Modular Housing System Design Charrette

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Institute without Boundaries Modular Housing System Design Charrette Fall 2009 Modular Housing System Design Charrette Fall 2009 Modular Institute Director Luigi Ferrara Special Projects Director Housing System Silvio Ciarlandini

Special Projects Officer Perin Ruttonsha Design Charrette Researchers William Campbell, Julia Padvoiskies Fall 2009 Graphic Designer Amanda Lo

Charrette Design Team Dan Bricker, William Campbell, Alejandro Pérez Cruz, Alexander Josephson, Sisley Leung, Michael McMartin, Ardavan Mozafari, Julia Padvoiskis, Ladan Sharifpour

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MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 3 Forward

To date, the World House Project has and trade skills, necessitating use of It is no doubt that an industry that We would like thank Andy Napier “According to the UN, the planet’s included collaborations with local specific materials and building styles. is so essential to the prosperity of and James Ruehle for inviting the population will grow to the level of and international partners, such as Although the Institute has completed civilizations would be layered with Institute to participate in this design the Canada Mortgage and Housing projects of a similar nature to this one, complexity. Most notably, the overlap exploration. around eight billion people over the next Corporation, the Ministries of Housing it has by no means settled on any between materials extraction and and Culture in Costa Rica, Habitat for one design approach or solution - as processing, product development and 25 years. It is estimated that by 2030, Humanity Canada, Evergreen Canada each of the world’s one hundred and manufacturing, trade labour training, there will be a need for 40 per cent more and the Toronto Community Housing ninety five countries present unique and building policy has created Corporation. characteristics that deserve individual a steadfast chain of supply and housing and basic infrastructure services investigation. demand. This charrette collaboration, with than existed in 2005. To meet this need, entrepreneurs Andy Napier and Developing a system that could Redeveloping an approach at any more than 4000 housing units will need James Ruehle has, in particular, called successfully function within the two point on this chain is best achieved to the forefront a concept that is countries that have served as case through the collaborative efforts of to be constructed every hour, for the central to the World House Project’s studies for this charrette (Canada and many. It will involve creative and 1 work. That is, the ever increasing Costa Rica) will ultimately demand strategic partnerships, diligent next 25 years.” need to think globally and act locally; acute attention to their similarities investigation of options, acceptance and, the tensions that emerge when and disparities – specifically those by governments and steady growth of This statistic was published in London design concepts that are sensitive to doing so. of climate and culture. Refining the supporting resources. England’s Architectural Review in their social, ecological, political and building system will be an exercise 2007. Only one year prior, it was on a cultural contexts, and to find viable The need for shelter is fundamental, in subtle differentiation. One aim of Subsequently, a collaborative similar premise that the World House development patterns that will lead to world wide. As well, it may be the work presented in this report is to charrette process is a suitable format Project was launched at the Institute a positive future. assumed that the delivery of simplify the process of customizing through which to investigate this without Boundaries. The intention of shelter could be achieved using the design for each new site. topic. In moving forward, further the project is to generate systems for As such, this charrette’s topic of similar techniques and strategies, charrettes involving potential project human shelter that achieve a balance investigation, to develop a design internationally. At the same time, the Secondly, the project highlights partners (including institutions, between urban sprawl and urban for an affordable modular housing home can be viewed as an interface a refreshing practicality – that investors and suppliers) could be slums, and enables communities to system, is closely aligned with between an individual and the world being, the potential and limitations beneficial. The Institute Team design dwellings that are based on the mandates of the World House - each one a unique expression of contemporary residential principles of sustainability, universality, initiative. of cultural and personal values. In construction. technological responsiveness and addition, each region will possess balance. Our goal is to propose its own set of abundant resources

1. Knafo and Kilmor

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forward 5.0 Modular Housing System: Site Variations 5.1 Schematic Design Drawings 1.0 Introduction 5.11 Basic Unit: Perspective 1.1 Project Overview 5.12 Basic Unit: Plans 1.2 Project Objectives 5.13 Basic Unit: Elevations 1.3 System Evaluation Criteria 5.14 Basic Unit: Sections 5.15 Basic Unit: Design Details 2.0 Evaluation: Residential Construction 5.16 Basic Unit: Systems Integration 2.1 Benchmarks and Precedents 5.17 Basic Unit: Site Clustering Options 2.2 Building Materials and Products 5.171 Southern Ontario Variation 2.4 Sustainable Systems 5.172 Guanacaste Variation 3.0 Modular Housing System: Charrette Process Work 6.0 Modular Housing System: Evaluation 3.1 Structural Typologies 3.2 Two Schemes (Modular Grid and Spatial Frame) 7.0 Project Implementation 4.0 Modular Housing System: The Open Lattice Appendices 4.1 Construction System Appendix A: Site Profile, Southern Ontario 4.2 Spatial System Appendix B: Site Profile, Guanacaste Appendix C: Charrette Team Bibliography Links

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 7 1.1 Project Overview

Shelter is fundamental; and, providing these issues are ongoing discussions organization and site orientation, decent shelter for all existing about quality of life. would be modified each time. As populations should be viewed as the design is filtered and amended both a social responsibility, as well as The Modular Housing System according to the demands of each critical to the evolution of humankind. Design Charrette sought to address new scenario, it will be enriched. these two challenges primarily by In addition, most contemporary proposing a practical and simplified At present, the design of The Open building practices are viewed as approach to the design of shelter Lattice is not specific to any particular 1.0 destructive to the ecosystems that that could be implemented on type of manufacturing, shipping or support us. The extent of this damage many scales and with a minimal installation processes - and so the includes, but is not limited to, environmental footprint. (For the opportunities are open in this regard. Introduction destruction of landscape through purposes of this report, we will refer These details will ultimately affect materials extraction, pollution of to these two issues as ‘delivery’ and certain design decisions however. air and water during materials ‘performance’.) processing, generation of waste and wasted water during construction, The system that is presented in this and destruction of habitats through report (The Open Lattice) comprises site excavation. of a modular, structural shell, which could be adapted to suit different These two challenges are primary sites - therefore simplifying the to the housing industry, and many design process for each subsequent private, non-profit and cross-sector development. For the purposes of initiatives already exist to address this report, the system has been them. For example, benchmarking tested using two existing sites - one tools such as LEED, the Hannover in Guanacaste, Costa Rica and the Principles and The Natural Step have other in Southern Ontario, Canada. reshaped approaches to construction, beginning in the planning phases The premise of The Open Lattice and ending with operations and housing system is that its basic maintenance. As well, organizations structural components could be such as Habitat for Humanity ensure repeated across many applications, availability of affordable housing but its elements of cladding, systems that also meets specified design integration, foundation and roof standards. Of course, underpinning design, in addition to its spatial

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 9 1.2 Project Objectives

The intention of the Modular Housing System Design Charrette was to • a modular approach to conceptualize a system that could housing design may simplify ultimately help provide affordable construction, reducing labour shelter for all, while also employing and overall costs; design practices that have minimal • a modular approach to housing environmental impact. design may accommodate flexibility of function over Primarily, the building system is time, therefore improving the intended to display characteristics of: effectiveness of the space

1. Modularity • all housing developments share Coordinates existing building universal characteristics, which products, materials and systems can be planned in advance into an ‘open’ housing system to permit simple construction and future expansion of units.

2. Adaptability Could be customized to suit a variety of sites, users and climate zones. (Specifically, the design was adapted for two existing sites - one located in Southern Ontario, Canada and the other in Guanacaste, Costa Rica - to test its flexibility.

It is important to note that there are a few assumptions that were inherent in the charrette objectives that were not tested explicitly. Namely, that:

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 11 1.3 System 1. COST Total construction and installation of fixtures and systems within a basic model results in a total cost of $180/sq ft.

Evaluation 2. VALUE Criteria Design choices result in combined and multiple benefits. 3. EASE OF ASSEMBLY Minimizes time, specialized equipment and specialized training In addition to the project objectives listed in the previous section, the charrette required for complete installation. team used a list of eleven criteria to evaluate the suitability of various materials, products and building systems; as well as, the anticipated performance of the final design proposal. This list was generated as an expansion of the overall 4. EASE OF MAINTENANCE project goals, as follows: Minimizes specialized parts equipment and training required for repairs and upkeep.

5. DURABILITY Resilient to the environmental conditions of the specific climate, natural phenomena, pests and standard usage patterns of a residential unit. 6. SUSTAINABILITY Performs well on a life cycle cost analysis and demonstrates ‘best practices’ in sustainable building, including energy efficiency. Can integrate with regionally specific materials.

7. MOBILITY Light to ship and simple to deconstruct for reuse of parts.

8. FLEXIBILITY Easy to modify, add and subtract spaces and features.

9. APPLICABILITY Integrates with cultural and social values of the two study regions.

10. AVAILABILITY Components can be sourced locally and/or easily.

11. LIVABILITY Achieves standard quality of living.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 13 2.0 Evaluation: Residential Construction

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 15 2.1 Benchmarks and Precedents

For the purposes of this assessment, PERFORMANCE (Sustainability) There are a number of existing models “...there are an increasing number DELIVERY (Affordability) Inspired by models such as the trailer we will assume that the two over- Reducing the overall environmental and tools that can help assess the of buildings on the ground that Reducing the overall cost of housing home or the Sears, Roebuck and arching, contemporary challenges impact of housing could be generally environmental performance of a have been designed according could be generally accomplished Company home, the prefabricated for the housing sector are, as were accomplished using the following building, such as the Canada Green to criteria established in incentive using the following strategies: housing industry is attempting to outlined in section 1.2, performance strategies: Building Council’s LEED rating or rating programs, and these are achieve these kinds of efficiencies. (or sustainability) and delivery (or system, the Green Building Initiative’s often associated with certain visible 1. Seek to achieve time efficiencies in (For the purpose of this report, the affordability). 1. Select building materials that Green Globes (www.thegbi.org), ‘green’ features, such as exterior the manufacturing and construction of term ‘prefabricated’ will be generally consume minimal total embodied the Athena Institute’s EcoCalculator window shading, good daylighting, units by simplifying the process. understood as a dwelling where some energy. and the National Institute of green (landscaped) roofs, and natrual or all of the building’s components are 2. Seek to use a minimal quantity of Standards and Technology’s BEES ventilation chimneys. Thus, there is manufactured in advance to erecting 2. Use construction processes that building materials. 4.0 (Building for Enviromental and a common misconception that green the structure.) consume minimal total embodied Economic Sustainability Technical buildings are solely defined by such energy. 3. Seek to achieve spatial efficiencies. Manual and User Guide). (See obvious features. However, many In general, prefabrication is claimed 3. Maintain an efficient building Figures 1-3.) However, the metrics green building features are subtle or 4. Seek to achieve economies of to achieve benefits such as reduced envelope to reduce total energy of these evaluations are not without even invisible.”3 scale by reusing a similar design material waste as a result of working expenditures during the building’s subjectivity. The following quotes strategy for multiple units. to within specified dimensions, operation. illustrate this debate: Lucuik goes on to suggest that the increased economies of scale, as best place to start is an overall and 5.Seek to achieve economies of scale a result of mass production, and a 4. Select energy efficient and water “...material credits have typically comprehensive assessment of total by producing mass quantities of the higher quality outcome as a result of a efficient appliances. evolved from a concensus-based energy consumption, atmospheric building components. controlled production process within a understanding of environmental emissions, ecological damage, water controlled environment. 6. Seek to achieve economies of 5. Select low VOC materials. issues, understandings that, in some consumption, material selection, scale by sharing services (such as cases, have taken on an aura of solid waste emissions and indoor air Approaches to prefabricated housing geothermal heating) across many conventional environmental wisdom quality as important considerations. can vary. Examples range from units. that does not always stand up to He also recommends that “from a homes that are completed in an objective analysis. As well, there design perspective, the key process 7. Seek to reduce total costs by on-site factory, then rolled to the lot; is risk of confusing means and difference bewteen green and reducing reliance on infrastructure. shipping containers, modified with ends, with the means becoming conventional buildings is the concept living amenities; compact, mobile objectives in their own right to the of integration.” 4 8. Seek to increase property value homes that can be transported with possible detriment of environmental a standard-sized vehicle and erected performance...Recycling has always 9. Seek to use low cost or donated on site; shippable modules that can been only a means to the objective of labour and materials. Using materials be arranged and connected according reduced flows from and to nature, but found on site (such as soil to a designed plan; and, building over time it has taken on the mantle of components, that are shipped flat and 10. Seek to generate income through an objective in its own right.”2 connected on site. the production of energy, or other services. Following, are a few case examples of both prefabricated homes, as well as 2. Integrating LCA Tools in Green Building 4. A Business Case for Green Buildings in 11. Seek other subsidies or ‘green’ homes. Rating Systems.pg2 Canada, pg6 partnerships.

3. A Business Case for Green Buildings in Canada.pg4 MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 17 FIGURE 1: TOTAL EMBODIED ENERGY OF CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS5 FIGURE 3: LEED FOR HOMES RATING CRITERIA6

Embodied energy refers to the total energy expended to produce a material, LEED for Homes measures the overall performance of a home in eight transport it to the point of use, and install it. categories:

1. Innovation & Design Process (ID) MATERIAL Millions of Joules/kg Millions of Special design methods, unique regional credits, measures not currently Joules/m3 addressed in the Rating System, and exemplary performance levels. Adobe straw, stabilized 0.5 750 2. Location & Linkages (LL) Aluminum, recycled 8.1 21,870 The placement of homes in socially and environmentally responsible ways in relation to the larger community.

Aluminum, virgin 191.0 515,700 3. Sustainable Sites (SS) The use of the entire property so as to minimize the project’s impact on the site. Brick 2.5 5,170 4. Water Efficiency (WE) Water-efficient practices, both indoor and outdoor. Concrete, ready mix 1.0 2,350 5. Energy & Atmosphere (EA) Glass 15.9 Energy efficiency, particularly in the building envelope and heating and cooling 40,060 design.

Insulation, cellulose 3.3 112 6. Materials & Resources (MR) Efficient utilization of materials, selection of environmentally preferable Insulation, fibreglass 30.3 materials, and minimization of waste during construction. 970 7. Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) Insulation, polystyrene 117.0 Improvement of indoor air quality by reducing the creation of and exposure to 2,340 pollutants.

Lumber, kiln-dried 2.5 1,380 8. Awareness & Education (AE) The education of the homeowner, tenant, and/or building manager about the operation and maintenance of the green features of a LEED® home. Paper 36.4 33,670

Rammed-earth cement 0.8

Steel, recycled 10.1 37,210

Steel, virgin 32.0 251,200

Stone, local 0.8 1,890

Straw, baled 0.2 31

5. Excerpted from: 6. LEED Green Building Rating The Good House Book, pg 42 System

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 19 FIGURE 4: ATHENA ECO CALCULATOR7

The Athena EcoCalculator is a software that provides estimated ecological footprint of over 400 building assemblies. The calculations are based on the following criteria:

Primary Energy This is the amount of energy used in the extraction, processing, transportation, construction and disposal of each material. Measured in megajoules (MJ).

Global Warming Potential This is the amount of greenhouse gases created in the extraction, processing, transportation, construction and disposal of each material. Measured in metric “Intrinsically, the potential of a material to enhance tonnes unless specified otherwise. sustainability depends on the interrelationship of its Weighted Resource Use This is the amount of raw materials required for the extraction, processing, strength, weight and other salient properties, with transportation, construction and disposal of each material. Measured in metric energy savings and the speed at which the materials tonnes unless specified otherwise. can be recycled or grown if organic...Thus a plant Water Pollution This is the impact on water quality created in the extraction, processing, like bamboo that is strong, light and easily grown, is transportation, construction and dispsal of each material. Measured as an important for sustainability.”8 index.

Air Pollution This is the impact on air quality created in the extraction, processing, transportation, construction and disposal of each material. Measured as an index.

