and floating structures, escorting vessels, providing oil spill response, fire fighting, vessels,providing oilspillresponse,firefighting, and floatingstructures, escorting icebreaking vessel is designed to carry out icebreaking operations, towing vessels icebreaking vesselis designedtocarryouticebreakingoperations, towingvessels Baltika can move through 1 m thick level ice both ahead and astern and in oblique Baltika canmovethrough1mthicklevel icebothaheadandasterninoblique has patentedtheideaofasymmetrichull. BaltikawasbuiltbytheYantar mode, creating a 50 m wide channel in 60 cm thick level ice. The multifunction mode, creatinga50 mwidechannelin60cmthicklevelice. Themultifunction and Finnish shipyard Arctech Shipyard Inc acted as its subcontractor. and FinnishshipyardArctechHelsinkiShipyard Incactedasitssubcontractor. Built toauniqueprojectdevelopedbythe FinnishAker Arkticshipyard, which environmental monitoringand rescueoperations. RESCUE VESSEL ENDURANCE: SPECIAL PERSONNEL: CREW: SPEED IN1.0MTHICK SPEED: PROPULSION POWER: DEPTH: BEAM OVERALL: LENGTH OVERALL: LEVEL ICE: BALTIKA [ ICEBREAKING project АRC100

7,5 7.5MW 3.0 knots 14 knots 20 days 20.5 m 76.4 m 6.3 m

24 12 ]

№2 (27) 2016 capacity of120MW nuclear-powered icebreakerwith the constructionoflargest Baltic Shipyardisreadytobegin FOR THELEADER ARCTIC WAITING RUSSIAN

p. 8 SCIENCE CONQUERS MAGAZINE OFTHEUNITEDSHIPBUILDINGCORPORATION ARCTIC ICE FEATURE ONE simulator facilities testing/engineering and ResearchCenter’s at Krylov is precededbydetailedstudies any projectintheArctic The developmentof at itspropulsionsystemsfacility the newassemblyandtestworkshop Zvezdochka launchedthefirstphaseof Experience withimportsubstitution: IN RUSSIA 80% MADE p.18 p.14 ICE MODEL BASIN [ KRYLOV STATE RESEARCH CENTER ]

The ice model basin is one of Krylov State Research Center’s main attractions. This is the longest basin in the world - its length is 102 meters. It is designed for measuring global ice loads on floating and fixed offshore platforms, developing technologies to reduce ice loads on marine engineering structures that work on the continental shelf, as well as elaborating efficient and ice-going vessel design techniques

Large observation windows are mounted in the basin’s bottom to provide vision as well as video recording and photography from the bottom. In addition, there are two observation galleries along the sides of the basin: one for direct observation over movement of models from the top, the other – from under water and flank.

STRENGTH AND POWER AT SEA BASIN BOWL SPECIFICATIONS: WIDTH: 10 m LENGTH: 102 m (80 m – ice field) WATER DEPTH: 2.0/4.6 m www.aoosk.ru RANGE OF THICKNESSES OF ICE FROZEN: 10–100 mm Remembering the challenges facing our country in the North, we have decided to dedicate this issue to the theme of development of the Arctic region and primarily to the construction of icebreaking vessels for its development The Arctic first

n the last decade, more and more Of course, the sanctions imposed on attention has been paid in the world to Russia affect the domestic industry, the Arctic. This was due to geopolitical as well as machine-building in general. Thus, interests of states in the region, the the successful import substitution turns from a Iamount of potential energy resources, desirable goal into a vital necessity. and also the possibilities offered by the Here, the experience of the Northern Sea Route. Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center, which has According to the Ministry of launched the first phase of a Transport’s estimates, the freight traffic new assembly and test plant USC SHIPBUILDERS on the Northern Sea Route may increase shop at a propulsion system several tens of times by 2020 to reach 65 production facility, could ARE TRYING TO BUILD million tons per year. Certainly, the target not have come at a better A FLEET CAPABLE will be met, subject to the coordinated time. Steerable propellers, OF PROVIDING work of all departments and enterprises which were purely imported involved. components until recently, OPERATIONS UNDER USC shipbuilders seek to respond are now in-house designed ARCTIC CONDITIONS promptly to demands from both public and manufactured. I am sure and private companies: they build modern that soon we will be to reduce the share of offshore equipment, servicing vessels and foreign parts for other items, too. an icebreaking fleet capable of providing All this can revitalize component operations in the Arctic. suppliers and the industry as a whole, I cannot but highlight the experience and bring us one step closer to solving the of cooperation between the Baltic task of accelerated development of the Shipyard, a flagship of nuclear icebreaker- Arctic region and the Northern Sea Route building industry, and the Iceberg Central announced by the country’s leadership. Design Bureau, which have been jointly I hope that the topics raised in the developing icebreaking vessels for almost current issue of the journal will be of 70 years. Today, the interest to both our regular readers and is building the lead icebreaker Arktika those who are joining the USC journal (Project LK-60) with a capacity of 60 MW. audience just now. The activity of the Krylov State Research Center, whose competence in the field of Arctic technology and testing capabilities are generally recognized in Yours faithfully, the international scientific community, USC President also deserves to be noted. To date, the Center has at its disposal the most advanced testing/engineering and training facilities. A.L.Rakhmanov

