to minimize breakage of sam- fide (CS2). Most commercially available car- ples. bon disulfide contains a trace of benzene 5.4. Analysis of samples. which must be removed. It can be removed 5.4.1. Preparation of samples. In prepara- with the following procedure. Heat, under tion for analysis, each charcoal tube is reflux for two to three hours, 500 ml of car- scored with a file in front of the first section bon disulfide, ten ml concentrated sulfuric of charcoal and broken open. The glass wool acid, and five drops of concentrated nitric is removed and discarded. The charcoal in acid. The benzene is converted to the first (larger) section is transferred to a nitrobenzene. The carbon disulfide layer is two ml vial. The separating section of foam removed, dried with anhydrous sodium sul- is removed and discarded and the second sec- fate, and distilled. The recovered carbon di- tion is transferred to another capped vial. sulfide should be benzene free. (It has re- These two sections are analyzed separately. cently been determined that benzene can 5.4.2. Desorption of samples. Before anal- also be removed by passing the carbon disul- ysis, 1.0 ml of desorbing is pipetted fide through a 13x ). into each sample container. The desorbing 4.2. Benzene, reagent grade. solution consists of 0.05 μl internal standard 4.3. p-Cymene, reagent grade, (internal per milliliter of carbon disulfide. The sample standard). vials are capped as soon as the solvent is 4.4. Desorbing reagent. The desorbing rea- added. Desorption should be done for 30 min- gent is prepared by adding 0.05 ml of p-cy- utes with occasional shaking. mene per milliliter of carbon disulfide. (The 5.4.3. GC conditions. Typical operating con- internal standard offers a convenient means ditions for the gas chromatograph are as fol- correcting analytical response for slight in- lows: consistencies in the size of sample injec- 1. 30 ml/min (60 psig) helium carrier gas tions. If the external standard technique is flow. preferred, the internal standard can be elimi- 2. 30 ml/min (40 psig) hydrogen gas flow to nated.) detector. 4.5. Purified GC grade helium, hydrogen, 3. 240 ml/min (40 psig) air flow to detector. ° and air. 4. 150 C injector temperature. 5. 250 °C detector temperature. 5. Procedure 6. 100 °C column temperature. 5.4.4. Injection size. One μl. 5.1. Cleaning of equipment. All glassware 5.4.5. Measurement of area. The peak areas used for the laboratory analysis should be are measured by an electronic integrator or properly cleaned and free of organics which some other suitable form of area measure- could interfere in the analysis. ment. 5.2. Calibration of personal pumps. Each 5.4.6. An internal standard procedure is pump must be calibrated with a representa- used. The integrator is calibrated to report tive charcoal tube in the line. results in ppm for a 10 liter air sample after 5.3. Collection and shipping of samples. correction for desorption efficiency.

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5.5. Determination of desorption efficiency. 8. Backup data 5.5.1. Importance of determination. The 8.1 Detection limit—Air Samples. The de- desorption efficiency of a particular com- tection limit for the analytical procedure is pound may vary from one laboratory to an- 1.28 ng with a coefficient of variation of 0.023 other and from one lot of chemical to an- at this level. This would be equivalent to an other. Thus, it is necessary to determine, at air concentration of 0.04 ppm for a 10 liter air least once, the percentage of the specific sample. This amount provided a compound that is removed in the desorption chromatographic peak that could be identifi- process, provided the same batch of charcoal able in the presence of possible interferences. is used. The detection limit data were obtained by 5.5.2. Procedure for determining desorption making one μl injections of a 1.283 μg/ml efficiency. The reference portion of the char- standard. coal tube is removed. To the remaining por- tion, amounts representing 0.5X, 1X, and 2X Injection Area count (X represents target concentration) based on 1 ...... 655.4 a 10 liter air sample, are injected into sev- 2 ...... 617.5 eral tubes at each level. Dilutions of benzene 3 ...... 662.0 X = 640.2 with carbon disulfide are made to allow in- 4 ...... 641.1 SD = 14.9 5 ...... 636.4 CV = 0.023 jection of measurable quantities. These 6 ...... 629.2 tubes are then allowed to equilibrate at least overnight. Following equilibration, they are 8.2 Pooled coefficient of variation—Air analyzed following the same procedure as the Samples. The pooled coefficient of variation samples. Desorption efficiency is determined for the analytical procedure was determined by dividing the amount of benzene found by by one μl replicate injections of analytical amount spiked on the tube. standards. The standards were 16.04, 32.08, and 64.16 μg/ml, which are equivalent to 0.5, 6. Calibration and standards 1.0, and 2.0 ppm for a 10 liter air sample re- A series of standards varying in concentra- spectively. 8.3 Storage data—Air Samples. Samples tion over the range of interest is prepared were generated at 1.03 ppm benzene at 80% and analyzed under the same GC conditions relative humidity, 22 °C, and 643 mm. All that will be used on the samples. A calibra- samples were taken for 50 minutes at 0.2 li- tion curve is prepared by plotting concentra- ters/min. Six samples were analyzed imme- μ tion ( g/ml) versus peak area. diately and the rest of the samples were di- vided into two groups by fifteen samples 7. Calculations each. One group was stored at refrigerated Benzene air concentration can be cal- temperature of ¥25 °C and the other group culated from the following equation: was stored at ambient temperature (approxi- mately 23 °C). These samples were analyzed mg/m3 = (A)(B)/(C)(D) over a period of fifteen days. The results are Where: tabulated below. A=μg/ml benzene, obtained from the calibra- tion curve; B = desorption volume (one Area counts Injection ml); C = liters of air sampled; and D = 0.5 ppm 1.0 ppm 2.0 ppm desorption efficiency. 3 1 ...... 3996 .5 8130.2 16481 The concentration in mg/m can be con- 2 ...... 4059 .4 8235.6 16493 verted to ppm (at 25° and 760 mm) with fol- 3 ...... 4052 .0 8307.9 16535 lowing equation: 4 ...... 4027 .2 8263.2 16609 ppm = (mg/m3)(24.46)/(78.11). 5 ...... 4046 .8 8291.1 16552 6 ...... 4137 .9 8288.8 16618 Where: X= ...... 4053.3 8254.0 16548.3 24.46 = molar volume of an ideal gas 25 °C and SD= ...... 47 .2 62 .5 57 .1 760 mm; and 78.11 = molecular weight of CV= ...... 0 .0116 0 .0076 0 .0034 CV = 0.008. benzene.