8.The Engineering Challenge of Urban 7. The Athena Institute Sustainability, pg 62 CMHC Healthy House BedZED Martin Liefhebber Bill Dunster Architects Location: Toronto, Ontario Location: London, England http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/popup/hhtoronto/v www.designcouncil.org.uk http://www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty_projects/terri/cmhc.html www.peabody.org.uk/pages/GetPage.aspx?id=179 www.zedfactory.com

The Healthy House is a completely construction, efficient windows and The BedZED community is designed with energy meters to track energy self-sufficient home, which was the doors, and high R-value insulation. to be a net zero fossil energy production and consumption, Toronto winner of the Canadian Durisol blocks (wood particle development, that produces as much and monitor household energy Mortgage and Housing Corporation’s concrete made with 78% recycled, renewable energy as it consumes. performance. Rooftops are equipped (CMHC) Healthy Housing Design natural raw materials) reinforced with solar panels and green space. Competition. This competition with steel and concrete provide the The development consists of 99 An on-site cogeneration plant uses stressed five key components in structural wall system. Rainwater is residential homes, allocated for sale, renewable fuel sources designed to the design: occupant health, energy collected, filtered, purified, and stored shared ownership and social housing. provide energy and domestic hot efficiency, resource efficiency, for drinking and washing. Estimated It also includes commercial space, water for the community. Waste water environmental responsibility and total water consumption would be an exhibition centre, a children’s is collected, treated and recycled affordability. approximately 120 litres/day for a nursery and a show flat for education on-site. Each unit is provided with a family of three (compared to the purposes. Although densely packed, private garden. The winning design is a 1700 square typical 1050 litres/day). A limestone the community feels spacious due foot, semi-detached house built on cistern lowers the acidity of drinking to interlocking design footprint and Flexibility a vacant infill lot in Riverdale. The water and improves its taste. A slow individual gardens and terraces. Each of the development’s units have building demonstrates an efficient sand, activated charcoal and UV light adaptable floorplans use of land that had been considered filter purify water. Surplus water is Cost unusable due to lack of servicing. directed into the ground under the Homes are owned cooperatively, Livability Its vertical plan strives to occupy front lawn to irrigate fruit trees and privately and through social On-site child day care, an exhibition as little space as possible, while flowers. Low-flow faucets are used assistance. centre, commercial spaces and green its heating, electrical, water and and greywater is recycled for the areas enhance resident lifestyle. wastewater management systems are shower, washing machine and toilets. Sustainability Residents also have access to a operated exclusively using sun and Roof mounted wind cowls provide shared electric car, and there are 40 precipitation. Livability ventilation to the super-insulated on-site car chargers. The home is designed to provide the buildings without using electricity. This product is available for sale maximum amount of usable space on Selected materials maximizes the use through affiliate firm logical Homes. a small parcel of land. of recycled, reclaimed, low embodied energy or natural renewable options. Sustainability All wood come from sustainable Low-E materials are used to improve sources. Each unit has full access indoor air quality. The building to the sun and optimizes passive envelope is sealed by airtight solar gain. Each house is equipped

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 23 THE CONTAINER HOME De Maria Design Redondo Beach House Location: California USA

In this design model, the shipping Ease of Assembly: Sustainability This product is now available for bile but the remaining portion of the house container becomes the house, with Minimal assembly required. Connect- Poor thermal properties. Poor ventila- sale through an affiliate firm logical is not. little additional assembly required ing containers using a central roof is tion. Homes. on site. Refurbishing shipping a simple design alternative. Bolting/ Flexibility: containers has become increasingly connecting through the steel causes Cost: Different variants are available for pur- popular and, is the most prevalent a risk of leaks. Cranes and other Applicability: $125 USD per sq ft. chase. Could be renovated using similar type of prefabricated housing found special machinery are required to In Ontario, municipal regulations may means to a conventionally framed in Costa Rica. Approaches to refur- position containers. not allow this type of structure? In Ease of Assembly: home. bishing a shipping container as a Costa Rica, this type of housing is Requires 10 wk build time, and 70% living space include re-cladding, Maintenance: used widely. of construction occurs off site, Livability: stacking and bridging two contain- No structural maintenance required? greatly reducing construction waste. The metal container walls define ers with a central roof. Regulations Rust? Livability: The house comprises of 8 contain- service spaces while wood and steel on the use of shipping containers The shipping container aesthetic is ers of varying sizes connected, using frame the living spaces, including an as a home vary regionally. This Durability: suited to distinct tastes and living conventional building methods. artist’s studio, master bedroom, and type of housing only produces Structurally stable and very resistant styles. It is not clear whether these spacious living room with 20 foot one residence per container; and, to wear from weather and pests models provide the standard comforts Maintenance: ceilings. A container placed below many design examples use two of a traditional home. Similar to a conventional home. Con- grade serves as a swimming pool. containers per unit. Ultimately, the Sustainability: tainer should be kept rust-free. Doors and windows are cut through cladding and finishing choices will This model is reusing an existing Awards: the walls. The industrial aesthetic of affect the overall cost and perfor- product however, is inefficient to Examples of recognized container Durability: the containers is exposed. mance of the system, as well as transport. home designs include; De Maria Extremely strong, mold free, and fire its applicability to its climate and Design Redondo Beach House, Pieter and termite proof. users. Mobility: Peelings and Silvia Mertens’ residence High shipping volume. Shipping con- Sculp(IT), Adam Kalkin’s Quik Houses Sustainability: Cost: tainers are designed for long distance and London’s Container City I & II. Minimal construction waste. Uses Many variants cost less than $100 travel on the back of a truck. Large formaldehyde-free plywood, recycled per square foot¹. size limits ease of mobility. shipping containers and tankless water heaters. Offers a variety of Value: Flexibility: energy efficient modifications. Container provides load-bearing Stacks well. A container’s limited structural requirements. dimensions reduce ease of customiza- Mobility: tion. Modifying these dimensions can be Shipping container components are mo- difficult.

10 Clever Architectural Creations Using Cargo Containers: Shipping Container Homes and Offices http://weburbanist. com/2008/05/26/cargo-container-homes- and-offices/

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 25 Adam Kalkin’s Quik House THE MODULAR HOME Location: New Jersey USA

Cost: by weight. Further green modifications Modular prefabricated housing and/or specialized equipment to as- Present many customizable options Between $125 USD and $165 USD include solar and wind energy, a green appears to be the most common semble. Companies like Normerica, for spatial arrangement. Customization per sq ft including all products and roof system and a super-insulating approach to prefabricated housing. that produce a variety of house com- can continue after initial construction finishes. R-50 system. Modules may be divided as two components to fit plans, also provide a list provided the modules are designed for Mobility: plete halves of a home, or as other of certified contractors to their clients. future expansion. This may also de- Value: Designed for transport. Require ma- smaller sections in varying degrees pend on the future availability of parts High R-values make this home en- chinery to lift. of completion. Design varieties also Ease of Maintenance from the same system. ergy efficient. Presentation models range from minimalist to luxury. Most Will depend on the quality of the create an open feel for the place Flexibility: manufacturers offer a specific selec- modules, their connections and the Livability in spite of its compartmentalized Available in 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and tion of modules that can be organized climate. Maintenance requirements A well-designed modular home offers beginnings. 5,000 sq ft models. Can be customized in a customized spatial arrange- will vary marginally between a modular comparable quality of living to a con- further at additional cost. ment. Some varieties will offer further home and one that is conventionally- ventional home. Ease of Assembly: customization options. Modules may framed. It appears as though the contain- Livability: have wall and floor cavities propor- Applicability ers are welded together or joined There is currently a 6 month waiting list tions that demand a high percentage Durability Available in many styles and with many by a frame. for these homes, indicating that they of cubic volume when shipping. Flexibility in spatial organization and material options [list them], that could are well received by the market. deconstruction may compromise be suited to either region. Ease of Maintenance: Cost structural integrity. Steel exterior would have a long Varies based on the design and the Awards lifespan, provided rusting is level of completion of each mod- Sustainability There are many modular home manu- avoided. ule. Typically less expensive than a Dependant on practices of manufac- facturers, although the quality of their conventionally built home of the same turer, but presents the potential for product varies. Renowned examples Durability: size, but more expensive than a con- waste reduction. produced in the United States include: Structure is durable, provided it is tainer home (per sq ft). the Kieran Timberlake KT series (the not punctured. Otherwise, connec- Mobility: loblolly house was one of architec- tions might be the only other item Value Easily shipped and often flat-packed tural records record houses for 2007), that could compromise durability. Typically has a higher quality of work- on a truck bed – as a result, could in- Kaplan-Thompson Architects, Marmol No serious issues present on any manship than a conventionally-built stall on sites that are not accessible to Radziner Prefab, Michelle Kaufman sites discussing the product. home. large machinery. Smaller modules with designs (now obsolete), Resolution:4 a low profile will be easier to transport. Architecture. Renowned Canadian Sustainability: Ease of Assembly examples include: GreenPod Develop- Made from 75% recycled materials Requires considerable manpower Flexibility: ment LLC, Maple Homes & Viceroy and Normerica. Kaplan Thompson Architects/Bensonwood Method Homes BrightBuilt Barn Built by Method PreFab: same company based out of Seattle USA

Cost Mobility Cost: Sustainability: Livability: $180,000USD for a 2 bedroom. The Shipped to the site on a truck and Approx. $149USD to $170USD per sq Achieves a fresh indoor air quality us- The system’s use of ‘eco-friendly’ ma- price is comparable a conventionally lifted into place by machinery. Not ft. ing radiant heat and increased ventila- terials and energy efficiency make it an built home. designed to be moved following tion, and by eliminating VOC finishes attractive option. Online blogs indicate installation. Value: and other harmful chemicals. Target consumer interest in this design. The Value By building in a controlled factory en- LEED for homes 2.0 Gold certifica- system’s lifestyle characteristics are The home is considered net zero, and Flexibility vironment, the quality of the outcome tion or higher. Include FSC certified comparable to those of a conventional can operate off grid. Designed to be flexible and to ac- is increased and the fabrication time framing materials, reclaimed fir and home. cept additional pieces. However, is reduced. cedar siding, energy-efficient lighting Ease of Assembly this process may be dependant on and plumbing fixtures, hydronic radi- Applicability: This producer provides assembly of using the manufacturer’s installation Ease of Assembly: ant heating, whole-house ventilation The design is most applicable for the the unit, indicating that the installation team. Flexibility is repeated often in Modules are shipped to the site once systems, solar options and enhanced North American west coast and/or cot- process requires specialized knowl- the project description but beyond the foundation is poured. Cranes and insulation applications. tage market. The company is currently edge and skills. The system uses expansion there is little mentioned as other machinery are required to lift revising their stock of options intended simplified chaseways for plumbing to how this flexibility is achieved. them into place. They are assembled Mobility: for an urban setting. and electrical. using conventional construction Shipped by truck and then as- Applicability methods (hammers, nails etc.) sembled on site. It is not intended to Ease of Maintenance Nothing noted. Suitable for the Ontario climate, al- be dismantled and repositioned on though likely overbuilt for Costa Rica Ease of Maintenance: another site following installation. Durability and other warmer regions. Finished home is similar to a conven- Designed to last “200 years”. The tionally framed home in its mainte- Flexibility: BrightBuilt Barn is designed and con- Livability nance requirements. Different variants of this model are structed to last indefinitely as a result The lack of mechanical systems available. The home would be reno- of both the durable qualities of its would be unconventional for many Durability: vated using a similar approach to a materials and by keeping its systems users. Exterior, coloured lights No issues with durability beyond what conventionally-framed one. Method disentangled, allowing for flexibility expose the dwelling’s total energy is typical of a conventionally built does not advertise additional parts and adaptability of the design. consumption. Otherwise, the home is home. Wood siding is specialized to for renovating all though there would well-planned. resists rot and or could be treated be no barrier from ordering additional Sustainability against other kinds of weathering with segments to the existing structure. Designed as a LEED platinum home sealants. This being said the existing structure and achieves low operational energy is not specifically designed to easily costs. accommodate such additions.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 29 High KIT OF PARTS Medium Low Lowest

In this approach to prefabrication, KIT OF PARTS SIPs turers of SIPs there are likely different Applicability individual housing components are warranty measures for each product. The system is well suited for northern tooled, pre-drilled, cut to size and Cost Value Durability will be a function of this and (temperate) climates. The insulation is shipped — similar to a do-it-yourself Costs vary by manufacturer. Since SIPs possess high inherent R-val- the quality of the final assembly. unnecessary in warmer ones. furniture kit. they are sold as kits, cost savings ues, with rigid insulation that is as may be achieved for the buyer. good as a paneled wall (this value will Also, the EPS or XPS soft foam core Livability A popular approach is to use likely increase with interior finishing). attracts rodents and/or other pests SIPs can produce homes of any structurally insulated panels (SIPs), Ease of Assembly such as ants. Additionally, the OSB dimension, could be cut in different which is an old technology that has Complexity of assembly will vary with Ease of Assembly cover prevalent in many SIP systems shapes and could be clad with a variety benefited from new developments the system, and could potentially SIP construction decreases is prone to deterioration. As such, it of materials, resulting a customized in materials and manufacturing require specialized skills. In general, framing time. Also, sections can be is critical that sections are assembled aesthetic. Their built-in insulation would techniques. SIP panels achieve assembly will involve connecting manufactured with openings roughed- to specification. (Most of this criticism generally translate into a comfortable efficiency in their function by interlocking pieces with nails or bolts. in so additional work to walls is relates to SIPs that have been interior environment. combining structure and insulation in minimal. The panels can be cut on purchased as base building materials, one. They are popular because of Ease of Maintenance site if necessary. rather than as part of a kit). Awards their energy efficiency and their ability Some systems may require There are a number of notable SIP to pack flat (as a result of their limited specialized replacement parts. Ease of Maintenance Sustainability housing manufacturers including Scott profile and controlled dimensions). According to some trade sites, SIPs have a higher initial insulation Homes (Washington) and Place House They are also commonly used in Mobility there can be issues with SIP panels’ value than most other building (British Columbia). modular systems A kit of parts strategy typically breathability, and they may require products and, as such, could be achieves a low shipping volume. additional venting to address interior viewed as energy efficient. As a result, builders can feasibly moisture. fit many homes within one ship- Mobility ping container. Wall sections are Durability Wall sections are manufactured in manufactured in pieces, so are easy Panels are up to 2.5 times stronger pieces, are easy to ship and also to transport around the site, depending than conventionally-framed sections. transport around the site, depending on the size of each segment. The OSB face board is prone to rot and on the size of each segment. decay and insects and pest may bur- Flexibility row in the foam interior. Durability is Flexibility The kit system may be limited to a ultimately a function of the combined Additions with SIPs are relatively simple, specific design or set of designs. pieces as there are different manufac- as is adding openings to existing walls. Usonian Home High Sears Catalogue Home Medium Frank Llyod Wright Sears, Roebuck & Company Low Lowest Location: United States Location: National www.pbs.org/flw/buildings/usonian/usonia.html http://www.searsarchives.com/homes/ www.thewileyhouse.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Catalog_Home http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Features/Sears_Kit_Houses/

The Usonian home is founded on Sears mail-order homes took Mobility the principle of providing affordable leading designs of the 20th century Houses were shipped by rail or truck in and beautiful shelter for the common and devised a revolutionary way to over 30,000 pieces. person. Wright developed a series of construct and distribute them across designs with the intent of creating a the nation - making home ownership Flexibility formula and construction method where accessible and affordable. Prospective homeowners could flip families could build their own home. through a catalogue and select their Value home according to its style and cost. Wright believed in the moral and Sears introduced an affordable Following this, consumers had endless political model exemplified in home financing plan where buyers could pay options to choose from for the finishing ownership; and, felt that well-designed, in installments. details. tasteful dwellings could produce happy, harmonious and enlightened societies. Ease of Assembly In many instances homeowners would The typical Usonian design is based on complete the installation themselves, a single storey plan, divided into public with the help of friends and and private wings. The two wings are neighbours. Occasionally, a contractor joined by a ‘service core’ common area, was hired. comprising of a kitchen, a bathroom and a hearth. Sustainability Sears homes used the latest technol- Value ogy available, including central heating, Wright’s design and construction indoor plumbing and electricity - strategy was intended to achieve a low- systems that would not be considered cost home that was also desirable. efficient or sustainable today. Some of the larger, more expensive homes were Ease of Assembly most lacking in efficiency, in terms A customized formula for construction of their heating, lighting and space was easy to follow by unskilled labour. utilization. Some of the smaller, simpler homes, many of which were used as cottages, have since been retrofitted with new, alternative energy strategies.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 33 Eames House Charles and Ray Eames Location: Pacific Palisades, California USA Case Study: The Eames House. Architecture Week. September 8, 2006 www.architectureweek.com

The Eames House was part of Mobility the Case Study Homes program All materials were ordered from sponsored by John Entenza’s Art and catalogues and delivered to the site. Architecture magazine. The intension of the project was to produce Flexibility inexpensive and efficient homes to The redesign was accomplished using address post World War II housing the same material order as the first demands. The goal was to integrate concept. the technologies and materials of the war into the design of the home. Livability The new design included 1500 square The first design for the Eames feet of living space and 1000 square Case Study was called the “Bridge feet of studio space, as well as an House” and was designed by Charles outdoor courtyard. Eames and Eero Saarinen. All of the materials for this home were ordered from catalogues, and were delayed in shipping as a result of post-war shortages. Once the materials arrived, Charles and Ray had a new design planned. In the end, this was accomplished with only one additional beam.

