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Introduction Notes INTRODUCTION I. B. Bond, Victorian Military Campaigns (London: Hutchinson and Company, 1967), App.l. pp.309-ll. 2. Maj.-Gen. G. Wolseley, 'The Negro as Soldier'. Fortnightly Review. 44n64 ( 18!18). p.703. 3. Lt.-Col. C. E. Vickery, 'Small Wars', AQ, 6/2 ( 1923), p.307. 4. D.C. Gordon, 'Colonial Warfare'. in R. Higham (ed.), A Guide to the Sources of British Military History (London. 1975), p.302, R.N. Buckley. 'Colonial Military History: A Research Note', lternario. 5 (1981), p.69, H. Strachan, European Armies and the Conduct of War (London. 1983), p.76 and P. Burroughs. 'Imperial Defence and the late Victorian Army'. JICH, 15/1 (1986). p.SS. 5. See C. Townshend, Britain's Civil Wars: Counterinsurgency in the Twentieth Century (London, 1986), J. Pimlon, 'The British Experience', in [.F.W. Beckett (ed.) The Roots ofCounterin.(urgenc_v: Annies and guerrilla warfare, 1900-1945 (London, 1988), T.R. Mockaitis. British Counterinsurgency. /9/9-/960 (London, 1990) and I.F.W. Beckett, 'The Study of Counter-insurgency: A British Perspective'. Small Wars and lnsurgencieJ, Ill (1990), pp.47-53. 6. LF.W. Beckett. 'Low-Intensity Conflict: Its Place in the Study of War', in D.A. Charters, M. Milner and J.B. Wilson (eds.) Military History and the Military Profession (London, 1993). p.l21. 7. Col. L. Hale, 'The Spirit of Tactical Operations Today'. Prrx·. R.A.I., 16 ( 1889), p.45. 8. K. Jeffery, 'Colonial Warfare', in C. Mcinnes and G.D. Sheffield, Warfare in the Twentieth Century (London, 1988), p.31. 9. See D.R. Headrick. 'The Tools of Empire; Technology and the Expansion of European Colonial Empires in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of Modern History, 5112 (1979), pp.231-63 and D.R. Headrick, Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism (New York, 1981 ). 10. D.E. Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control (Manchester, 1991 ). II. Burroughs. op. cit., p.56. 12. See M. Crowder, 'Many Questions- Some Answers; African Resistance in West Africa- A General View', in R.E. Robinson, W. Mommscn and S. Forster (eds.) Bismarck. Europe and Afric·a (Oxford: 1988), J. Belich, The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict tAucldand. 1986) and J. Laband, Kingdom in Crisis: The Zulu Response to the British invasion of 1879 (Manchester. 1991 ). 13. H.R. Bailes. The Influence of Continental Examples and Colonial Warfare upon the Reform of the Late VU:torian Anny (University of London, Ph.D .• 1980). 14. Capt. C. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (London, 1896), 2nd ed. 1899 and 3rd ed. 1906. 187 188 Notes 15. Strachan, np. cit., p. 76 and I. F. W. Beckett, 'The Pen and the Sword: ReHections on Military Thought in the British Army. 1854-1914', Soldiers of the Quem, 68 (1992), p.6. 16. M. Howard, 'Colonial Wars and European Wars', in J.A. de Moor and H.L. Wesseling (eds.), lmpuiulism und War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia und Africa (l..eiden, 1989), p.233. 17. R. Haycock, 'British Arms in India', in G. Jordan (ed.) Brilil·h Military History. A Supplement to Robin Higham's Guide to the Sources (London. 1988). p.457 and Gordon, op. cit., p.307. 18. See T.A. Heathcote, The Indian Army: The Garrison of British Imperial India (London, 1974), D.E. Omissi, The Sepoy and rhe Raj: The Indian Army /860-/9-10 (London, 1994) and T.A. Heathcote. The Military in Briti.(h India The Development of British Lund For<·e.v in South Asia 1600-1947 (Manchester, 1995). 19. Bond. op. cit., p.1. 20. D.M. Peers, 'Stocktaking the New Military History of India: Militarism, Orientalism and Explanatory Models for the Company Raj' (Unpublished paper presented to the New Military History of South Asia Conference, Cambridge, IS-17th July 1997), pp.l-2, 4 and 8. 21. D.M. Anderson and D. Killingray, 'Consent, coercion and colonial control: policing the empire, 1830-1940'. in D.M. Anderson and D. Killingray (eds.) Policing the Empire. Government, Authority und Control. /830-/940 (Manchester, 1991 ). 6-7. 22. For general background see Maj.-Gcn. J.G. Elliot, The Frontier 1839-1947 (London, 1968), A. Swinson, The North-West Frontier: People and Events 1839-1947 (London, 1967) and S. Chandra, The Development of Mountain Warfare in the 19th Century (London, M.Phil. 1%8). 23. P. Mason, A Mutter of Honour, An Account of the Indian Army, its Officus and Men (London. 1974). p.337. 24. Callwell. op. dt.. p.286. CHAPTER I I. Sir W. Barton, India's North-West Frontier (London. 1939), p.8. See Lt. C.M. Enriquez. The Pathun Borderland (Calcutta and Simla. 1910) and Col. H.C. Wylly. From the Black Mountain 10 Wu;.iristan (London, 1912). 