PERCENT RECOVERY

Refrigerated Ambient Day analyzed

0 ...... 97.4 98.7 98.9 97.4 98.7 98.9 0 ...... 97.1 100.6 100.9 97.1 100.6 100.9 2 ...... 95.8 96.4 95.4 95.4 96.6 96.9 5 ...... 93.9 93.7 92.4 92.4 94.3 94.1 9 ...... 93.6 95.5 94.6 95.2 95.6 96.6

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PERCENT RECOVERY—Continued

Refrigerated Ambient Day analyzed

13 ...... 94.3 95.3 93.7 91.0 95.0 94.6 15 ...... 96.8 95.8 94.2 92.9 96.3 95.9

8.4 Desorption data. Samples were prepared 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the by injecting liquid benzene onto the A sec- method tion of charcoal tubes. Samples were pre- 2.1. The analytical procedure is quick, sen- pared that would be equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, sitive, and reproducible. and 2.0 ppm for a 10 liter air sample. 2.2. Reanalysis of samples is possible. 2.3. Interferences can be circumvented by PERCENT RECOVERY proper selection of HPLC parameters. 2.4. Samples must be free of any particu- Sample 0.5 ppm 1.0 ppm 2.0 ppm lates that may clog the capillary tubing in 1 ...... 99 .4 98 .8 99 .5 the liquid chromatograph. This may require 2 ...... 99 .5 98 .7 99 .7 distilling the sample or clarifying with a 3 ...... 99 .2 98 .6 99 .8 clarification kit. 4 ...... 99 .4 99 .1 100.0 3. Apparatus 5 ...... 99 .2 99 .0 99 .7 6 ...... 99 .8 99 .1 99 .9 3.1. Liquid chromatograph equipped with a X= ...... 99.4 98.9 99 .8 UV detector. SD= ...... 0 .22 0 .21 0 .18 3.2. HPLC Column that will separate ben- C V= ...... 0 .0022 0 .0021 0.0018 zene from other components in the bulk sam- X = 99.4. ple being analyzed. The column used for vali- dation studies was a Waters uBondapack C18, 8.5 Carbon disulfide. Carbon disulfide from 30 cm × 3.9 mm. a number of sources was analyzed for ben- 3.3. A clarification kit to remove any par- zene contamination. The results are given in ticulates in the bulk if necessary. the following table. The benzene contami- 3.4. A micro-distillation apparatus to dis- nant can be removed with the procedures till any samples if necessary. given in section I.4.1. 3.5. An electronic integrator or some other suitable method of measuring peak areas. ppm equivalent 3.6. Microliter syringes—ten μl syringe and Sample μg Benzene/ml (for 10 liter air sample) other convenient sizes for making standards. 10 μl syringe for sample injections. ALDRICH Lot 83017 4.20 0.13 3.7. Volumetric flasks, five ml and other BAKER Lot 720364 ... 1.01 0.03 convenient sizes for preparing standards and BAKER Lot 822351 ... 1.01 0.03 making dilutions. Malinkrodt Lot WEMP 1.74 0.05 Malinkrodt Lot WDSJ 5.65 0.18 4. Reagents Malinkrodt Lot WHGA 2.90 0.09 4.1. Benzene, reagent grade. Treated CS2 ...... 4.2. HPLC grade water, methyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol. II. OSHA Laboratory Method No. 12 for Bulk Samples 5. Collection and shipment of samples Analyte: Benzene. 5.1. Samples should be transported in glass Matrix: Bulk Samples. containers with Teflon-lined caps. 5.2. Samples should not be put in the same Procedure: Bulk samples are analyzed di- container used for air samples rectly by high performance liquid chroma- tography (HPLC). 6. Analysis of samples Detection limits: 0.01% by volume. 6.1. Sample preparation. If necessary, the 1. Principle of the method samples are distilled or clarified. Samples are analyzed undiluted. If the benzene con- 1.1. An aliquot of the bulk sample to be centration is out of the working range, suit- analyzed is injected into a liquid chro- able dilutions are made with isopropyl alco- matograph. hol. 1.2. The peak area for benzene is deter- 6.2. HPLC conditions. The typical oper- mined and compared to areas obtained from ating conditions for the high performance standards. liquid chromatograph are:

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6.2.1. Mobile phase—Methyl alcohol/water, for bulk samples is 0.88 μg, with a coefficient 50/50. of variation of 0.019 at this level. This 6.2.2. Analytical wavelength—254 nm. amount provided a chromatographic peak 6.2.3. Injection size—10 μl. that could be identifiable in the presence of 6.3. Measurement of peak area and calibra- possible interferences. The detection limit tion. Peak areas are measured by an inte- date were obtained by making ten μl injec- grator or other suitable means. The inte- tions of a 0.10% by volume standard. grator is calibrated to report results in % benzene by volume. Injection Area Count

7. Calculations 1 ...... 45386 Because the integrator is programmed to 2 ...... 44214 report results in % benzene by volume in an 3 ...... 43822 X = 44040.1 undiluted sample, the following equation is 4 ...... 44062 SD = 852.5 used: % Benzene by Volume = A × B. 6 ...... 42724 CV = 0.019 Where: A = % by volume on report. B = Di- lution Factor. (B = one for undiluted sam- 8.2. Pooled coefficient of variation—Bulk ple). Samples. The pooled coefficient of variation for the analytical procedure was determined 8. Backup data by 50 μl replicate injections of analytical 8.1. Detection limit—Bulk Samples. The standards. The standards were 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, detection limit for the analytical procedure 0.10, 1.0, and 2.0% benzene by volume.

AREA COUNT (PERCENT)

Injection # 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.10 1.0 2.0

1 ...... 45386 84737 166097 448497 4395380 9339150 2 ...... 44241 84300 170832 441299 4590800 9484900 3 ...... 43822 83835 164160 443719 4593200 9557580 4 ...... 44062 84381 164445 444842 4642350 9677060 5 ...... 44006 83012 168398 442564 4646430 9766240 6 ...... 42724 81957 173002 443975 4646260 X= ...... 44040.1 83703.6 167872 444149 4585767 9564986 SD= ...... 852 .5 1042.2 3589 .8 2459.1 96839 .3 166233 CV= ...... 0 .0194 0 .0125 0 .0213 0.0055 0 .0211 0 .0174 CV = 0.017.

APPENDIX E TO SUBPART C OF PART interfere with the function of the inhalation 197—RESPIRATOR FIT TESTS or exhalation valves.

PROCEDURES I. Initial Fit Tests (IFT) This appendix contains the procedures for (a) The test subject must be allowed to se- properly fitting a respirator to employees lect the most comfortable respirator from a who may be exposed to benzene and includes selection of respirators of various sizes. The the Initial Fit Tests (IFT), the Qualitative selection must include at least three sizes of Fit Tests (QLFT), and the Quantitative Fit elastomeric facepieces for the type of res- Test (QNFT). pirator that is to be tested (i.e., three sizes of Note that respirators (negative pressure or half mask or three sizes of full facepiece). positive pressure) must not be worn when (b) Before the selection process, the test conditions prevent a tight seal between the subject must be shown how to put on a res- faceplate and the skin or the proper func- pirator, how it should be positioned on the tioning of the inhalation or exhalation face, how to set strap tension, and how to de- valves. In order for a respirator to protect termine a comfortable fit. A mirror must be the wearer, the facepiece must make a prop- er seal against the wearer’s face. Several fac- available to assist the subject in evaluating tors can negatively affect the respirator to the fit and positioning the respirator. This face seal and reduce the level of protection instruction is only a preliminary review and afforded by the respirator. Among these are must not constitute the subject’s formal facial shape, temple pieces of eyeglasses, fa- training on respirator use. cial abnormalities (e.g., scars and indenta- (c) The test subject must be informed that tions) absence of dentures, hair style or he or she is being asked to select the res- length of hair, specific skin conditions, and pirator which provides the most comfortable facial hair. Therefore, nothing can come be- fit. Each respirator represents a different tween or otherwise interfere with the sealing size and shape and, if fitted and used prop- surface of the respirator and the face or erly, should provide adequate protection.