Ease of Assembly The steel frame of the house was assembled in one and a half days and is viewed as an early step toward prefabricated housing.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 35 Cellophane House Kieran Timberlake

The cellophane house presents an of buildings as permanent, they if you spilled any sticky substance and reassemble on another site. advanced approach to the typical are in fact only a resting state for (coke, orange juice, etc.), you would prefabrication options, as it is a com- materials, a temporary equilibrium pretty much have to pressure wash pletely demountable structure. that is destined to be upset by the the floor from the top and from the Flexibility: entropic forces that drive the physi- room below because the substance This system is designed to accommo- “Cellophane House encompasses the cal universe. “ – Kieran Timberlake would leak onto the steel beams in date a variety of finishing materials. architects’ beliefs in a holistic approach the floor below the spill. Is there a While this particular variant uses a 2 to design: allowing architecture to Cost: UNAVAILABLE way to seal these gaps in the flooring bedroom and 2 bathroom scheme, grow out of its opportunities and when you build the permanent struc- most KT modular designs offer a constraints. It is a material moment Value: ture? If there were a way around that number of variants (and this one may of equilibrium that surrenders itself to This design provides vast opportu- problem, I would live in a Cellophane as well). The building structure and any and all entropic forces that may nity for customization, which would house in a minute. Great design, lots connections are simplified to allow come its way. At its core, the project be attractive to buyers. of space, really wonderful except for many modifications. is no more than a framework from the flooring issue.” which a designer or client creates Ease of Assembly: Livability: an enclosure using a virtually infinite Diagrammatically speaking, assem- This issue is likely a result of the This design has been very well palette of off-the-shelf entities, a bly of the interlocking, extruded exhibit being a prototype and not a received at the MOMA exhibit, which veritable model of customization. frame appears simple. It is not clear complete home. indicates that the public deems it Through simple modifications, the whether it is easy to attach the walls desirable. Most comments have been house can adapt to a range of site and floors to the frame. Sustainability: favorable other than a few about the conditions, as well as to material, tex- transparent walls in the washroom. tural, and color options as required Ease of Maintenance: The structure is designed to be reus- by the budget and tastes of the client. One visitor raised an issue with able. Additionally, the exhibit has Applicability: gaps in the floor at the MOMA embedded photovoltaic cells to provide This model could be applicable to A building is, at root, nothing more exhibit, which would lead to issues electricity. The design has the capabil- either environment. With flexible enve- than an assemblage of materials form- with cleaning spills: ity to incorporate other ‘sustainable lope materials, the system allows for ing an enclosure. We recognize that technologies’. the greatest amount of customiza- these materials came from some- “I went to the MOMA exhibit and tion according to climate. where, are held together for a time by toured the Cellophane House. I Mobility: the techniques of construction, and loved it except for one slight prob- The house is designed to be shipped will at some future time transition into lem: the heavy plastic floor panels on a truck and assembled on site. another state. While we tend to think have about a 1/4 gap, meaning that Additionally, it is easy to dismantle

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 37 2.2 Building Products & Materials

The Good House Book, by Clarke structural and finishing materials. This Snell, uses the following classification comparison is divided between the for building materials: two regions, assessing the materials’ anticipated performance when “…modern buildings often overuse concrete in their TRADITIONAL exposed to the climatic factors listed • Earth in the previous section. Of course, all foundations and overuse structural wood members • Stone materials will decay over time as a • Mud (cob, rammed earth, adobe, result of exposure to environmental in their walls. These materials create pollution in their brick, wattle and daub, earth phenomenon. It is important to note manufacture and transport...As green builders our plaster) that this evaluation is not based on • Metal any kind of product testing. general structural strategy has to be to use just enough • Glass • Plants (grass, wood) In general, the assessent is intended of the right materials to create a structure that will be • Animal Products to achieve the following: as strong as we need it in the worst case scenario, i.e MODERN 1. Determine which materials, those times when loads are the most extreme in our • Plastics products and building systems would be most suitable for use in a modular specific situation.” Snell and Callahan, Pg 47-48 ALTERNATIVE housing system. • Recycled/Waste (tires, straw, wood-based, concrete-based) 2. Determine which materials, • Local (earth, plants) products and building systems • Natural would be most suitable for a housing system located in either or both of the The section that follows lists and specified climate zones (tropical and evaluates the applicability of these temperate). materials for the modular housing system. The data presented in the following charts is intended to compare characteristics between existing Very High High Medium Low Lowest STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Southern Ontario

MATERIAL COST VALUE EASE OF EASE OF DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

WOOD

OSB Compara- May contain resin Made with small tively or plastic to deter pieces of wood inexpensive insects.

Laminate Stronger than typical Strand wood Preengineered Preengineered Resists pests and weather

Laminate Stronger than typical Chip wood Not widely Preengineered Preengineered Resists pests and available weather

Local Deteriorates if Rough Cut exposed to the Made to order elements and pests

METAL

Light Steel Difficult to Not widely modify available

HSS Column/or Equally strong as an 52% lighter than Beam I-beam I-beams

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 41 Very High High Medium Low Lowest ...structural components, Southern Ontario cont’d

MATERIAL COST VALUE EASE OF EASE OF DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

Shape is conducive I-Beam to receiving a panel

Tension Rods Light

Aluminum Lighter than steel

CONCRETE Prestressed

Heavy and Block expensive to Weather resistant transport Fixed once set

Heavy and Cast expensive to Weather resistant transport Fixed once set STONE

Block Heavy to transport

Brick Heavy to transport

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 43 High STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Medium Low Guanacaste Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIALS ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

WOOD

Finger Jointed Comparatively Made with small inexpensive pieces of wood

Stronger than Laminate Strand typical wood Not widely Preengineered Made to order Resists pests and available weather

Stronger than typi- Laminate Chip cal wood Preengineered Made to order Resists pests and weather

Deteriorates if Local Rough Cut Easy to work with exposed to the elements and pests

Bamboo Available locally METAL

Frames faster Light Steel Higher fire Not widely Requires special Pest resistant Difficult to modify resistance available tools HSS Column/or Equally strong as 52% lighter than an Beam an I-beam I-Beam

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 45 ...structural components, Guanacaste cont’d

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIALS ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

Shapis conducive I-Beam to receiving a panel.

Requires Tension Rods specialized Light knowledge (engineering) CONCRETE Prestressed

Heavy and Potentially Block expensive to Weather resistant unattractive transport Fixed once set

Heavy and Cast expensive to Weather resistant transport Fixed once set STONE Aesthetically Block Heavy to transport appealling Aesthetically Brick Heavy to transport appealling

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 47 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Structure | Products for Investigation

cant cost and time saving. Existing Lite Steel Beam self-drilling screws, bolts, joist hangers and brackets allow the easy use MANUFACTURER of LSB in support beam applications. Troutville, Virginia, http://www.lit- esteelbeam.com.au/litesteelbeamau/ The beams are produced using a pat- ented cold forming process to arrive MATERIALS at a unique profile with the tortional ri- DuoSteel (380/450 grade) gidity of hot rolled steel. The product is produced in Troutville, Virginia and PRODUCTS AND DIMENSIONS used throughout Australia.

Available in 12 sizes with a nominal beam depth ranging from 8-14”

The LiteSteel™ beam (LSB®) is a structural beam with the strength of steel and the workability of wood. It is 40% lighter than hot rolled steel and engineered wood.

The beam can be cut, drilled and screwed on site using standard power tools. It can also be carried like a wood beam, eliminating the need for expensive handling equipment. LSBs are on average 40% lighter than hot rolled steel or engineered wood. As such, the manufacturer claims that designing with a LiteSteel beam over hot rolled structural steel beams or engineered wood will result in signifi-

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 49 High FINISHING COMPONENTS Medium Low Southern Ontario | Exterior Cladding Options Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

WOOD

OSB Deteriorates if Comes in large Packs Flat exposed sheets

High strength to Plywood weight ratio Comes in large Packs Flat Deteriorates if sheets exposed

Fibreboard Non-structural Comes in large Packs Flat (weak) sheets

Hardboard Non-structural Comes in large Packs Flat (weak) sheets

Requires treatment Aesthetically ap- Siding to withstand ele- Easy to work Packs Flat pealling ments (some varieties excepting)

Shakes Packs Flat METAL

Aesthetically ap- Sheet Subject to leaks if Comes in large Packs Flat pealling installed improperly sheets

Potentially Siding Subject to leaks if Easy to work with Packs Flat unattractive installed improperly

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 51 High Medium Low ...finishing components, exterior cladding Southern Ontario Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

STONE Labour Intensive N/A built on site

Stucco Requires routine Popular aesthetic maintenance

Aesthetically Stone/Brick Labour Intensive appealling

Potentially Concrete Block Also durable in unattractive sheet form

Aesthetically Ceramics Labour Intensive Thermally resistant appealling

GLAZING

Glass Allows transfer of Low thermal Many product Fragile natural light resistance types available

Available in stock Polycarbonate Deteriorates if not Low thermal Transparent or Packs Flat or corrugated UV resistant resistance transluscent panels.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 53 High FINISHING COMPONENTS Medium Low Guanacaste | Exterior Cladding Options Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILTY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE WOOD

OSB Deteriorates if ex- Comes in large Packs Flat posed sheets

High strength to Plywood weight ratio Comes in large Packs Flat Deteriorates if ex- sheets posed

Fibreboard Non-structural Comes in large Packs Flat (weak) sheets

Hardboard Non-structural Comes in large Packs Flat (weak) sheets

Requires treatment Aesthetically Siding to withstand ele- Packs Flat appealling ments (some varieties excepting

Bamboo not available Pest resistant Packs Flat worldwide METAL

Potentially Sheet Subject to leaks if Comes in large Packs Flat unattractive installed improperl sheets

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 55 ...finishing components, exterior cladding Guanacaste cont’d

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILTY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

Siding Easy to work with Packs Flat STONE

Compressed Susceptible to Made on site Incorporates local N/A Built On Site Earth Brick entrance of insects Labour intensive materials and ground water

Stucco Requires routine maintenance Stone/Brick

Heavy to Concrete Block Popular aesthetic transport Fixed once set

Heavy to Aesthetically Ceramics Thermally resistant ransport appealling

Aesthetically GLAZING appealling

Aesthetically Glass Allows transfer of Low thermal resis- Many product Fragile appealling natural ligh tance types available

Polycarbonate Deteriorates if not Low thermal resis- Transparent or Packs Flat UV resistant tance transluscent

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 57 High FINISHING COMPONENTS Medium Low Southern Ontario | Interior Cladding Options Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIALS ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE WOOD

OSB Deteriorates if Comes in large Off-gases texposed sheets

Deteriorates if HardBoard Comes in large exposed Off-gases sheets Non-structural (weak)

High strength to Plywood weight ratio Comes in large Deteriorates if ex- sheets posed

Aesthetically Tongues & Groove Requires sealant or appealling treatment WALLBOARD

Durable if installed Sheet Rock x correctly Deteriorates when wet

Perlite Contains recycled Lighter than Not widely Easy to work with content sheet rock available

Deteriorates if ex- Hardboard Good sound- Comes in large posed proofing sheets Non-structural (weak)

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 59 High Medium Low STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS Lowest Cladding and Infill | Products for Investigation

Panolite Strawboard Kingspan Surface Treatment

MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER Surface Treatment paulownia-wood Lac-Mégantic (Québec). http://www.buildingforhealth.com/ Toronto and Vancouver, Canada. siding is a sustainable substitute to http://www.panolite.com proddetail.php?prod=STR http://www.kingspanpanels.ca/ conventional vinyl siding. Fast-growing paulownia wood is well-suited to MATERIALS MATERIALS An alternative to industrial-grade par- architectural applications, as it is light- Core: Honeycomb paper cell made Various ticleboard, StrawBoard is made from weight, easily worked, resists warping, from recycled fibres Layers: Two pan- wheat straw and a non-toxic, emission- and rarely succumbs to infestation. els made from particle board, MDF, PRODUCTS AND DIMENSIONS free binding agent. It meets or exceeds HDF, plywood or hardboard Various The siding weathers much like cedar, Adhesive: A reactive, hot-melt glue all specifications for conventional providing a beautiful, natural façade. (Polyurethane Reactive PUR) with particleboard, and is suitable for use in These energy efficient, pre-engineer- Designers Kate Wise and Anna Motzer high initial tack and high bonding all of the same applications. Stron- eed insulated panel can be used for propose Surface Treatment to inte- strength. ger, 7 to 10% lighter, more moisture interior and exterior applications such grate functional ornamentation into a resistant, and Urea Formaldehyde-free, as roof, wall, ceiling, roof and wall dilapidated building façade. “The last PRODUCTS AND DIMENSIONS the board provides good matching and panel system which claim to reduce few decades have had so much cheap, Available in 4x8’ or 5x8’ panels with laminating properties building emissions by up to 40%. The bad construction,” Wise says. “More product has been tested for struc- thickness ranging from 1-3”. compelling facades would improve the ture, air filtration, water penetration, urban environment, and that’s where These lightweight panels are made of fatigue, freeze and heat cycle, adhe- our wood siding comes into play” honeycomb paper cell and recycled sion, humidity, autoclave, acoustics, (http://www.metropolismag.com/cda/ wood particles (particle board or toxicity and fire resistance. They come MDF)?, and have been in produc- with a one year limited warranty. story.php?artid=2546). tion since 2008. The product could be used for interior panels, including floor, wall, and partitions; or as (modular) furniture, including tables, chairs and shelving.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 61 Very High High Medium FINISHING MATERIALS Low Cladding and Infill | Products for Investigation Lowest

Construcel (plastic) XPotential Products

Especially suited to large, curved Manufactured from 100% recycled spans, this plastic brick does not materials, XPonential Products offer a require any supporting steelwork or proven alternative to wood. Postcon- concrete. The polycarbonate triangu- sumer plastics and non-metalic by- lar prisms can be bolted together to product from recycled automobiles are create varying forms, and are easily used to create a product that provides assembled and disassembled, mak- superior durability and exceeds the ing the product optimal for reuse in compressive strength of wood. Prod- temporary buildings and disaster relief ucts have a life expectancy of 75 to shelters (Fuad-Luke, 243). 100 years, and are not greatly affected by severe temperatures, submersion in fresh or salt water, or freeze/thaw cycles. They are also resistant to insect damage, termites, rodents, road salt, and periodic contamination with oil, gasoline and other corrosive chemicals. XPonential Products include Im- pact-Posts™ (6 x 6), Impact-Curbs™, landscape ties (2.5” x 3.5”) and four by fours (http://www.xpotentialproducts .com/main.htm).