2. Military Report and Gazeueer on Chitral (Simla. 1928). pp.20-8. 3. Military Report and Ga~etteer on Dir. Swat and Bajaur (Calcutta, 1928), p.55 and p.66. 4. Military Report on the Mohmand Co11ntry (Calcutta, 1926). 3rd ed. pp. 10-13 (Hereafter Military Report on Mohmand Country). 5. Military Report on Tribal country be/K'een Khyber and Kurram /930 (Simla. I 930), 5th ed. pp.ll-16 (Hereafter Military Report on Tribal Country). 6. Military Report on the Kohat Distrkt (Simla. 1928), 3rd Ed. pp.l S-20 and pp.35-6 (Hereafter Militury Report on Kohat Di.ftrict) and Maj. C.H. Villiers-Stuart, 'The Kurram and Surrounding Country', AR, 7 (1914), pp.l3-22. Note.f 189 7. Military Report on Wa:iri.ftan 1935 (Simla, 1936), pp.l 04-118 UMlUI7/13/102 (Hereafter Military Report on Waziristan). 8. A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes on the North West Frontier of India (Calcutta, 1910) UMIUJ7113/6 Sec 0. Caroe, The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (London. 1958). 9. A.S. Ahmed, 'Tribes and States in Central and South Asia', Asiun Affairs, II (1980), p.156. 10. See A.S. Ahmed, Pukhtun Economy and Society (London, 1980) and R.O. Christiansen, Conflict and CluJnge Among the Khyber Afridis: a Study of British Policy and Tribal Sudety on the North-West Frontier 1839-1947 (University of Leicester, Ph.D., 1987). II. Capt. C.C. Davies, The Problem of th~ North West Frontier /890-/908 (Cambridge. 1932), pp.IS-36, W.K. Fraser-Tytler, AfgluJnistan: A Study of Political Developmmts in Central Asia (London, I 950), p.183 and J.W. Spain, The Pathan Borderland (The Hague, 1963). pp.104-109. 12. H. Elliot. the Secretary to the Government of India with the Governor General to the Board of Administration for the affairs of the Punjab, 16th May 1849 and General Order by the Right Honorable the Governor General of India, 18th May 1849, H/761. 13. General Report on the Administration of the Punjab. for the years /849-50 and 1850-51 (London, 1854), pp.24-32 and Lt.-Gen. H. Daly. 'The Punjab Frontier Force'. JRUS/, 28177 ( 1884). pp.907-24. 14 Cited in Col. S. Black, Secretary to Government Punjab Military Dept. to the President Army Organization Commission, 8th Sept. 1879. UP&S/J8/AI34. 15 Maj. H.P. Bum. Deputy Secretary to the Board of Administration to Sir H. Elliot, Secretary to Government of India with the Governor General. 17th Dec. 1850, P/42/55. 16. Col. J.G. Medley. 'Defence of the North West Frontier'. JUS/I, 9!45 ( 1880), p.288. 17. Gen. Sir P.S. Lumsden and G.R. Elsmie, Lumsdtm of the Guides: A Sketch of the Life of General Sir Henry Burnell Lumsden (London, 1899), p.98 and Maj.-Gen. J.G. Elliot. The Frontier /839-1947 (London. 1968), p.IOO. 18. Report Showing the Relations of the British Government with the Tribes. Independent arul Dependent. on the North- West Frontier of the Punjab from Annexation in 1849 to the dos~ of 1855 (Calcutta, 1855), p.54 and p.62 V/23/3 (Hereafter Report Showing Relations /849-/855). 19. H.W. Bellew. Our Punjab Frontier: Being a Concise Account of the various tribes by which the North- West Fromier of Britil·h India is Inhabited: shewing its present unprotected and unsatisfactory state, and the urgent necessity that exists for immediate reconstruction. Also. brief remarks on Afghanistan and our policy in reference to that <.'oUntly by a Punjab Official (Calcutta. 1868). p.l2 and Report showinf( Relations /849-/855, pp.S6-7. 20. Ibid., pp.59-60. 21. Military Report on Woziristan. pp.ll9-21, Military Report on Tribal Country, pp.l7-18 and Military Report on Mohmand Country, pp.l3-14. 22. Spain, op. cit., pp.76-7. and A.S. Ahmed, 'Pukhtun Tribes in the Great Game', Asian Affairs. II ( 1980), pp.l39-40. 190 Notes 23. Lt. ..Col. W. Gordon, Chief Inspector of Musketry, to the Adj.-Gen .. 4th Dec. 1867, UMIU3n84, Christiansen. op. dt., pp.286--7 and Elliot. op. cit., p.lll. 24. Maj. W. MacKinnon, 'Jczail ExperimenL~', Proc. US/J, 4120(1875), pp.201-3. 25. Elliot. op. cit.. p.27. 26. Maj. J. Nicholson, Deputy Commissioner. to Maj. J.D. Macpherson. Military Secretary to the Chief Commissioner, 4th Sept. 1853, F/412549. 21. Selections from the Records of the Government of India. (Foreign Department). No. VI Report on the Administration of the Punjab, Territories. comprising the Punjab Proper and the Cis and Trans-Sutlej Staus, for the Year.\' 1851-52 and 1852-53 (Calcutta, 1853). pp.36-7 V/2311 (HereafteT Selections.from Records No. VI). 28. Brig. J.S. Hodgson, Commanding Punjab Irregular Force, to Maj. H.D. Macpherson, Military Secretary to the Commissioner, 29th April I R53.
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