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(d) The test subject must be instructed to tightness of the respirator is considered sat- hold each facepiece up to the face and elimi- isfactory. nate those facepieces which obviously do not (i) The test must not be conducted if the give a comfortable fit. subject has any hair growth between the (e) The more comfortable facepieces must skin and the facepiece sealing surface, such be noted and the most comfortable mask as stubble beard growth, beard, or long side- donned and worn at least five minutes to as- burns which cross the respirator sealing sur- sess comfort. Assistance in assessing comfort face. Any type of apparel, such as a skull cap may be given by discussing the points in sec- or the temple bars of eye glasses, which tion I(f) of this appendix. If the test subject projects under the facepiece or otherwise is not familiar with using a particular res- interferes with a satisfactory fit must be al- pirator, the test subject must be directed to tered or removed. don the mask several times and to adjust the (j) If the test subject exhibits difficulty in straps each time to become adept at setting breathing during the tests, the subject must proper tension on the straps. be referred to a physician trained in res- (f) Assessment of comfort must include re- piratory disease or pulmonary medicine to viewing the following points with the test determine whether the test subject can wear subject and allowing the test subject ade- a respirator while performing his or her du- quate time to determine the comfort of the ties. respirator: (k) The test subject must be given the op- (1) Position of the mask on the nose. portunity to wear the successfully fitted res- (2) Room for eye protection. pirator for a period of two weeks. If at any (3) Room to talk. time during this period the respirator be- comes uncomfortable, the test subject must (4) Position of mask on face and cheeks. be given the opportunity to select a different (g) The following criteria must be used to facepiece and to be retested. help determine the adequacy of the res- (l) Exercise regimen. Before beginning the pirator fit: fit test, the test subject must be given a de- (1) Chin properly placed. scription of the fit test and of the test sub- (2) Adequate strap tension, not overly ject’s responsibilities during the test proce- tightened. dure. The description of the process must in- (3) Fit across nose bridge. clude a description of the test exercises that (4) Respirator of proper size to span dis- the subject must perform. The respirator to tance from nose to chin. be tested must be worn for at least five min- (5) Tendency of respirator to slip. utes before the start of the fit test. (6) Self-observation in mirror to evaluate (m) Test Exercises. The test subject must fit and respirator position. perform the following exercises in the test (h) The following negative and positive environment: pressure fit tests must be conducted. Before (1) Normal breathing. In a normal standing conducting a negative or positive pressure fit position, without talking, the subject must test, the subject must be told to seat the breathe normally. mask on the face by moving the head from (2) Deep breathing. In a normal standing side-to-side and up and down slowly while position, the subject must breathe slowly taking in a few slow deep breaths Another and deeply, taking caution so as to not facepiece must be selected and retested if the hyperventilate. test subject fails the fit check tests. (3) Turning head side to side. Standing in (1) Positive pressure fit test. The exhalation place, the subject must slowly turn his or valve must be closed off and the subject her head from side to side between the ex- must exhale gently onto the facepiece. The treme positions on each side. The subject face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight must hold his or her head at each extreme positive pressure can be built up inside the momentarily and inhale. facepiece without any evidence of outward (4) Moving head up and down. Standing in leakage of air at the seal. For most res- place, the subject must slowly move his or pirators this method of leak testing requires her head up and down. The subject must be the wearer to first remove the exhalation instructed to inhale in the up position (i.e., valve cover before closing off the exhalation when looking toward the ceiling). valve and then carefully replacing it after (5) Talking. The subject must talk slowly the test. and loudly enough so as to be heard clearly (2) Negative pressure fit test. The inlet open- by the test conductor. The subject must ing of the canister or cartridge(s) must be count backward from 100, recite a memorized closed off by covering with the palm of the poem or song, or read the following passage: hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s). The RAINBOW PASSAGE subject must inhale gently so that the face- piece collapses slightly and hold his or her When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the breath for ten seconds. If the facepiece re- air, they act like a prism and form a rain- mains in its slightly collapsed condition and bow. The rainbow is a division of white light no inward leakage of air is detected, the into many beautiful colors. These take the