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 63 High Medium FINISHING MATERIALS Low Cladding and Infill | Products for Investigation Lowest

Celbar Cellulose UltraTouch Insulation MemBrain

Insulation MANUFACTURER sumer glass cullet. Most CertainTeed CertainTeed. Valley Forge, PA. MANUFACTURER fiberglass insulation products have MANUFACTURER http://www.certainteed.com (http://www.buildingforhealth.com/prod- been certified by the GREENGUARD http://www.buildingforhealth.com/ Environmental Institute and meets detail.php?prod=BLI_UTI) proddetail.php?prod=INC_CCI MATERIALS the GREENGUARD standards for low Polyamide-based Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Natural Cotton Fibre insulation provides Comprised of 100% recycled materi- (For technical information on this emissions, including formaldehyde. effective sound absorption and thermal per- als, this insulation conserves energy product, including materials stan- formance. It contains no chemical irritants use in the home, reduces load on dards, fire resistance, water vapour Using this product is claimed to add or volatile organic compounds, and meets landfills, and requires substantially less permeance, fungi resistance and cor- an additional $300-500 to the total testing standards for fire and smoke ratings, rosivity, visit: ) energy to manufacture than conven- cost of a new home (based on an ap- fungi resistance and corrosiveness. Made proximate exterior wall space for 2400 tional products. Available as loose fill from 85% post-industrial recycled natural sq feet) or blown insulation, Celbar eliminates fibres, this product is ideal for human health MemBrain is a smart vapour barrier, drafts, energy loss and condensation designed to allow moisture to escape and the health of the environment caused by air leakage. It can also be from a wall by changing its perme- produced with minimal ink, making it ability in response to relative ambient one of the cleanest products currently humidity. When the relative humidity on the market increases, its permeability increases dramatically, allowing water vapor to escape the wall cavity easily. This allows buildings to increase their drying potential throughout dramatic seasonal changes.

Membrane is a polyamide-based material that is designed to be applied over unfaced fiberglass insulation, loose-fill applications and spray foam. The recycled content of CertainTeed fiberglass insulation meets the EPA Recovered Material Guideline for fiberglass products, 20-25% consist- ing of pre-consumer and post-con-

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 65 High Medium Low ...finishing components, interior cladding, Southern Ontario Lowest cont’d

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVABILITY MATERIALS ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

Fibreboard Comes in large Non-structural (weak) sheets

Newsprint Contains recycled Not Readily content Available

More Aesthetically Ceramics expensive Heavy to Thermally resistant appealling than other transport options

Aesthetically Stone/ Brick Heavy to appealling transport

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 67 High FINISHING COMPONENTS Medium Low Guanacaste | Interior Cladding Options Lowest

MATERIAL COST VALUE EASE OF EASE OF DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE WOOD

OSB Comes in large Deteriorates if exposed Off-gases sheets

Plywood not available Pest resistant Off-gases worldwide

Hardboard Comes in large Non-structural (weak) sheets

High strength to weight Bamboo Comes in large ratio sheets Deteriorates if exposed

Tongues & Aesthetically Requires sealant or Groove appealling treatment WALLBOARD

Durable if installed cor- Sheet Rock Contains recycled Lighter than sheet Easy to work with rectly conten rock Deteriorates when wet

Perlite Good sound- Not widely avail- proofing able

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 69 ...finishing components, interior cladding, Guanacaste cont’d

MATERIAL COST VALUE EASE OF EASE OF DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE

Hardboard Non-structural (weak) Comes in large Deteriorates if exposed sheets

Fibreboard Non-structural (weak) Comes in large Deteriorates if exposed sheets

More Newsprint expensive Contains recycled Not easily avail- than other content able options

Aesthetically ap- Ceramics Heavy to transport Not suited to all Thermally resistant pealling designs

Aesthetically ap- Stone/Brick Heavy to transport pealling

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 71 High FINISHING Medium Low Guanacaste | Roofing Material Options Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILTY LIVABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLY MAINTENANCE METAL Sheet Steel

Steel Shingles t Requires periodic Contains recycled Weather impervious Lightweight painting content

Sheet Aluminum Comes in large Recyclable sheets

Aluminum Shingle Requires periodic Contains recycled Weather impervious Lightweight painting content

Prone to radiate heat Potentially Corrugated Subject to leaks if Lightweight and Easy to work with (shold include ample unattractive installed improperly compact ventilation) CERAMIC

Terra Cotta

OTHER

Asphalt

New to the Plastic Allows transfer of Many product market light types available Not widely available

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 73 High FINISHING Medium Low Southern Ontario | Roofing Material Options Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVIABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLEY MAINTENANCE METAL Sheet Steel

Steel Shingles Requires periodic Contains recycled Weather impervious Lightweight painting content

Comes in large Sheet Aluminum Requires periodic Recyclable sheets painting

Aluminum Shingle Contains recycled Weather impervious Lightweight content

Prone to radiate Potentially Corrugated Subject to leaks if Easy to work with heat (should include Easy to ship unattractive installed improperly ample ventilation) STONE Cement Slate Terra Cotta ASPHALT

Felt Based Attracts moss Available in Not long lasting different colours

Attracts moss Fibre Glass More durable than felt-based WOOD

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 75 High Medium Low ...Finishing Components, Roofing, Southern Ontario cont’d Lowest

EASE OF EASE OF COST VALUE DURABILITY SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY LIVIABILITY MATERIAL ASSEMBLEY MAINTENANCE

Long lasting if Shakes Easy to replace maintained, otherwise Insulates prone to deterioration Aesthetically ap- Shingles pealling

Aesthetically TAR/GRAVEL Attracts moss Contains recycled Messy installation Lightweight unappealling content New to the market Plastic Allows transfer Many product Not widely avail- of light types available able

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 77 2.3 Sustainable Systems

The section that follows presents an overview of existing technologies and techniques within the systems of “The concept of high-performance design is a major energy capture, heating/ventilation/air but still embryonic step beyond that of energy-saving conditioning (HVAC), and water and sewage management. ‘green buildings’. Its goal is to create buildings that

Together these systems encapsulate are not only as energy self-sufficient as possible, and a kind of exchange between the ecologically benign, but also smart, healthy, enhancing home and its environment. As such, the distinct characteristics of the of the comfort, productivity, and security of their two sites will have a strong influence on the design decisions for these occupants, capable of accommodating changing future features. need, and deconstructable, so that their components In this assessment, it is assumed that and the energy embodied in them could be reused.” the units will function independently from each other, and also operate, at Bugliarello, pg 59 least partially, on grid. HEATING VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

Thermal Mass Solar Water Heater Natural Ventilation Ground Source Radiant Floor Heating Raised Floor Air Heat Pumps Materials with High Energy Stor- Solar water heaters are the most There are two types of natural ventilation: Supplied by either pipes (hydronic Distribution buoyancy (stack effect) and wind-driven. age Capacity: poured concrete, widely used, small-scale form of This system consists of a long loop of or air) or wiring (electrical) that are Both types rely on pressure differences to Applicability: Not for residential use concrete block, adobe, brick, stone renewable energy available. Panel plastic pipes, filled with liquid (usu- located under the floor (ex. can be move fresh air throughout the building. types include: vacuum tubes (most ally antifreeze and water), which are cast into concrete slab or under Design strategies include: operable win- Materials with Low Energy Storage efficient), glazed flat plates, un- either buried in the ground (less than wood flooring), heat radiates from the dows, ridge vents, clerestories, vented Capacity (but high heat loss resis- glazed flat plates (most inexpensive) 10ft deep) or submersed into a body ground up. skylights, attic ventilation tance): strawbales, rubber tires, wood, of water. A heat exchanger pumps the carpet, logs, ICFs, autoclaved aerated Cost: fluid through pipes that run at least 6ft Air-heated flooring is not efficient for Cost: concrete, drywall (and up to several hundred feet) into the homes though, since air is a poor heat Value: ground. The mixture absorbs heat from carrying medium and conventional Ease of Maintenance: Sustainability: Long life (25+ years). Hot water can the earth and converts it into a gas- methods for heating it are wasteful. Passive energy storage account for two thirds of a home’s eous state. A second heat exchanger The alternative method is to heat the Sustainability: energy consumption lowers the temperature of the gas air with solar energy, which doesn’t Livability: and expells it into the house, where it work at night when the demand for Livability: Since heat is stored in the walls and Ease of Maintenance: cools off and returns to a liquid state, heat peaks. floor, rather than the air, spaces can be starting the process all over again. vented without losing heat Mobility: Sustainability: Cost: Saves energy. Mobility: Flexibility: Low operational costs Increased mass decreases mobility, Works even on cloudy days Livability: especially since the best masses Value: Silent and discreet. Provides uniform are constructed from brittle material Long life (25 years). Very efficient (up temperature throughout the home. such as brick and concrete to 400%) Increases health of home since it doesn’t spread dust and germs. Mobility:

Sustainability: In the summer the system acts as a Heat Pumps: heat sink, extracting excess heat and http://www.alternative-heating.com/geo- Radiant Floor: returning it to the ground. thermal-heating-and-cooling.html http://www.alternative-heating.com/radi- http://www.capture-energy.co.uk/ground- ant-floor-heating.html Livability: air-source-heat-pumps/index.html http://planetgreen.discovery.com/home- http://www.thenaturalhome.com/pas- http://www.capture-energy.co.uk/solar- http://www.wbdg.org/resources/natural- Quiet, dependable and safe http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ garden/green-home-radiant-heat.html sivesolar.html panels/heating/index.html ventilation.php rea/tech/geoheatpumps http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/ http://www.presentationcenter.org/Envi- http://www.dyerenvironmental.co.uk/natu- http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~jag/courses/ space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/my- ronment/Welcome_Center/Energy/pas- ral_vent_systems.html cde/assign/heatpump/heat/res_geo_earth_ topic=12590 sive_solar.html cut-away.jpg

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 81 Earth Tube Heat Ex- Indoor Planter Beds Fiberglass Heat Masonry Stoves Pellet Stoves change Storage Tubes A wood-burning stove that acts as a ther- Heats homes through forced air sup- In this system, air moves through thin, Cost: Fiberglass tubes, filled with water, provide mal mass so that a short, hot fire can plied by small contained fire, adjust- plastic pipes that are layered around the heating or cooling in a space. As a ther- slowly radiate heat for hours following. able by a thermostat or on the actual foundation. The system can be passive Ease of Maintenance: mal mass they help to control tempera- stove. These stoves are convenient or driven by an electric fan. The average Crops would require routine upkeep ture fluctuations during the day and night. Cost: and more efficient than wood burn- number of tubes used in a home is six, throughout the year. Available in standard heights of 4’, 5’, 8’, ing stoves. Pellets can be made separated by at least 4”. 10’. Sustainability: from waste material, but cost more Mobility: Very Efficient. than wood and can sometimes be http://www.earthshelters.com/files/ky2_ Value: harder to come by. Stoves are small, slide_show_2_manifold_detail.jpg Sustainability: Can provide up to 100% of the room’s Livability: but unlike masonry stoves, they are Soil in planter beds stores heat for heat Doesn’t dry air mechanically driven, therefore are not slow release. silent and require more maintenance. Ease of Assembly: Mobility: Livability: Plants also filter air and provide a Durability: beautiful aesthetic Self supporting.

Flexibility: Must be in direct sunlight; ideal for a greenhouse or solarium.

http://www.thenaturalhome.com/earthtube. http://www.thenaturalhome.com/passiveso- http://www.solar-components.com/tubes.htm Clarke Snell, The Good House Book (Lark http://www.daviddarling.info/ htm lar.html http://www.thenaturalhome.com/heatstorage. Books, 2004), 85 encyclopedia/P/AE_pellet_stove_pros_and_ http://www.earthshelters.com/files/ky2_ htm https://www.profoundit.com/search.php?so cons.html slide_show_2_manifold_detail.jpg ption=csi&csi1=10&csi2=&csi3=&set=9 http://www.alternative-heating.com/wood- pellet-stoves.html SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS HVAC | Products for Investigation

12-Volt/110-Volt “Thoughtfully placed deciduous trees and MightyKool Model plants create cooling shade and evaporative MW1 cooling around a building in summer and, after losing their leaves, allow solar heat to access SPECIFICATIONS and heat up thermal mass inside a building in $300 9 ¾” x 8 x 7 ¼” / 0.33 cu ft / 3 lb winter.” Clarke and Snell, pg 52

Although generators are expensive, a single unit of this 4-gallon tank model could be shared across 2-3 homes. “Thermal mass can be too much of a good This generator will run for 8 hours on full power or 10 hours on half power. thing, though. If you have too much mass www.duropower.com in your floor, for example, it will be able to store a substantial amount of heat, but it will also take a lot of heat to warm the floor once it has cooled down.” Clarke and Snell, pg 54 ENERGY CAPTURE

Solar Panels Wind Power Geothermal Electric-

Cost: track the sun perform the best. Cost: Considerations: ity Depends on: quantity of panels, Sustainability: Ontario Suppliers: Should be placed in area of prevail- Applicability: slope/orientation of panels, amount http://www.ecobusinesslinks.com/clean_ Value: ing winds, free from obstructions (which Most effective on a large scale of sun, labour cost, equipment. Mobility: solar_wind_energy_canada.htm • Long lasting (up to 40+ years) cause turbulence), and also away from • Energy produced is proportional to neighbouring properties Value: Flexibility: Costa Rica Suppliers: wind speed cubed (small increase in Biogas • Long lasting (25 – 30+ years) Available in all sizes and quantities, http://energy.sourceguides.com/business- wind results in a significant increase in Since PV panels and wind turbines • Can recover expenses up to 3x of systems can be expanded es/byGeo/byC/CostaRica/CostaRica.shtml power) both produce DC power, which needs Applicability: the initial cost over life of the panels to be converted to AC, they can be Digesters utilize cow and pig manure • Increases value of the home Livability: http://solarpanelspower.net/solar-panels/ Ease of Maintenance connected to the same inverter sys- to produce electrical or thermal en- • Initial investment reduces energy Silent operation solar-panels-cost Minimal maintenance required tem. ergy. Not appropriate away from large costs over life of the system http://www.sunrunhome.com/learn_about_ farms that would supply the manure. Applicability: solar/cost_of_solar/ Durability: Ease of Assembly: Yes (Canada and Costa Rica) http://www.capture-energy.co.uk/solar- Labour is about 15% the initial panels/photovoltaics/index.html Sustainability: costAn average family needs about Location of Designer/Manufacturer http://www.macslab.com/optsolar.html 300 – 600 sq ft of south facing, Local Mobility: shade free roof Considerations Livability: Ease of Maintenance: Best to orient panels angled toward Potentially noisy, although quieter Requires occsional cleaning the south in 100% sun exposure models are becoming available Invertors need to be replaced several times throughout the Solar (and solar hot water panels) work Applicability: panel’s life, which costs several best when tilted for the appropriate Yes (Canada and Costa Rica) thousand dollars. season. Therefore a manual adjust- ment should be done 2 or 4 times a Location of Designer/Manufacturer: Durability year. For a strictly fixed panel adjust Local Often guaranteed up to ¾” hail, but for the season when the most power moisture can cause cracking. is required. Panels that automatically Animals can damage to wiring. http://www.capture-energy.co.uk/wind-tur- Clarke Snell, The Good House Book (Lark bines/what-makes-a-good-site/index.html Books, 2004), 140 http://www.endurancewindpower.com/ index.html http://www.biofuelswork.com/biogas/ http://www.biogas-energy.com/site/technology.html