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shape of a long round arch, with its path prepared by adding one cc of pure IAA to 800 high above, and its two ends apparently be- cc of odor free water in a one liter and by yond the horizon. There is, according to leg- shaking the jar for 30 seconds. A new solu- end, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People tion must be prepared at least weekly. look, but no one ever finds it. When a man (iv) The screening test must be conducted looks for something beyond reach, his in a room separate from the room used for friends say he is looking for the pot of gold actual fit testing. The two rooms must be at the end of the rainbow. well ventilated but not connected to the (6) Grimace. The test subject must grimace same recirculating ventilation system. by smiling or frowning. (v) An odor test solution must be prepared (7) Bending over. The test subject must in a second one-liter jar by placing 0.4 cc of bend at the waist as if to touch the toes or, the stock solution into 500 cc of odor free for test environments such as shroud type water using a clean dropper or pipette. The QNFT units which prohibit bending at the solution must be shaken for 30 seconds and waist, the subject must jog in place. allowed to stand for two to three minutes so (8) Normal breathing. Same as exercise 1. that the IAA concentration above the liquid Each test exercise must be performed for may reach equilibrium. This solution must one minute, except for the grimace exercise be used for only one day. which must be performed for 15 seconds. The (vi) A test blank must be prepared in a test subject must be questioned by the test third one-liter jar by adding 500 cc of odor conductor regarding the comfort of the res- free water. pirator upon completion of test exercises. If (vii) The odor test jar and the test blank it has become uncomfortable, another res- jar must be labeled ‘‘1’’ and ‘‘2’’ for identi- pirator must be tried and the subject re- fication. The must be placed on the jar tested. so that the labels can be periodically (n) The employer shall certify that a suc- peeled off dried, and switched to maintain cessful fit test has been administered to the the integrity of the test. test subject. The certification must include (viii) The following instruction must be the following information: typed on a card and placed on a table in (1) Name of employee. front of the odor test jar and the test blank (2) Type, brand, and size of respirator. jar: (3) Date of test. Where QNFT is used, the fit factor, strip The purpose of this test is to determine if chart, or other recording of the results of the you can smell banana oil at a low concentra- test must be retained with the certification. tion. The two in front of you contain The certification must be maintained until water. One of these bottles also contains a the next fit test is administered. small amount of banana oil. Be sure the cov- ers are on tight, then shake each for II. Qualitative Fit Tests (QLFT) two seconds. Unscrew the of each bottle, one at a time, and sniff at the mouth of the (a) General. (1) The employer shall des- bottle. Indicate to the test conductor which ignate specific individuals to administer the bottle contains banana oil. respirator qualitative fit test program. The employer may contract for these services. (ix) The mixtures in the used in the (2) The employer shall ensure that persons IAA odor threshold screening must be pre- administering QLFT are able to properly pared in an area separate from the test area, prepare test solutions, calibrate equipment, in order to prevent olfactory fatigue in the perform tests, recognize invalid tests, and test subject. determine whether the test equipment is in (x) If the test subject is unable to correctly proper working order. identify the jar containing the odor test so- (3) The employer shall ensure that QLFT lution, the IAA qualitative fit test must not equipment is kept clean and maintained so be performed. as to operate at the parameters for which it (xi) If the test subject correctly identifies was designed. the jar containing the odor test solution, the (b) Isoamyl acetate tests. (1) Odor threshold test subject may proceed to respirator selec- screening test. The odor threshold screening tion and fit testing. test, performed without wearing a res- (2) Isoamyl acetate fit test. (i) The fit test pirator, is intended to determine if the test chamber must be a clear 55-gallon liner subject can detect the odor of isoamyl ace- or similar device suspended inverted over a tate. two foot diameter frame so that the top of (i) Three one-liter glass jars with metal the chamber is about six inches above the lids must be used. test subject’s head. The inside top center of (ii) Odor free water (e.g. distilled or spring the chamber must have a small hook at- water) at approximately 25 degrees C must tached. be used for the solutions. (ii) Each respirator used for the fitting and (iii) An isoamyl acetate (IAA) (also known fit testing must be equipped with organic at isopentyl acetate) stock solution must be vapor cartridges or offer protection against

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organic vapors. The cartridges or masks equipped with high-efficiency filters, it may must be changed at least weekly. also be used for testing other respirators. (iii) After selecting, donning, and properly The entire screening and testing procedure adjusting a respirator, the test subject must must be explained to the test subject before wear the respirator to the fit testing room. the conduct of the saccharin test threshold This room must be separate from the room screening test. used for odor threshold screening and res- (1) Saccharin taste threshold screening pirator selection and must be well ventilated test. The test, performed without wearing a by an exhaust fan, lab hood, or other device respirator, is intended to determine whether to prevent general room contamination. the test subject can detect the taste of sac- (iv) A copy of the test exercises and any charin. prepared text from which the subject is to (i) The subject must wear an enclosure read must be taped to the inside of the test about the head and shoulders that is approxi- chamber. mately 12 inches in diameter by 14 inches (v) Upon entering the test chamber, the tall with at least the front portion clear. If test subject must be given a six inch by five the enclosure is also used for the saccharin inch piece of towel or other porous, ab- solution aerosol fit test in compliance with sorbent, single-ply material, folded in half section II(c)(2) of this appendix, the enclo- and wetted with 0.75 cc of pure IAA. The test sure must allow free movements of the head subject must hang the wet towel on the hook when a respirator is worn. An enclosure sub- at the top of the chamber. stantially similar to the Minnesota, Mining (vi) Two minutes must be allowed for the and Manufacturing (3M) hood assembly, IAA test concentration to stabilize before parts No. FT 14 and No. FT 15 combined, is starting the fit test exercises. This would be adequate. an appropriate time to talk with the test (ii) The test enclosure must have a 3⁄4 inch subject, to explain the fit test, the impor- hole in front of the test subject’s nose and tance of the subject’s cooperation, and the mouth area to accommodate the nebulizer purpose for the head exercises, or to dem- nozzle. onstrate some of the exercises. (vii) The test subject must be instructed to (iii) The test subject must don the test en- perform the exercises described in section . Throughout the threshold screening I(n) of this appendix. If at any time during test, the test subject must breathe with the test the subject detects the banana like mouth wide open and tongue extended. odor of IAA, the test is failed. The subject (iv) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation must be removed quickly from the test Medication Nebulizer, the test conductor chamber and the test area to avoid olfactory must spray the threshold check solution in fatigue. accordance with II(c)(1)(v) of this appendix (viii) If the test is failed, the subject must into the enclosure. The nebulizer must be return to the selection room, remove the res- clearly marked to distinguish it from the fit pirator, repeat the odor sensitivity test, se- test solution nebulizer. lect and don another respirator, return to (v) The threshold check solution consists the test chamber, and again take the IAA fit of 0.83 grams of sodium saccharin USP in one test. The process must continue until a res- cc of warm water. It may be prepared by put- pirator that fits well is found. If the odor ting one cc of the fit test solution (see sec- sensitivity test is failed, the subject must tion II(c)(2)(iv) of this appendix) in 100 cc of wait at least five minutes before retesting to distilled water. allow odor sensitivity to return. (vi) To produce the aerosol, the nebulizer (ix) When a respirator is found that passes bulb must be firmly squeezed so that it col- the test, the subject must demonstrate the lapses completely. Then, the bulb must be efficiency of the respirator by breaking the released and allowed to expand fully. face seal and taking a breath before exiting (vii) The bulb must be squeezed rapidly ten the chamber. If the subject cannot detect the times and the test subject must be asked odor of IAA, the test is deemed inconclusive whether he or she tastes the saccharin. and must be rerun. (viii) If the first response is negative, the (x) When the test subject leaves the cham- ten rapid squeezes must be repeated and the ber, the subject must remove the saturated test subject is again asked whether he or she towel and return it to the person conducting tastes the saccharin. the test. To keep the test area from becom- (ix) If the second response is negative, ten ing contaminated, the used towel must be more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the kept in a self-sealing bag to avoid significant test subject again asked whether the sac- IAA concentration build-up in the test cham- charin is tasted. ber for subsequent tests. (x) The test conductor must take note of (c) Saccharin solution aerosol test. The sac- the number of squeezes required to solicit a charin solution aerosol test is an alternative taste response. qualitative test. Although it is the only vali- (xi) If the saccharin is not tasted after 30 dated test currently available for use with squeezes, the test subject may not perform particulate disposable dust respirators not the saccharin fit test.

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(xii) If a taste response is elicited, the test (3) Both ends of a ventilation smoke tube subject must be asked to take note of the containing stannic oxychloride, such as the taste for reference in the fit test. Marine Safety Appliance part No. 5645 or (xiii) Correct use of the nebulizer means equivalent, must be broken. One end of the that approximately one cc of liquid is used smoke tube must be attached to a low flow at a time in the nebulizer body. air pump set to deliver 200 milliliters per (xiv) The nebulizer must be thoroughly minute. rinsed in water, shaken dry, and refilled at (4) The test subject must be advised that least each morning and afternoon or at least the smoke may be irritating to the eyes and every four-hours. that the subject must keep his or her eyes (2) Saccharin solution aerosol fit test. (i) closed while the test is performed. The test subject may not eat, drink (except (5) The test conductor must direct the plain water), or chew gum for 15 minutes be- stream of irritant smoke from the smoke fore the test. tube towards the face seal area of the test (ii) The fit test must be conducted with the subject. The test must be started with the same type of enclosure used for the sac- smoke tube at least 12 inches from the face- charin taste threshold screening test in ac- piece, moved gradually to within one inch, cordance with section II(c)(1) of this appen- and moved around the whole perimeter of dix. the mask (iii) The test subject must don the enclo- (6) Each test subject who passes the smoke sure while wearing the respirator selected in test without evidence of a response must be the saccharin taste threshold screening test. given a sensitivity check of the smoke from The respirator must be properly adjusted and the same tube once the respirator has been equipped with a particulate filter(s). removed. This check is necessary to deter- (iv) A second DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation mine whether the test subject reacts to the Medication Nebulizer must be used to spray smoke. Failure to evoke a response voids the the fit test solution into the enclosure. This fit test. nebulizer must be clearly marked to distin- (7) The fit test must be performed in a lo- guish it from the nebulizer used for the cation with exhaust ventilation sufficient to threshold check solution in accordance with prevent general contamination of the testing section II(c)(1)(iv) of this appendix. area by the irritant smoke. (v) The fit test solution must be prepared by adding 83 grams of sodium saccharin to III. Quantitative Fit Tests (ONFT) 100 cc of warm water. (vi) The test subject must breathe with (a) General. (1) The employer shall des- mouth wide open and tongue extended. ignate specific individuals to administer the (vii) The nebulizer must be inserted into respirator quantitative fit test program. the hole in the front of the enclosure and the (2) The employer shall ensure that persons fit test solution must be sprayed into the en- administering QNFT are able to properly closure using the same number of squeezes calibrate equipment, perform tests, recog- required to elicit a taste response in the nize invalid tests, calculate fit factors, and screening test in accordance with sections determine whether the test equipment is in II(c)(1)(vi) through II(c)(1)(xi) of this appen- proper working order. dix. (3) The employer shall ensure that QNFT (viii) After generating the aerosol, the test equipment is kept clean and maintained so subject must be instructed to perform the as to operate at the parameters for which it exercises in section I(n) of this appendix. was designed. (ix) Every 30 seconds, the aerosol con- (b) Definitions. (1) Quantitative fit test means centration must be replenished using one a test which is performed in a test chamber half the number of squeezes used initially. and in which the normal air-purifying ele- (x) The test subject must indicate to the ment of the respirator is replaced with a test conductor if, at any time during the fit high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, test, the taste of saccharin is detected. in the case of particulate QNFT aerosols, or (xi) If the taste of saccharin is detected, with a sorbent offering contaminant penetra- the fit must be deemed unsatisfactory and a tion protection equivalent to high-efficiency different respirator must be tried. filters, if the QNFT test agent is a gas or (d) Irritant fume test. The irritant fume test vapor. is an alternative qualitative fit test. (2) Challenge agent means the aerosol, gas, (1) The respirator to be tested must be or vapor introduced into a test chamber so equipped with high-efficiency particulate air that its concentration inside and outside of (HEPA) filters. the respirator may be measured. (2) The test subject must be allowed to (3) Test subject means the person wearing smell a weak concentration of the irritant the respirator for quantitative fit testing. smoke before the respirator is donned to be- (4) Normal standing position means an erect come familiar with the smoke’s char- and straight stance with arms down along acteristic odor. the sides and eyes looking straight ahead.