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 87 ENERGY CAPTURE Products for Investigation

Flexible Solar Cell Sunlight-Transport

This supple solar cell can be easily System bent or manipulated. Its application will greatly increase the possibilities of Developed by Swedish-based compa- eco-energy construction, removing the ny Parans, this system uses fibre-optic previous limitations of rigid solar pan- cables to transmit sunlight into interior “Passive solar design is the conscious els. The flexibility of the cell is enabled spaces receiving little or no natural placement of a building and associated by the use of ETFE Film, a protective light, such as basements or window- material that encases the amorphous less offices. Outdoor collector panels materials so that the sun’s direct energy is silicon generator panel. The lightweight are placed at varying angles to capture manipulated to affect the temperature inside ETFE Film offers 10% greater trans- maximum sunlight as it moves across parency than that of glass, provides the sky throughout the day. Light is di- the building….There is simply no other long- high impact resistance, and allows for rected indoors through a well-designed term solution.” Clarke and Snell, Pg 50-51 decreased bulk. The highly functional overhead fixture, which combines material is also heat resistant, not eas- different types of beams to create a ily ripped, fire-retardant, and does not tree-filtered effect (Steffen, 161). easily allow condensation. It has been conventionally used in limited areas, such as green houses, aerospace technologies, and insulating materials. The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) in Japan has taken up the flexible solar cell as an important area of research (http://www.agc.co.jp/english/ company/04.html)

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 89 SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS Energy Capture | Products for Investigation

65Kw Super Silent Diesel Generator

SPECIFICATIONS $2000 36” x 21” x 29” / 12 cu ft / 400 lbs “Some materials are both good thermal masses 6500 W max output 120/240 v AC or 12 v DC power and decent insulation. One such material is cob, a

Although generators are expensive, a combination of mass (clay and sand) and insula- single unit of this 4-gallon tank model tion against conduction (straw). Another example is could be shared across 2-3 homes. This generator will run for 8 hours on composite block made of wood chips bonded with full power or 10 hours on half power. www.duropower.com concrete.” Clarke and Snell, Pg 54 2.7 | 2.8 Waste and Sewage Management

WATER AND SEWAGE MANAGEMENT

Wastewater Treat- Water Reduction cets, that provides a dual flow function Home Water Stormwater Low-Flow Faucet Aerators: Management Check- ment Strategies Provides increased pressure with con- Management stant flow list The following systems can stand alone, Fixtures: • Direct water away from building • Ultra Low-Flow Toilets (6 LPF) Greywater Management Systems: or connect to a septic tank, and are not • If possible, locate the hot water heater • Air-Flush Toilets (1.5 LPF) Reuse water from sinks, laundry, and appropriate for on-grid homes: as close as possible to bathroom, • Limit impervious surfaces (for example, • Dual Flush Toilet (3 LPF / 6 LPF) showers for non-potable functions kitchen and laundry areas. The closer utilize open grid pavement when pos- • Waterless Composting Toilet (0 LPF) Wetland Systems: the heater is to the faucet, the less water sible) • Low-Flow Shower Heads (9.5 LPM) Rainwater Collection Large-scale, man-made wastewater has to be run. For this reason. it’s some- system • Vegetation buffer strips to filter water Can be used as greywater in the home, times better to have two small water Secondary Wastewater Treatment: and slow runoff or for irrigation. If purified, can replace heaters located in strategic places. System attaches to septic tanks to grid-supplied water. • Replace grass with natural landscaping. optimize biological filtration • Use the “gray” water that siphons from Eco Machines: Trees and shrubs absorb 14 times more Must be able to capture (from roof), filter, your washing machine into a laundry tub Uses aquatic plants and organisms to water than grass. and store water. for cleaning, to flush the toilet, or water digest water pollutants. Water can be plants. See directions for using “gray” recycled as non-potable. water on plants. Use all “gray” water as • Faster infiltration means less standing Membrane Filtration: soon as possible. Do not store longer water, which can decreases the risk of Employs microfiltration and reverse than 24 hours. contamination and disease. osmosis to remove contaminants in an Toilet Lid Sink: Fills toilet bowl with clean water that • Onsite treatment methods: area that is much smaller than a conven- • Try “trickle” or “drip” irrigation systems runs from a faucet like in a standard tional water treatment plant. in outdoor gardens. These methods use - Constructed wetlands sink, saving both greywater and space 80-90 percent less water than hose or - Bioswales sprinkler methods. A tiny plastic tube - Bioretention basins Tankless Water Heater: runs along the ground near plants. The - Vegetated filter strips Heats water on demand, avoiding the trickle system provides many tiny holes need to constantly heat, store, and to water closely placed plants. The drip maintain a tank of hot water. system tubing contains holes or openings at strategic places for tomatoes and other Tap Inserts: plants that are more widely spaced. A cheap addition to conventional fau- http://www.livingoffgrid.org/wp-content/ uploads/2008/12/toilet-lid-sink.jpg Institute without Boundaries, Watershed: The World House Guide to Designing Water’s http://www.rwh.in/ Excerpted Highlights from http://www.bae. http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/wa- Future. George Brown College, 2007 http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/03/05/cista- ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/ terprograms/sedimentandstormwater/home/ Home Water Management Checklist rainwater-cachement-by-moss-sund-and- wqwm/he213.html index.asp http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/exten- figforty/ k CaGBC LEED NC 1.0 Reference Book sion/publicat/wqwm/he213.html Water Because of the considerable annual rainfall, it should be possible to use captured rainwater for most household tasks.

SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS Water Capture | Products for Investigation

Collapsible Rain- Shurflo RV Pump

COST saver from Bulk MANUFACTURER VALUE Handling Australia CertainTeed. Valley Forge, PA. EASE OF ASSEMBLY http://www.certainteed.com

EASE OF MAINTENANCE MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS CertainTeed. Valley Forge, PA. SUSTAINABILITY $50/unit http://www.certainteed.com MOBILITY 24” x 18” x 11”/ 2.75 cu ft / 52 lbs (for 12 units) FLEXIBILITY SPECIFICATIONS 12v pump 1120 x 1120 x 950 mm/ 4 cu ft / 20 kg APPLICABILITY 2.8 gpm flow AVAILABILITY PRODUCTS AND DIMENSIONS 7 amp draw The large, 1000 L rainwater tank is PRODUCTS AND DIMENSIONS collapsible and includes a hose to This system is sold in packs of 12. connect to a pipe. While large, it could www.shurflo.com supply several houses with rainwater. www.bha.com.au

COST VALUE EASE OF ASSEMBLY EASE OF MAINTENANCE SUSTAINABILITY MOBILITY FLEXIBILITY APPLICABILITY AVAILABILITY 3.0 The Modular Housing System Design components. Parts may be designed 2. STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGIES charrette took place over the course to pack flat and ‘snap’ or ‘slide’ into Next, the team experimented with Modular Housing System: of one week. In this time, the team’s place on site. developing and combining these primary intention was to uncover building typologies to determine if the potential for innovation in residential Systems assets of each would increase when construction methods, working within Designs that achieve systems overlapped. the parameters of a scheme that innovation may incorporate a passive would be modular and adaptable. systems integration approach, Schemes that were explored in this Charrette This development work can be increase systems efficiency by phase included: summarized as follows: grouping services within a complex, seek complementary pairings of Structure 1. BUILDING TYPOLOGIES technology, or use ‘smart’ technology. Industrial Sheds The team began by analyzing Domes Process Work existing building typologies. From Connections Tension Wire this, it became apparent that these Designs that innovate in the area Panel/Void typologies could be characterized as of connections may do so by achieving innovation within one or accomplishing the majority of Fabrication more of the following areas: connections using only one type of Fold-Out joint. Spin-Out Structure C-Connection Designs that achieve structural Materials Accordian innovations may do by reducing the Designs that achieve materials Ribbon quantity of structural components innovation may do so by re-purposing required by staggering their retired parts and recycling old Systems placement strategically, or increasing products, or working exclusively with Super Structure their strength. products sourced on site. Materials Modules innovation could also be described as Clustered Amenities Fabrication allocating materials specific functions Panel/Void Designs that achieve innovation in within the system based on their the area of fabrication may do so by inherent properties of heat retention, Materials reducing the time and complexity of air filtration or light reflection. Woven Panels the manufacturing and installation of Stacked Components Infill

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 97 This results of this exploration were 3. TWO DESIGN SCHEMES The pages that follow illustrate the to: From here, the concepts were development process of the Open synthesized into two design schemes, Lattice system. Seek efficiencies by develop- Day 1 • which were developed over the next ing components that could serve two days: The Modular Grid and the Monday, September 21 multiple functions. For example, Spatial Frame. Exploration of Structural Typologies sand and soil, when filled in bags, and Typology Combinations can act as both structure and 4. ONE DESIGN SCHEME insulation. Finally, the core elements of each Day 2 • Seek to develop components that scheme where combined as one, to become stronger when connected, arrive at the final modular system: The Tuesday, September 22 such as the weave or tension rod Open Lattice. Exploration of Two Schematic Variations system. Day 3 • Seek to develop a structure that responds to and manages the Wednesday, September 23 features of its surrounding environ- Development of Two Schematic Variations ment Day 4 Two key priorities that were reiterated at this point in the first review were: Thursday, September 24 • Remove the use of complicated Synthesis of Two Schemes Into One Scheme mechanisms that could possibly fail. As such, the team abandoned Day 5: Friday, September 25 schemes involving expansion on Design Development site.

• Create something that would be solid enough to withstand harsh weather. As such, the team abandoned schemes involving light fabrics

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 99 CHARRETTE PROCESS WORK Building Typologies

Innovations in STRUCTURE-CENTRIC FABRICATION-CENTRIC SYSTEMS-CENTRIC CONNECTIONS-CENTRIC MATERIALS-CENTRIC Post and Beam Mold House within a House Universal Joint Recycled Components residential building Housing components are precast. An exterior shell encloses and One joint is designed to accept Shipping palettes, aircraft containers Balloon Frame (Frank Lloyd Wright) protects the interior living core. standard building elements of similar and shipping containers are reused as typologies could (St.Mark’s Convent) dimensions. This joint can then serve key structural elements. be classified in Geodesic Dome Prefabrication many functions within the system. Icosoles triangles are attached at Building components are Service Spine Earth Structure the categories their ends to form a rigid dome. manufactured and/or assembled in a Amenities such as water and Snaps Elements found within the natural (Buckminster Fuller) factory prior to erection on site. electricity are grouped in one region Building components snap into place environment, such as sand, soil and of structure, of a unit or complex. on site. As such, they could also straw, are used as primary building fabrication, Monecoque Flat Pack unsnap for dismounting. materials. Often these materials Roof, foundation and walls are formed Components are designed to fit Service Core will be more affordable, although systems, as one complete unit. together efficiently within a shipping Living areas are added concentrically Hardware construction is labour intensive. container or flatbed truck. around a central core. A building system is designed around connections and Industrial Unit (United States Company) one or more customized hardware materials. The A large, open space is enclosed as Modules pieces. a warehouse from which one could Inflatable House Unit spaces are efficiently organized charrette team hang other parts. An insulated bubble travels flat according to their function within to be inflated on site. complete, premanufactured spent the first Treehouse compartments. day investigating A central, structural core stands Jack vertically, from which one could hang A unit is shipped flat and Senai the assets and other parts. jimmied into form with a jack Mechanical services and amenities mechanism on site. are grouped within vertical, structural drawbacks of Void House tubes. Alternatively, these tubes could these schemes. A structure is fashioned in alternating Slinky (telescope, accordion, also be used as living spaces. segments that could fold together as weave, screen) House in a House Flatpakking one flat piece. A unit and its parts contract to ship and expand to make a SIP (Structurally Insulated Panels) space on site. Insulation and structural are combined in one component.

Modules Post and Beam Industrial Unit

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 101 CHARRETTE PROCESS WORK Typology Combinations | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Industrial Shed: With the structure The system is stackable, versatile The system may be difficult to insulate Dome: The strength and simplicity The dome form could also be execut- contained in the surrounding frame, and can be raised on piers to achieve in colder climates. An expandable of this form is timeless. The system ed as an inflatable super-bubble with wall panels could be suspended from minimal site disruption. The quality of column could carry a large amount of could accommodate a green roof, and separate units. Potential for stacking the ceiling. the living space would depend on the services. be insulated with sand or dirt. It could would need to be explored. finishes. also be shipped flat.

Tension Wire: Tension wires could This system would require precision Panel/Void: In this system, material be used to hold cladding in place and and is not easy to expand once is saved by placing the panels only secure the structure. constructed. where required for structural rigidity. The open spaces could be filled with glass or plastic. The configuration could vary. MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 103 CHARRETTE PROCESS WORK Typology Combinations | Fabrication Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Fold-Out Spin-Out Accordion: This endo-skeleton (with a This system would pack flat and in- This system would pack flat and in- parametric paneled skin) could expand clude walls and floors that lift or spin clude walls and floors that lift or spin using a scissor jack, permitting modifi- into place on site. into place on site. cation of the home’s footprint.

Ribbon: A retractable screen could C-Connection pull out horizontally or vertically This system would pack flat and in- between structural posts to define clude walls and floors that lift or spin the living space. This system would into place on site. require technical development and is more appropriate for temporary spaces.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 105 CHARRETTE PROCESS WORK Typology Combinations | Systems Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Clustered Amenities: Services such As a result, homes would be some- System could be analyzed for poten- Super Structure: A ‘soft’ living space In Costa Rica the core could be light, The inner core could be constructed as water and energy are efficiently what interdependant. Easy access to tial economies of scale. is protected by a resiliant outer shell, while in Southern Ontario it would be from cheaper materials however, there organized along a central core, that is the core is critical for maintenance. leaving an interstitial indoor/outdoor heavy. would be some degree of redundancy. shared between homes. area. Expandibility is limited.

Modules: Spaces would be efficiently organized according to function within premanufactured compartments.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 107 CHARRETTE PROCESS WORK Typology Combinations | Materials Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

The panels could be developed to Woven Panel: Lightweight, structural Stacked Components: Structural suit any climate. The system would panels could be constructed from a objects such as a cinder block or require design development, although woven composite, such as glass or a sand bag could be stacked like a less durable model could be carbon fibre. bricks, and held in place using thin constructed using plywood. posts.

Infill: A prefabricated shell could be This multifunctional approach has the The system also lends to supporting filled with local materials (such as potential for innovation. For example, local economies, resulting in an sand), that provide both structure and specialized bags with side latches inexpensive solution. Potential insulation. could be prefabricated and filled on for modularity would need to be site. explored. The method is labour intensive. MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 109 “Start with a simple vision: low weight, low volume, low space, natural materials, and non-toxic.”– Richard Macintosh, Mechanical Engineer

2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The team tried to push a simple vision to its limits: a waffle Charrette Day 3 assembly panel that would be low weight and low volume, that Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 could serve the function of floor, wall and ceiling assembly. Modular Grid A modular component that could make any space In this scheme, a standardized structural panel is designed to accept service systems through its interior space, resulting in an easy-to-assemble, flexible housing typology.

Panels could be a vacuum or waffle Panels could include a cross-brace assembly. in various formations, depending on their placement to accommodate for different loads in the floor, walls and ceiling. MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 111 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The parts would assemble and disassemble like a puzzle. Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Panels could be used as floor, wall or Panels could nest together when ceiling assemblies. shipped.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 113 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The team experimented with the placement of I-beams to act Charrette Day 3 as a connecting point, and as structural columns. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Panels could join at the corners with I-beams.