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(5) Maximum peak penetration method means ference with the fit or performance of the the method of determining test agent pene- respirator. tration in the respirator as determined by (7) The test chamber and test set up must strip chart recordings of the test. The high- permit the person administering the test to est peak penetration for a given exercise is observe the test subject inside the chamber taken to be representative of average pene- during the test. tration into the respirator for that exercise. (8) The equipment generating the chal- (6) Average peak penetration method means lenge atmosphere must maintain a constant the method of determining test agent pene- concentration of challenge agent inside the tration into the respirator by using a strip test chamber to within a ten percent vari- chart recorder, integrator, or computer. The ation for the duration of the test. agent penetration is determined by an aver- (9) The time lag (i.e., the interval between age of the peak heights on the graph, or by an event and the recording of the event on computer integration, for each exercise ex- the strip chart, computer, or integrator) cept the grimace exercise. Integrators or must be kept to a minimum. There must be computers which calculate the actual test a clear association between the occurrence agent penetration into the respirator for of an event inside the test chamber and the each exercise also may be used in accordance recording of that event. with this method. (10) The sampling line tubing for the test (7) Fit factor means the ratio of challenge chamber atmosphere and for the respirator agent concentration outside with respect to sampling port must be of equal diameter and the inside of a respirator inlet covering of the same material. The length of the two (facepiece or enclosure). lines must be equal. (11) The exhaust flow from the test cham- (c) Apparatus. (1) Instrumentation. Aerosol ber must pass through a high-efficiency fil- generation, dilution, and measurement sys- ter before release. tems using corn oil or sodium chloride as (12) When sodium chloride aerosol is used, test aerosols must be used for quantitative the relative humidity inside the test cham- fit testing. ber must not exceed 50 percent. (2) Test chamber. The test chamber must (13) The limitations of instrument detec- be large enough to permit all test subjects to tion must be taken into account when deter- perform freely all required exercises without mining the fit factor. disturbing the challenge agent concentration (14) Test respirators must be maintained in or the measurement apparatus. The test proper working order and inspected for defi- chamber must be equipped and constructed ciencies, such as cracks, missing valves, and so that the challenge agent is effectively iso- gaskets. lated from the ambient air, yet is uniform in (d) Procedural requirements. (1) When per- concentration throughout the chamber. forming the initial positive or negative pres- (3) When testing air-purifying respirators, sure test, the sampling line must be crimped the normal filter or cartridge element must closed in order to avoid air pressure leakage be replaced with a high-efficiency particu- during either of these tests. late filter supplied by the same manufac- (2) In order to reduce the amount of QNFT turer. time, an abbreviated screening isoamyl ace- (4) The sampling instrument must be se- tate test or irritant fume test may be used in lected so that a strip chart record may be order to quickly identify poor fitting res- made of the test showing the rise and fall of pirators which passed the positive or nega- the challenge agent concentration with each tive pressure test. When performing a screen- inspiration and expiration at fit factors of at ing isoamyl acetate test, combination high- least 2,000. Integrators or computers which efficiency organic vapor cartridges or can- integrate the amount of test agent penetra- isters must be used. tion leakage into the respirator for each ex- (3) A reasonably stable challenge agent ercise may be used if a record of the readings concentration must be measured in the test is made. chamber before testing. For canopy or show- (5) The combination of substitute air-puri- er curtain type of test units, the determina- fying elements, challenge agent, and chal- tion of the challenge agent stability may be lenge agent concentration in the test cham- established after the test subject has entered ber must be such that the test subject is not the test environment. exposed to a concentration of the challenge (4) Immediately after the subject enters agent in excess of the established exposure the test chamber, the challenge agent con- limit for the challenge agent at any time centration inside the respirator must be during the testing process. measured to ensure that the peak penetra- (6) The sampling port on the test specimen tion does not exceed five percent for a half respirator must be placed and constructed so mask or one percent for a full facepiece res- that no leakage occurs around the port (e.g. pirator. where the respirator is probed), so that a free (5) A stable challenge concentration must air flow is allowed into the sampling line at be obtained before the actual start of test- all times, and so that there is no inter- ing.