I-beams would span across the short Panels could sit on top of, or sit within wall every 2m. an I-beam, which would be 10cm wide at its base, with a 3cm channel.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 115 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 On the third day, the team arrived at a square stud system that Charrette Day 3 could be assembled in a factory as a closed component, or on Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 site.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 117 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Schematic Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The schematic of the unit would be derived from a grid. This Charrette Day 3 grid could combine to form a module of many dimensions, and Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 then combine again to form a unit.

Standard sized panels could combine to form a grid.

Panels would form modules, which Panels could be configured to achieve Panels could also function as an could be combined to form a unit. various facades. operable window or swivel to make an awning.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 119 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Schematics Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

1 1 1

1 1

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 121 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Systems The flexibility of the schematic extends to the placement of Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 its systems. The services could be placed at any point within Charrette Day 3 the grid, and channelled through the square studs, as well as Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 vertical columns.

The modular grid would offer versatil- Vertical columns could also serve as A service core could be placed at any Service conduits could run through ity for inhabitants in the floorplan. studs for interior partitions. point within the grid. the panels.

Four thin posts with a unified sheathing could fit in an opening at the Hollow posts could act as both struc- The floor system could operate like a panel’s corners, forming a structural tural columns, service channels and peg board, into which columns, service column. wall partitions. shafts and wall partition posts could be dropped.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 123 “Structures that move create issues for leaking.”

– Richard Macintosh, Mechanical Engineer

2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Systems Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The system could function like a peg board that could accept Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 services, fixtures and furniture. Charrette Day 5

The peg board system on the wall Void panels would create windows. The gap remaining between the pan- could be used to hang cabinetry and els would form grooves that could ac- fixtures cept removable partition walls. These could be reoriented by the inhabitant.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 125 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Systems 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Connections Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The joints are fundamental to the success of the modular grid Charrette Day 3 scheme. As each one creates a potential point of weakness, Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 their integrity is essential.

Panels could connect on both their perpendicular and parallel axis.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 131 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Connections Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 The team considered joints that could lock by virtue of how the Charrette Day 4 pieces fit together. Charrette Day 5

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 133 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Connections Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 In this regard, the team also considered how the square studs Charrette Day 3 could be designed to connect at their four corners - thus Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 contributing to the locking effect.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 135 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Connections Charrette Day 1 By the third day, the team arrived at a series of connection Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 designs that would enclose each square stud on two sides. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 137 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Modular Grid | Cladding and Infill Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 The team also considered how the stud’s cladding could sit Charrette Day 3 within or slide into its grooves. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Insulation could comprise of fill using Southern Ontario could employ su- Panels could be sound dampened a local material, such as s and or per insulated walls while Costa Rica and finished on both side straw. would use a porous wall.

Panels could possibility extend to Glazing could exist in voids. hold a straw bale.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 139 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 walls. Its double envelope helps achieve passive heating, Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 cooling and ventilation. The system would ideally incorporate Charrette Day 4 low-tech materials and simple connections to simplify the Charrette Day 5 construction process. Spatial Frame A frame that creates space and hangs a skin and facade The spatial frame is a variation of the super structure typology. Conventional structural members would come together as repeated forms, with Modularity: In this way, units could Similarly, modular components of possibility for spatial variation give it slide in and out of the super structure each unit, such as the stairwells, like dresser drawers within a multi- could slide into a frame within the sub modular flexibility for both floor and unit complex. Void space could be structure. used as common areas.

Super Structure: The development of The team experimented with The two frames, exterior and interior, As well, the entire structure could the spatial frame concept was derived developing a secondary structure that would work as a unit, although could collapse for shipping and unfold on from the ‘House in a House’ scheme. could house a living space. be structurally independant. site, using a dovetail connection.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 141 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 A truss system was explored for roof, wall and floor Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 assemblies. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Truss Walkway: This drawing invstigates using a truss column to create an exterior shared hallway.

Truss Structure: In this design, the Interior units could hang from the truss is explored as a roof, wall and truss super structure using brackets. floor assembly option.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 143 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Profile: Different profiles could be tested for performance in strength, weight, material reduction and aerodynamics.

Fabrication: Diverting from standard truss goemetry would require customized manufacturing.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 145 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 By the third day, the integration of the truss was minimalized, Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 and simplified to a post and beam scheme. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Design Development: In the third The design evolved from a truss- Fabrication: This spatial frame could The lumber members would be Foundation: Using a pier foundation Systems: Wooden slats of the outer day of the charrette, the team based super structure, to a post and be fabricated using primarily nominal connected using primarily bolted lap would reduce the amount of concrete shell would aid with ventilation simplified the super structure concept beam frame that could accept any lumber, which would be cheap and joints with steel brackets and joist (compared to slab construction). while also preventing heat gain from by reducing the amount of material kind of cladding. available in both regions. hangers. sunlight. used.

Dimensions: In this design, the spatial and the last 4’ as a service corridor Using nominal lumber would also Comparatively, using steel structural The lumber members could be frame is proposed in a 1:5:1 ratio - for utilities (water, heating and permt on-site fabrication using a members would likely require laminated 2x10” beams. where the first 4’ areas forms a shared cooling). supervised, unskilled labour force. premanufactuing off site. corridor, the second 20’ serves as private living space,

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 147 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 This scheme was further simplified on the fourth day, to a Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 crib system that inherently provides a double skin or double Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 envelope.

Design Development: On the fourth The spatial frame was developed as The structure’s basic elements could The corridor could be left open, The structural members could be Or, the components could be at- day, following the second review, the another modular component - the comprise of solid members, truss with wooden slats or a green wall preattached and click into place on tached individually on site. team proceede to integrate the post elements of which would include members or crib members. for partial protection; or, could be site. and beam frame with the modular dimensioned structural members. closed with a second skin, such as grid. operable windows.

The structure’s front element could When aligned in parallel, a living The final result would be a double comprise of a crib component, while space is defined, with a corridor at envelope or double skin structure, the back could comprise of a truss the front, and space for a gabion wall that comprises of multiple crib structure. or air pocket at the back. Inherent in components placed incrementally. this is a double skin. MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 149 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 151 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Structure Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

The structural crib would offer rigidity

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 153 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Schematics Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 This spatial frame structure was well suited to vertical Charrette Day 3 expansion. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

House in House: From the ‘House in Site Clustering: In this schematic, the Alternatively, angled units that are cut Alternatively, the hexagon is another a House’ scheme naturally follows the semi-private space is clustered as a on a 45 degree angle could serve as efficient structural form that also lends creation of private, semi private and walkway on one end, while parking shared spaces, such as laundry; and, well to stacking. public space. and utilities are grouped on the other. also permit a curved site plan.

Stacking: If the interior modules New storeys could be added simply The super structure would expand were structurally indepedent from by raising and removing the super vertically, and the new units could be the frame, the complex could grow in strcuture’s roof. attached using brackets. vertial increments over time.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 155 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Schematics Charrette Day 1 It could also follow a grid-based floorplan. Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

1 Bedroom, Single Storey

2 Bedroom, Single Storey 2 Bedroom, Double Storey

Unit Plans: The unit floorplans could also be derived from a geometric grid (this Services: The focus of this schematic exploration was mainly to group the wet drawing uses a 2x2m base unit). In these drawings the division lines represent services along one wall. how the space could be organized by function within a primarily open concept plan (the lines are not intended to indicate walls, necessarily).

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 157 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Schematics Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Unit Plan: On the fourth day of the charrette, the team revised the frame system to fit within the same dimensions as the modular grid. The team began with the dimension of 5x10m.

Site Plan: Units are clusterd here on the Guanacaste site with their service walls running along the back.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 159 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Masonry Heater: Masonry heaters Roof: The roof could be raised and are highly efficent stone fireplaces lowered daily or seasonally, to suit that use thermal mass to retain and the desired ventilation strategy, and emit heat for long periods of time. to keep out mosquitos.

Water Collection: The roof could be The water could be directed into an angled to catch rainwater. indoor cistern.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 161 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

The gabion wall could be site specific and would add a social element to the design. it would also add thermal mass.

Passive Heating: A green wall or Passive Cooling: Exterior wood slats earth wall could be placed along the could assist with air flow, while pre- back and side of the unit to act as a venting heat gain from sunlight. thermal mass.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 163 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Passive Cooling: Use of a lattice Together, the complete system could structure in Costa Rica could turn the include a super structure, modular front facade into a living wall. living units, shades, louvres, a green roof and a lattice.

Passive Heating: A curtain wall in Wrapping the curtain wall around the Alternatively, all units could be Units could be stacked around a Within each unit, the side that is op- front could increase sun exposure in end units would produce an extra wrapped with this extra exterior patio. central core. posite to the core could form a patio the winter months. semi-private space that could be or balcony space. used as one unit’s patio, adjacent to the public corridor.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 165 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems Charrette Day 1 Site work should be limited to foundations and connections to Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 services. Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Passive Cooling: In Costa Rica, a Plant material could also cool and Passive Heating: The gabion wall A canopy of louvres could be used to The double skin would act as a water pool could be placed under filter the air as it passes through. would also act as a thermal mass manage ventilation and sun exposure. weather buffer. the walkway to cool water passing to absorb heat from the sun in the through the Gabion wall. Southern Ontario winter.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 167 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Systems 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Connections Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 These connections are based on the concept of a beam Charrette Day 3 splice – a device used in when two shorter steel members are Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 joined. Connecting two steel members using a gusset plate, a splice plate and bolts is a common practice that is widely accepted in the steel industry. These connections are typically designed to withstand a force of approximately 100 kilopounds (100,000 lbs). There are a number of forces (stresses) (and safety factors) that could act on

Connections, Type D: This type of the splice, including: material dead Connections, Type A: Connections Connections, Type B: This type Connections, Type C: This type of connection would require a bolt/screw could be modified on site as needed. of connection would require a bolt/ connection would require a bolt/screw loads, live loads 40 lbs/sq ft and template. screw template. template. environmental factors, such as wind.

Connections, Type D Connections, Type A Connections, Type B Connections, Type C All connections represented here are intended for post and beam construction with nominal lumber or LVLs. Likely they would be steel.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 171 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Connections These forces will impact the design of the system in the Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 following aspects: the depth of the member, the thickness of Charrette Day 3 the gusset plate, the number of bolts (as a cross-sectional Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5 area), and the spacing of the bolts in the plate.

Panels could slot into a prefacbricated The steel I beam could be encased to truss. look like a wood truss.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 173 2 DESIGN SCHEMES Spatial Frame | Cladding and Infill Charrette Day 1 Charrette Day 2 Charrette Day 3 Charrette Day 4 Charrette Day 5

Interior Partitions: Interior partitions Floor Section, Southern Ontario Floor Section, Costa Rica Finishing: The exterior skin would be Finishing: Exterior and interior Wall Section: The house within a ould slide into a C-Channel. (interior interchangeable, and could therefore walls could be solid or soft (glazed, house schematic can lend itself to partitions) synchronize with a passive systems translucent) For example, a soft using either a hard exerior with a soft design strategy for each individual exterior shell could include sheathing core, or a soft exterior with a hard site. rigid frames in fabric. core.

drip edge interior finish

Floor Section, Southern Ontario: Floor Section, Costa Rica Finishing: Exterior and interior walls Wall Section Wall Section: This drawing evalu- Slab panels could overlap. could be solid or soft (glazed, trans- ates the use of a strucutural insulated lucent) panel (SIP) as the wall section. (See comparative notes in Section 6.0)

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 175 4.0 Modular Housing System: The Open Lattice

The Open Lattice System is designed to combine the virtues resulting in site-sensitive systems design, and a user- of premanufactured, modular housing with those of fine home sensitive facade and interior. The relatively small size of the building. structural components also allows for a range of floorplan configurations. On the premanufactured side, its structure would comprise of a set of lightweight, dimensioned components that combine The Open Lattice System is designed for easy shipping to form the basic framework for a living space. This could be and installation however, its primary benefit is that it easily multiplied in serial production, joined and stacked to drastically reduces the need for on-site measurements and arrive at many multi-storey, multi-unit complexes. calculations by trades people. By working with a limited variety of prefabricated dimensional components, site On the finer side, this framework could also integrate with installation is as easy as counting to 10! cladding and environmental systems of many varieties —

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 177 THE OPEN LATTICE Construction System | Structural Components

The Open Lattice System would comprise of three main These components could be viewed as the ‘fixed’ or structural components: the square stud, a modular frame and ‘universal’ elements of the design, as they could likely be connections. repeated with similar materials and dimensions in multiple site applications.

The Square Stud The square stud would be a strong, light-weight and versatile component that could be used to create wall, floor, ceiling and roof assemblies.

This drawing represents a 1x1m panel. This dimension, when multiplied, can result in the ideal proportion for a door frame (1x2m) or ceiling height (3m).

This dimension would also make the component easy to ship and handle without requiring special equipment.

The square studs could connect along their ends to result in floorplates or wall sections of varied sizes. Since floor, roof and ceiling panels typically undergo different types of Modular Frame routine stresses, the studs and their The wall sections and floorplates would be housed within a modular frame. connections may require slightly This frame would be similar to conventional post and beam assembly, and is different engineering for each intended to provide the primary structural support for the entire unit. The frame application. could be designed to suit any floorplan or elevation dimensions. The frame’s crib form provides an opportunity to design each home with a double skin or double envelope that is customized to its environmental context.

Together, the modular frame and square studs create a complete modular structural system that could be combined and stacked to arrive at a variety of unit sizes. THE OPEN LATTICE Construction System | Structural Components

Connections Together, the modular frame and square studs create a Connections could comprise of steel complete modular structural system that could be combined plates and bolts. Other material options for these connections could and stacked to arrive at a variety of unit sizes. include plastic or wood.

The square studs would be connected with a 3cm gap remaining bewteen, which could be used to clip on finishing panels of any kind. THE OPEN LATTICE Construction System | Structural Components

Connections The square studs would be connected with a 3cm gap remaining bewteen, which could be used to clip on finishing panels of any kind. THE OPEN LATTICE Construction System | Systems Integration

The square studs would include spaces to run standard These components (in addition to the foundation) could be plumbing, pipes, wiring and duct work— resulting in a quick viewed as the ‘variable’ or ‘customized’ elements of the on-site installation. They could also integrate with alternative modular housing system, as they would likely need to be HVAC, water and energy capture systems, such as a radient modified for different site applications, according to climate floor, geothermal tubes or photo voltaic panels. In addition, the considerations and user interests. square studs could be finished with any type of insulation, and a variety of roof, floor, ceiling and wall panels.

The square studs would be designed The 3cm groove left between the to accept service conduits through square studs, when connected, could their centre (appoximate depth- also accept a partition wall or clip-on 20cm) and cladding on either side. fixtures and furniture.

Cladding could be applied in any size relative to the studs’ dimensions (1x1m, 1x2m, 2x2m, etc.). As such, the cladding scheme could be used to break the monotony of the underlying grid, resulting in a clean and elegant, or extravagant and geometric facade.