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(6) Respirator restraining straps must not (1) That I have had, within the previous be overtightened for testing. The straps twelve months, at least one medical exam- must be adjusted by the wearer without as- ination in compliance with 46 CFR 197.560 or sistance from other persons to give a fit rea- 29 CFR 1910.1028; sonably comfortable for normal use. (2) That the physician conducting the lat- (7) After obtaining a stable challenge con- est medical examination in compliance with centration, the test subject must be in- paragraph (1) of this certification did not structed to perform the exercises described recommend that I be excluded from areas in section I(n) of this appendix. The test where personal exposure may exceed the ac- must be terminated whenever any single tion level as defined in 46 CFR 197.505; peak penetration exceeds five percent for (3) That all respirators and personal pro- half masks and one percent for full facepiece tective clothing and equipment that I will respirators. The test subject must be refitted use while on the vessel meet the require- and retested. If two of the three required ments of 46 CFR 197.550(b) and 197.555(c) or of tests are terminated, the fit is deemed inad- 29 CFR 1910.1028; and equate. (4) That all respirators that I will use (8) In order to successfully complete a while on the vessel have been fitted and fit QNFT, three successful fit tests must be con- tested in accordance with 46 CFR 197.550 (c) ducted. The results of each of the three inde- and (d) or with 29 CFR 1910.1028. pendent fit tests must exceed the minimum llllllllllllllllllllllll fit factor needed for the class of respirator (signature of worker) (e.g., half mask respirator, full facepiece res- pirator). llllllllllllllllllllllll (9) Calculation of fit factors. (i) The fit fac- (printed name of worker) tor must be determined for the quantitative llllllllllllllllllllllll fit test by taking the ratio of the average chamber concentration to the concentration (date signed by worker) inside the respirator. (ii) The average test chamber concentra- APPENDIX A TO PART 197—AIR NO- tion is the arithmetic average of the test DECOMPRESSION LIMITS chamber concentration at the beginning and of the end of the test. The following table gives the depth versus (iii) The concentration of the challenge bottom time limits for single, no-decompres- agent inside the respirator must be deter- sion, air dives made within any 12-hour pe- mined by one of the following methods: riod. The limit is the maximum bottom time (A) Average peak concentration. in minutes that a diver can spend at that (B) Maximum peak concentration. depth without requiring decompression be- (C) Integration by calculation of the area yond that provided by a normal ascent rate under the individual peak for each exercise. of 60 fsw per minute. (Although bottom time This includes computerized integration. is concluded when ascent begins, a slower as- (10) Interpretation of test results. The fit cent rate would increase the bottom time factor established by the quantitative fit thereby requiring decompression.) An testing must be the lowest of the three fit amount of nitrogen remains in the tissues of factor values calculated from the three re- a diver after any air dive, regardless of quired fit tests. whether the dive was a decompression or no- (11) The test subject must not be permitted decompression dive. Whenever another dive to wear a half mask or a full facepiece res- is made within a 12-hour period, the nitrogen pirator unless a minimum fit factor equiva- remaining in the blood and body tissues of lent to at least ten times the hazardous ex- the diver must be considered when calcu- posure level is obtained. lating his decompression. (12) Filters used for quantitative fit testing must be replaced at least weekly, whenever AIR NO-DECOMPRESSION LIMITS increased breathing resistance is encoun- tered, or whenever the test agent has altered No-decompres- Depth (feet): sion limits (min- the integrity of the filter media. When used, utes) organic vapor cartridges and canisters must be replaced daily or whenever there is an in- 35 ...... 310 dication of a breakthrough by a test agent. 40 ...... 200 50 ...... 100 60 ...... 60 APPENDIX F TO SUBPART C OF PART 70 ...... 50 197—SAMPLE WORKER CERTIFI- 80 ...... 40 CATION FORM 90 ...... 30 100 ...... 25 BENZENE WORKER’S CERTIFICATION 110 ...... 20 120 ...... 15 I, lllll(Name of worker), certify in ac- 130 ...... 10 cordance with 46 CFR 197.530— (Source: U.S. Navy Diving Manual, 1 September 1973.)

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PART 198 [RESERVED]

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