Cladding and insulation could be applied in a factory or on site. THE OPEN LATTICE Construction System | Material Considerations

The Open Lattice scheme is primarily a structural and spatial It should also be noted that the performance of any material concept that could be feasibily achieved with a number of or product will be dependent on the design of the system in material options. The core benefits of the scheme are best which they are operating, and their suitability to their context. realized if selected materials are light to reduce the system’s total weight, thereby reducing shipping costs and installation time. Other considerations when selecting materials are as follows:

Structure Connections Roof Ceiling Interior Cladding Foundation The structural material should be light The joints will maintain the structural The roof panel should be designed These panels would sit beneath the These panels would sit on the other The structure is built without a and durable. integrity of the system. Connections to manage snow loads and rainwater roof or floor panel. As such, they side of the exterior wall. As such, they basement to reduce the building’s that are premanufactured as one shedding. The complete roofing should be durable capable of resisting should be durable capable of resisting environmental footprint and save on continuous piece (rather than system would be combined with moisture damage, and removable (for moisture damage, and removable (for site excavation costs. laminated together as many sheathing board, an air barrier and maintenance on interior systems). maintenance on interior systems). components) are less likely to fail. insulation, depending on the climate. In Southern Ontario, the ceiling panels In Southern Ontario, the interior pan- Connections are required to connect would be used in combination with els would be used in combination with modules and to support the 2m span. insulation. insulation which would increase the They would transfer the building’s overall thickness of the section. load from beam to column. Exterior panels need to be secured to prevent These panels could also be used tampering and removal as a result of as interior partitions, slipping into extreme weather. grooves in the floor and ceiling. MATERIAL OPTIONS

COMPONENT MATERIAL RATIONAL COMPONENT MATERIAL RATIONAL

STRUCTURE INFILL

Square Stud Insulation

Modular Frame Sheathing

Joint 1: Square Vapour Barrier Stud INTERIOR Joint 2: Wall CLADDING Panels Floor Panel Joint 3: Modu- lar Frame Ceiling Panel

Foundation Wall Panel

EXTERIOR CLADDING SYSTEMS

Roof Heating Exterior Shell

Cooling Exterior Wall

Glazing Ventilation

Insulation

Sheathing Water Capture

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 189 THE OPEN LATTICE Spatial System | Modular Variations

With its main strucrural component being the small square stud, The Open Lattice System can achive any floorplate dimension that is a multiple of 1m.

Modular Variations Linear Saw Tooth Pavillion Topographic Unit layouts would be tied directly to the 1x1m grid system. Basic Module In this drawing we see three possible 4x10m spatial configurations that have very 40 sq m different floorplates, but comparable total square footage.

Luxery Module 5x8m 40 sq m

Site Clustering These module variations can also be used to generate an infinate amount of unit clustering schemes.

Economy Module 6x6m 36 sq m THE OPEN LATTICE Spatial System | Site Cluster Variations

Linear Saw Tooth Pavillion Topographic LINEAR SITE VARIATIONS SAW TOOTH PAVILLION STYLE TOPOGRAPHIC CLUSTERING

Site Cluster Variations Site clusters could also be designed with open atriums, semi-covered walkways and rooftop patios between units. Units could also be linked with connecting doors to accommodate changing sizes of tenant groups.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 193 THE OPEN LATTICE Spatial System | Floorplan Variations

Unit Plans The unit plans are intended to provide a simple scheme that is open and light, in contrast to the underlying structure, which is heavy and rigid.

All wet systems have been organized around a central core, which is shared between floors. Placing the service core at the centre of the unit allows for flexibility in its clustering. These Bachelor Module services areas (kitchen and bath) Long Walls Shared, 40 sq m are also used as a transition space between public (living) and private (sleeping) spaces. This configuration makes the unit appear spacious – as the user will be able to see along the long walls from any point in the home. The unit’s high ceilings also enhance Bachelor Module this sense of spaciousness. Short Walls Shared, 40 sq m Version Two (with bookend services) All storage space and walls would be designed with minimal thickness to maximize space. Ultimately, the modular grid system could be designed with a complementary furniture system that hooks on the wall.

Exterior terraces act as a buffer between the units, and borders around the space.

The bathroom could be designed with a light window at the top.

Bachelor Module Short Walls Shared, 40 sq m In addition to addressing these climatic difference, the charrette team attempted to cluster the units in such a way that would preserve and celebrate each site’s unique landscape.

A preliminary review of climactic data and construction 5.0 precedents for the two test regions revealed the following: SOUTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA Modular Housing System: Precipitation Precipitation There is no one rainy season. Instead From May to October there is a Prevailing Winds the 864 mm (34 in) of precipitation are considerable amount of rain. Winds from April – December blow distributed uniformly throughout the Design Response NE at 6-9km/hr, E at 14-16km/hr from year. It is important that the roof is designed December – February, and then NE at Site Variations to handle heavy precipitation without 15km/hr until April (strong winds carry Temperature leaking dust) Southern Ontario boasts four distinct seasons with extreme temperature Temperature Pests fluctuations. Summers average at To evaluate the applicability of The Open Lattice system, the There are only two seasons and Local pests include termites, wolf 20°C (68°F) and reach as high as temperatures remain high. spiders (and monkeys) 35°C and winter at about -6°C (21°F). charrette team tested it on two site locations - one in Southern Design Response Natural Disasters Ontario, Canada and one in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. This permits comfortable living in Costa Rica is located between Design Response: buildings that are open to the air but two tectonic plates and is prone to Use long walls that face the winter sheltered from the rain and sun earthquakes, which affect building sun, limiting summer sun on east/ practices. For example, use of the west walls (20 or 30 degree leeway). Although The Open Lattice was preconceived as a generic Humidity tradition building material adobe was building system, it maintains enough flexibility to work with the Humidity levels are high recently banned by the government. Pests Design Response Local wildlife includes raccoons and conditions of each site. Cross ventilation is imperative for Other Design Considerations squirrels comfort and to prevent mould - Exposed stone and brick insulate, are durable, and require nearly zero GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Sun Patterns maintenance. The most important distinction and similarity between the sites • Snow loads (40lb/sq ft in Ontario) There is extreme sun glare which • Use landscaped walls as is that they both are subject to weather extremes (snow, rain results in an uncomfortable amount of - Shading drastically reduces natural windbreaks to avoid direct winter heat. lighting, which must be compensated winds. and heat). The Open Lattice’s double skin/double envelope Design Response for in other ways. While direct • Views from within the building In the tropics, too much light adds overhead lighting is effective, this also system is fundamental to managing these extremes. With • Interaction with the physical heat. Shade is critical to reduce effects adds heat. environment modifications in orientation, window placement and materials of solar radiation. Natural ventilation in • Soil: stability, building loads, frost line buildings is critical. - Structures should be oriented selection, the system can adapt to either site, and provide a to minimize direct solar gain and increase exposure to breeze solution for passive heating and cooling.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 197 SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit | Southern Ontario Basic Unit | Guanacaste

The Southern Ontario unit is designed as a double envelope, The Guanacaste unit is designed as a double skin, oriented oriented with the long, glazed wall to the south to maximize with its windows on the east and west sides, to take solar gain. advantage of the northeast prevailing winds.

The front corridor forms an enclosed sun room which would The exterior corridor is treated like a shaded patio for outdoor preheat the air before it enters the main living space through living space. The patio would also serve to reduce solar gain to interior windows. Combined with the air cavity at the back, the the interior spaces, while maintaining air flow. system creates an insulative air cavity. SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, East Elevation | Southern Ontario Basic Unit, East Elevation | Guanacaste

West Elevations, Southern Ontario East Elevation, Guanacaste Inhabitants would enter their units through the sun room corridor, the door to A shaded outdoor patio space is combined with the front entrance, for socializing which would be on the east side of the building. or relaxing. SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, West Elevation | Southern Ontario Basic Unit, West Elevation | Guanacaste

West Elevations, Southern Ontario West Elevation, Costa Rica Windows are oriented to the east and west to take advantage of northwest prevailing winds. SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, South Elevation | Southern Ontario Basic Unit, South Elevation | Guancaste

South Elevation, Southern Ontario South Elevations, Costa Rica The longest wall is glazed and oriented to the south to maximize solar gain. With a position of 5 degrees from the equator, sun angle does not play as large of This is combined with solar panels for energy capture, as well as wooden slats a role in the passive heating and cooling of a building. Concrete (Plyceme) walls for shading in the summer. help to keep the space cool. SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, North Elevation | Southern Ontario Basic Unit, North Elevation | Guanacaste

North Elevation, Southern Ontario North Elevation, Guanacaste The north wall could be treated with fibre cement board or recycled plastic The north wall could be treated with a Plyceme cladding, which is durable, cheap wood slats to create the double envelope. This side could also be used as a and manufactured locally. utility area. SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Elevation Options | Long Walls Shared Basic Unit, Elevation Options | Short Walls Shared

Elevation Options, Long Walls Shared Elevation Options, Short Walls Shared SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Plans, Long Walls Shared | Guanacaste

Bachelor Module, 40 sq m 2 Bedroom Unit, Stacked, 80 sq m Long Walls Shared Long Walls Shared SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Plans, Short Walls Shared | Southern Ontario

TYPE A TYPE B

Bachelor Module, 40 sq m 2 Bedroom Unit, Stacked, 80 sq m Short Walls Shared Short Walls Shared SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Section | Southern Ontario Basic Unit, Section Detail | Southern Ontario

xps or eps insulation 1000 mm

waffle wall assembly

intergrated service pipes

clip on shelving

3200 mm

double envelope/ greenhouse waffle floor assembly

piers

1500 mm

Section, Southern Ontario Section Detail, Southern Ontario The foundation would be set at a minimum depth of 4 ft (frost line) to accommodate the Ontario Building Code. Local gravel could be used to fill the space between the foundation and the structure to serve as thermal insulation. SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Plan Details | Southern Ontario

“Economy in cost is exemplified by the savings that can be realized by designing structures that can be deconstructed, that is, taken apart without complete demolition and reusing their components for other structures. Economy of operation and maintenance are enhanced by designing smart, self-diagnostic and possibly, at least in part, self-repairing buildings and infrastructures, and considering lifetime rather than initial costs. Economy of construction as well as of operation and maintenance can benefit from the industrialization of construction and the still experimental use of robots.” Bugliarello, pg 60

Plan Details, Southern Ontario MATERIALS SPECIFICATION MATERIALS SPECIFICATION Exterior | Southern Ontario Interior | Southern Ontario

Roofing Sheet steel, metal shingle or recycled plastic shingles. Ceiling Glazing Drywall, coloured acrylic, or pop-in sheet metal panels. Double or triple paned krypton/argon filled window, thermally broken. Insulation Expanded/Extruded polystyrene. (Same as in SIPs) (R-4, R-5 respectively) Exterior Cladding (Shell): Hollow polypropylene panels on the southern (glazed) Interior Wall façade, or another single pane of glass. (These panels Drywall, coloured acrylic, pop-in sheet metal panels. could potentially be removed in the summer to open up the space.) Finished Floor Porcelain tile or local hardwood. (Sized to fit over panel Exterior Cladding (Wall): flange and allows for interior wall channels.) Cedar strip siding and fiberglass panel.

Foundation Pier footing - cast concrete or helical). (Footing sizes will vary based on soil bearing capacity.) SITE VARIATIONS SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Section | Guanacaste Basic Unit, Section Detail | Guancaste

1000 mm louvers waffle wall assembly

2000 mm door frame clip on wall partition

waffle floor assembly

3200 mm clip on shelving

piers and strip footing 1000 mm

Section, Guanacaste Section Detail, Guancaste Since frost is not a consideration in Costa Rica, the foundation could be much more shallow. A small air gap could be left between the foundation and the structure to assist with air flow and cooling.

The roof would be enclosed with an insect mesh and would also provide a larger overhang to protect the building from sun and rain. Services would be shared between units on the joint, long walls. SITE VARIATIONS Basic Unit, Plan Detail | Guanacaste

“A vast array of technological innovations are needed to respond to the challenges of urban sustainability.... The feasibility and timescale of developing and diffusing many of the innovations depend on factors such as the discount rates used to determine their cost to benefit ratios and how their costs are defined, including those of externalities.” Bugliarello, pg 73

Site Plan Detail, Guanacaste MATERIALS SPECIFICATION MATERIALS SPECIFICATION Exterior | Guanacaste Interior | Guanacaste

Ceiling Roofing Coloured acrylic, wood strip or sheet Sheet metal or metal shingle on metal. sheathing board Insulation Glazing None required. Single pane with insect mesh (glass or plastic) Interior Wall Coloured acrylic, wood strip or sheet metal. Exterior Cladding (Shell) Cane Brava (bamboo) or thin wood Finished Floor strip and/or insect mesh. Porcelain tile, bamboo or local hardwood. (Sized to fit over panel flange Exterior Cladding (Wall) and allows for interior wall channels.) Softwood siding or over Plyceme (Hardie-Board).

Foundation Pier footing (cast concrete or helical). (Footing sizes will vary based on soil bearing capacity.) SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Energy Management Energy Management

PV Panels Solar Water Heating Adjustable solar panels on the roof could supplement Solar water heating could provide hot water throughout the year. electricity, with wiring running through the frames. Piping would runs through frames within the shared walls between units, which would also act as insulation. Additionally, an on-demand water heater could also be used to save energy.

Adjustable-angle solar panels on the roof provide Solar water heating electricity to the units, with provides the home with hot the wiring running through water year round. Piping the frames. runs through frames within the shared walls between units which also act as insulators. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

Radiant oor heating is installed within the ooring frames. This allows for separate circuits to be installed in larger spaces for more control. Overhangs provide protec- Glazing provides passive tion from sunlight in the heating in the winter. summer. Concrete oor panels act as a thermal mass, collecting and storing heat, then slowly radiating it outwards.

Passive Cooling Radiant Floor Heating Overhangs provide protection from sunlight in the summer. Radiant floor heating could be installed within the flooring frames. This would allow large spaces to be controlled seperetely with separate circuits. Passive Solar Heating Glazing allows for passive heating in the winter. Concrete floor panels act as a thermal mass, collecting and storing heat, then slowly radiating it outwards. Additionally, a thermal mass could be created using rock, soil, water, cinder- block or brick. Radiant oor heating is installed within the ooring frames. This allows for separate circuits to be installed in larger spaces for more control. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Water Management

Rain water capture, ltra- tion, and storage is used for Natural ventilation to cool non potable water use. It the house in the summer. requires a separate set of pipes, adjacent to the potable water plumbing.

Rain water can also be utilized as a means of irrigation, such as for a green wall to block out sun and cool the air.

Natural Ventilation Rainwater Natural ventilation will cool the house in hot months, using operable windows Rain water capture, filtration, and storage could be used for on all sides and a gap at the top of the structure. The building’s Tall ceilings non-potable functions, such as flushing. This would require a will also assit with ventiliation. Additionally, evaporative water could be used in separate set of pipes, adjacent to the potable water plumbing. Costa Rica for cooling. Rain water can also be utilized as a means of irrigation, such as for a green wall which would also block the sun and cool the air.

Rain water capture, ltra- tion, and storage is used for non potable water use. It requires a separate set of pipes, adjacent to the potable water plumbing.

Rain water can also be utilized as a means of irrigation, such as for a green wall to block out sun and cool the air. SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Water Management Sewage Management

Plumbing is placed in the Plumbing runs through the frames on the shared walls shared walls so that it can and can run through the be doubled up between ooring frames within neighbouring units and individual units. feed into the grid or a into a shared waste system.

Water and Sewage Management Conventional plumbing could be placed in the frames on the shared walls and can run through the flooring frames within individual units.

Insulating the underside of Placing the foundation on the building helps prevent pillars allows for air ow heat loss in the winter. under the building which helps with cooling the building.

Foundation Insulating the underside of the building will help prevent heat loss in the winter. Placing the foundation on pillars will allow for air flow under the building, help- ing to cool the building.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 235 SITE VARIATIONS Site Clustering Options

STND. UNIT UNIT VARIABILITY PICKERING, CANANDA GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA

C C C C C C 4m x 10m 4m x 10m 4m x 10m 4m x 10m 4m x 10m 4m x 10m C C C C C C C C 4m x 10m 1 FLOOR C 4m x 10m 4m x 10m C C

10x1 bedroom units 6 unit varied multiplex 3 x bachelor bookends 2 FLOOR or a combination of 2 floor units 3 x 2 bedroom units C C C C C C C C

4 kissing square multiplex 6 unit dense multiplex

Southern Ontario, Canada

Site Clustering Options Units have been configured on each site to maximize use of space, while preserving outdoor living areas. Units could possibly be connected through their interiors to accommodate larger groups or families.

Guanacaste, Costa Rica Site Variation Southern Ontario Canada

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 239 Top Perspective, Southern Ontario

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 241 South Perspective, Southern Ontario

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 243 East Perspective, Southern Ontario

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 245 North Perspective, Southern Ontario

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 247 West Perspective, Southern Ontario

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 249 Site Variation Guanacaste Costa Rica

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 251 Top Perspective, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 253 North Perspective, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 255 West Perspective, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 257 South Perspective, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 259 Private Walkway, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 261 West Perspective, Guanacaste

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 263 6.0 Modular Housing System: Evaluation

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 265 SYSTEM EVALUATION Building with the Open Lattice system compared to conventional and contemporary residential construction techniques.

THE OPEN LATICE SYSTEM WOOD STUD FRAMING STEEL STUD FRAMING CONCRETE BLOCK/LIFT SLAB SIP PANELS

COST Total construction and installation of fixtures and Prices fluxuate. Prices remain steady systems within a basic model results in a total cost of $180/ sq ft.

VALUE The frame eliminates the needs for Design choices result in double studs and lintels. combined and multiple Requires little insulation. Light, structural and insulative. System would standardize window and benefits. door frames.

SIP construction decreases framing time. Also, sections can The system’s predetermined dimensions be manufactured with openings EASE OF and schematic design options eliminate roughed-in so additional work to ASSEMBLY on-site calculations and measuring. The walls is minimal. The panels can be Minimizes time, specialized Requires skilled labour (masons) to system’s components also act as a mea- Requires a trained framing team, resulting in cut on site if necessary. equipment and specialized install, for which there is currently a suring tool. higher labour costs. training required for complete shortage in Costa Rica. New technology may be unfamiliar to installation. The square studs, when attached, pro- some labour forces. vide rigidity for lifting into place. Premanufactured.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 267 High Medium Low Lowest

THE OPEN LATICE SYSTEM WOOD STUD FRAMING STEEL STUD FRAMING CONCRETE BLOCK/LIFT SLAB SIP PANELS

EASE OF According to some trade sites, MAINTENANCE there can be issues with SIP panels’ Components of the system can be iso- Minimizes specialized parts breathability, and they may require lated and repaired (for example, if a wall equipment and training re- additional venting to address interior section is affected by water damage). quired for repairs and upkeep moisture.

DURABILITY Resistant to mould, rot, and insects. Resilient to the environmental Non-combustable Wood studs are subject to warping. The resulting structure will be very conditions of the specific High rigidity Will not shrink, split or warp. OSB has the tendency to delaminate Wood can be attacked by insects. durable, although the material will climate, natural phenomena, Has high compressive strength Subject to rusting if penetrated by and deteriorate. degrade over time if exposed pests and standard usage water. patterns of a residential unit Subject to melting in a fire.

SUSTAINABILITY Performs well on a life cycle cost Minimizes use of concrete. Wood is considered to be a renewable analysis and demonstrates ‘best Steel manufacturing includes high em- Double envelope is designed to manage material, other than the fact that forests are practices’ in sustainable building, bodied energy, however waste is 100% Concrete is not sustainable. the climactic extremes of the two regions. demolished. It also has low total emboddied Highly insulative including energy efficiency. Can recyclable. Minimized site impact as a result of pier energy. integrate with regionally specific Contains thermal properties. foundation. materials.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 269 High Medium Low Lowest

THE OPEN LATICE SYSTEM WOOD STUD FRAMING STEEL STUD FRAMING CONCRETE BLOCK/LIFT SLAB SIP PANELS

MOBILITY Wall sections are easy to ship and Light to ship and simple to de- Bolt attachments can be undone and Wood beams are typically connected using Concrete block cannot be moved also to transport around the site, deconstruct for reuse of parts reused. screws. once set in place. pending on the size of each segment.

FLEXIBILITY Could be prefinished on both sides or Easy to modify, add and sub- Limited in the kinds of finishes that it one (for example, on the exterior to allow Design flexibility as a result of strength tract spaces and features. could accept interior customization)

SUMMARY In conclusion, the primary benefits The system could be built with steel of The Open Lattice system over or wood, depending on desired other residential building systems outcomes. For example, wood is are ease of assembly on site, as claimed to be a more sustainable well as the built-in double envelope/ material, although steel may be more double skin, which allows for climatic durable long-term, as it is less likely customization. to degrade as a result of insects or rot.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 271 PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PROJECT PLANNING BUSINESS PLANNING

Although this modular housing Installation The ultimate model for delivering 7.0 The system could be installed using system has been designed to the units will affect possible suit many possible contexts, a a trained labour force, a supervised funding avenues for the project’s pilot project should be developed team of unskilled labour or a development. For example, if it is Modular Housing System: local team of friends and building according to the constraints of a simple to construct, a sweat equity specific context and user group. enthusiasts. The latter would require a model may be appropriate. If it is system that is simple to work with. cheap to produce, it may work as At this point, the details of the design government subsidized housing. If it could be accomplished at varying Shipping has low long-term operating costs, it Project scales of complexity. Factors that will The system could be achieved using could be profitable as a rental unit. affect the decision making process exclusively Canadian materials, or during design development include: could integrate ones sourced within A preliminary plan should be Central America. If the materials are envisioned at the outset of the project Materials Strategy sourced exclusively in Canada, this in order to coordinate resources to Implementation Components could be built using would affect shipping costs. fund the pilot project. At the same off-the-shelf materials, or with custom time, completion of the pilot project designed elements. The system Property Management will reveal the assets and weaknesses could be executed using standard Unit services could be grouped and of the building system and therefore products, such as wood and screws, managed by one party, or separated which approach to delivery is most custom manufactured pieces, such to be maintained by individual applicable. as extruded plastics and metals, or a inhabitants. This would likely depend combination of both. The latter two on the management scheme for the For example, if it is simple to would likely require some degree of complex, for example, rental versus construct, a sweat equity model fabrication in a factory. sales. may be appropriate. If it is cheap to produce, it may work as government Fabrication Building Code subsidized housing. If it has low Components could be fabricated by Each site would be subject to its own long-term operating costs, it could be machine in a factory, or by hand on set of regional regulations, and should profitable as a rental unit. site. The latter would likely require be refined accordingly. skilled labour.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 273 PHASE 3 PHASE 4 It is preferable to be comprehensive PHASE 5 PHASE 6 PHASE 7 PROJECT FINANCING PROTOTYPING, PRODUCT during the testing phase, rather than PERMITS AND APPROVALS IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECT EVALUATION TESTING AND DESIGN dealing with failure within a finished PROJECT Financing for the ongoing design DEVELOPMENT project. For example, potential Once the design drawings for Following the pilot project, the system development and delivery of this product failures could occur with the pilot project are complete, Depending on resources should be reevaluated on designated system could work with a mix of the Once these factors have been strength, water leaks, heat loss, the approvals process with the implementation of a pilot project performance criteria. following models: analyzed, the next step would be to mould build-up and deterioration of authorities having jurisdiction in each could take place as a self-build or engineer each building component, parts. These potential issues should region may take from 6-12 months to with a designated project manager Capital Investment, Joint Venture testing against desired performance be identified and resolved prior to complete. In the interim, the process and general contractor. This approach would be applicable if criteria. For example, such criteria implementation of the pilot project. of obtaining bids from contractors, the project’s primary long-term goal is could include an extension of those trades and suppliers could begin. It should be anticipated that the generation of profit. already listed in this report (i.e pilot will take longer to execute than strength to weight ratio, embodied subsequent builds, as a result of the Grants, Subsidies and Tax Breaks energy, etc.). steep learning curve. For example, This approach would be applicable trades people may require an if the project’s main premise were This could also include completing orientation day before working with aligned with that of the Ministry of a lifecycle cost analysis or a LEED the system. As well, any specialized Infrastructure or the government for Homes analysis. In addition, this components should be fabricated in of Ontario. Such alignments could analysis may include review of fair advance to the build. occur for example, if the project were labour practices. intended to reduce overall energy expenditures of the housing sector, The prototyping phase could also provide social infrastructure, achieve investigate all of the possible variants innovation in design research of of the system. For example: sustainable technology or create jobs.

Sponsors and Partnerships • Building the frame with wood and This approach would be applicable steel. if the project was seen to be of potentially high profile nationally or • Creating the connections as internationally. extrusions, with steel plates and with laminated plywood.

• Modifying the square stud for each of its applications: wall, ceiling and floor.

• Adding services and cladding to the square studs prior to site installation or during.

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 275

Appendices

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 277 APPENDIX A: SITE PROFILE, SOUTHERN ONTARIO

PICKERING, ONTARIO, CANADA SITE CONDITIONS two highways on the north and south about this biome and its climate Zoning: There are three types of and into a woodland and the Rouge is that it has four distinct seasons; The owner’s site in Pickering was Location: The owner’s property zoning within the area: mid-level River on the west. spring, summer, autumn, and winter.” originally developed in 1917. Today, is located at 1312 Alona Road, in industrial, residential and commercial. (http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/ site contains his personal home in Pickering Ontario, about 20km east Vegetation and Wildlife: The study deciduous_climate_page.htm) the original structure. In addition, of the town’s centre. Pickering is Conservation: The site sits next to site contains an uneven tree line, the original barn structure remains, neighboured by Markham in the north, Glen Rouge Park, which is part of with both coniferous and deciduous Characteristics: The owner’s which was redesigned and built by the Whitby in the east, Toronto in the west the greater conservation area of the species, that fronts both sides of property boasts a modest view owner as a rental property. This unit and Lake Ontario in the south. Rouge Valley Park and the Southern Altona Road and the back fence, and of the Rouge River at the bottom is currently used as a residence and Ontario Greenbelt. The Rouge Park cuts through the back third section of a woodland. As well, there is a office, and includes approximately 500 Neighbouring Features: Two major runs north-south from Stouffville of the property. This back area is also significant amount of noise pollution sq ft of parking. roadways border the property – to Lake Ontario, between Toronto filled with mixed brush. The front 2/3 emanating from the 401 highway. This the 401 highway in the south and and Pickering. “Rouge Park is over of the property contains trimmed noise is less significant at the north SITE DEVELOPMENT Regional Hwy 2 in the north. The 47 km2, protecting two National grass. end of the site, possibly as a result of Rouge River also passes along the Historic Sites and a variety of the central tree line. At present, the owner is undertaking west side of the property from the ecosystems joining the post-glacial Climate: “Moist Continental Climate, renovations on his personal home and north and empties into Lake Ontario. Oak Ridges Moraine, roughly 50 Deciduous Forest Biome: This Services: The property currently is interested in testing the charrette The local area includes a strip mall (to km north of Toronto, and the City’s climate is in the polar front zone - the manages its waste using a septic results on a garage addition. He the north), townhouses (to the north) biggest wetland, where the Rouge battleground of polar and tropical air tank. also hopes to acquire the adjacent a doctor’s house (to the east), Binn’s River empties into Lake Ontario.” masses. Seasonal changes between property, which is currently owned Kitchen (to the east) and a Montessori (Rouge Park. About Us. http://www. summer and winter are very large. Architectural Design Precedence: by the Ministry of Transportation, to school (to the east). Other nearby rougepark.com/about/index_about. Daily temperatures also change This part of Pickering is developed possibly build residential units for features include the Metro Toronto php). Part of the conservation efforts often. Abundant precipitation falls primarily with townhouses and large, rent or sale. Potential target audience Zoo, Rouge Hill Beach Park, the for this region mandate municipalities throughout the year. It is increased single unit properties. Many of its groups could include families, seniors University of Toronto - Scarborough, to follow certain ecological criteria in the summer season by invading homes are approximately 2000 sq or students. The owner is interested Centennial College-Progress, the in urban development. The Park tropical air masses. Cold winters are ft with three storeys, sport multi- in offering a rent-to-own scenario for Annandale Golf and Country Club, also undertakes annual ecological caused by polar and arctic masses car garages in the front, spacious students with portable units that could and the Pickering Generating Station. restoration work, which includes moving south. Temperature Range: backyards and swimming pools in the be relocated following their purchase. scientific research, tree planting and 31 °C (56 ° F). Average Annual back. During the charrette, the team will Circulation: The owner’s existing stream rehabilitation. Precipitation: 81 cm (32 in). Latitude focus on a multi-unit option for the property is accessed from Regional Range: 30° - 55° N and S (Europe: adjacent property. The owner’s hope is Highway 2 off of Altona Road. This Drainage: The owner’s property 45° - 60° N).” (World Climates. http:// to acquire and develop this land within road is a dead end and has the slopes steeply downward toward the www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate. the year. potential to be privatized. htm) “One thing that is interesting

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 279 APPENDIX B: SITE PROFILE, GUANACASTE

GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA cruise ships. Its marina is currently Vegetation and Wildlife: The study Services: It is expected that foreign pastel finishes. Mediterranean, out of operation, but many boats are site borders a small, protected developers will install their own Santa Fe and Modernist designs are The study site in Guanacaste, Costa still moored in the bay. The study site greenbelt. It also contains protected infrastructure as necessary. The now becoming popular with foreign Rica is located within the Surfside is a 45-minute drive southwest from tree species, such as the Guanacaste. Surfside Estates are serviced with developers. Estates subdivision. This development the Liberia airport, and a 20-minute Pests: The region is known for telephone, cable, internet, electricity houses a mix of foreign and local drive north from the major coastal termites scorpions and spiders. In the and water. The Surfside Water owners, many of who are retired town of Tamarindo. dry season, mosquitoes appear 1/2hr Board manages road maintenance, and typically visit the area between before sunset. garbage collection, drainage and November and April. Real Estate: The Surfside Estate is investigating development of a lots are priced starting at $65,000, Native Species: Local monkeys use sewage treatment plant. SITE DEVELOPMENT waterfront building lots at about trees for transportation. Many resident $800,000, and mainland homes for bird species including Macaws, Public Transportation: Local bus The owner’s intention is to develop approximately $200-400K. Directly parrots and finches. transportation is available for access the study site with residential units south of the Surfside Estates is the to surrounding communities with for personal use, rent and/or sale. Flamingo Beach Resort, a luxury Climate: Guanacaste, Costa Rica morning and evening service. Horses Possible target audience groups could residential development with homes experiences two extreme seasons - are still used by local ranchers and include tourists, foreign students and upwards of $1,000,000. wet and dry. have full access to all roads. Local researchers, or local workers. The residents use 4 wheel drive vehicles, owner is also considering developing Construction: Construction costs in Sun Patterns: Sunrise, 6am. Sunset, off road motorcycles and bicycles. a collaborative research facility, which this region average at around $100/ 6pm. Golf carts are gaining popularity for could be placed on his other empty sq ft. getting around within the community. farm plot nearby. Prevailing Winds: April-Dec, Circulation: There is paved road Northeast, 6-9km/hr; Dec-Feb, East, Impact of Other Structures: SITE CONDITIONS access to the Potrero area and dirt 14-16km/hr; Feb-April, Northeast, 15 Condominium developments are road access to the study site. km/hr. stressing local septic systems and Location: Surfside Estates is located water resources. on the northwest coast of Costa Rica, Geography: The site is nestled in a Characteristics and Features: The close to the town of Potrero and valley bordering the Pacific ocean, Surfside Estates are patrolled by a Architectural Design Precedence: spans the length of Potrero beach. with surrounding peaks averaging security company and properties are Properties in the Surfside Estates are The beach sits within a protected bay around 200m. fenced for safety. developed according to traditional and is therefore a low-traffic area. The Costa Rican vernacular, using a beach is known for sport fishing and Local Amenities: The local hardware concrete structure, ceramic tile diving and, frequently harbors visiting store is a 45 minute drive. roofing, wrought iron barriers and

MODULAR HOUSING SYSTEM DESIGN CHARRETTE | 281 Bibliography Links

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