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 1 page 4 COMPANY NEWS page 22 SPECIAL-PURPOSE page 28 YANTAR: Topical corporation events NUCLEAR GIANTS BETWEEN THE CUSTOMER Nearly a half-century AND THE DESIGNER page 8 ARCTIC COOPERATION history of special-purpose large Yantar Shipyard embarks on a new stage in the Baltic Shipyard and Iceberg CDB nuclear-powered development of the domestic fishing fleet teamed up to build the most powerful will be continued nuclear icebreaker page 32 INTERNATIONAL TIES page 24 ’S AGAINST SANCTIONS page 14 AT THE CUTTING EDGE EXPERIENCE: HOW Sudoexport’s experience for OF ARCTIC TECHNOLOGIES TO REPAIR GAS TURBINE development of import substitution Krylov Research Center’s most ENGINES up-to-date testing/engineering and page 36 DEFEXPO simulator facilities Prospects for establishing a repair center for INDIA 2016: third- and fourth- ENHANCING page 18 CORNERSTONE OF PROGRESS generation gas turbine Zvezdochka has commissioned has commissioned engines on the premises COOPERATION the first phase of a new assembly and testing of the Kronstadt USC’s participation workshop at its propulsion system facility Marine Plant in Defexpo India 2016 WHO DIDNOTLIKETHENAVY for ThreeCenturies” and theShipbuildingIndustry SubstitutionintheRussianNavy “Import Fragments fromNikolay Skritsky’sbook page workers duringWorld War II A legendaryfeataccomplishedbySevmash’s page Forum “MarineIndustryofRussia” shipbuilding industryatthe6thInternational the capabilitiesofdomesticcivil USC enterpriseshaveshowcased page

48 44 40

THEEMPEROR BERTHSOFLIFE ANEWMIR coincide withtheeditorialboard Opinions oftheauthorsmaynot www.klimov-design.ru Tel.: +7(499)740-60-18. KLIMOV DESIGNSTUDIO. DESIGN ANDMAKEUP: Mariya Arsenyeva MANAGING EDITOR: Vyacheslav Ivanov EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: www.aoosk.ru Alexey Rakhmanov. PRESIDENT OFJSCUSC: 115184, Russia Tatarskaya St.,Moscow, ADDRESS: 11,Bolshaya CIRCULATION: 999 JSC USCMAGAZINE. Petersburg. Moskva andSaint series launchedby continue thefamous These newicebreakers in theKaraSea. completes seatrials Vladivostok, on icebreaker second follow- together withthe in December2015, Vyborg Shipyard 21900), builtatthe Murmansk (Project electric icebreaker The fourthdiesel- On thefrontcover:

№2 (27) 2016 capacity of120MW nuclear-powered icebreakerwith the constructionoflargest Baltic Shipyardisreadytobegin FOR THELEADER ARCTIC WAITING RUSSIAN

p. 8 SCIENCE CONQUERS MAGAZINE OFTHEUNITEDSHIPBUILDINGCORPORATION ARCTIC ICE

FEATURE ONE simulator facilities testing/engineering and ResearchCenter’s at Krylov is precededbydetailedstudies any projectintheArctic The developmentof at itspropulsionsystemsfacility the newassemblyandtestworkshop Zvezdochka launchedthefirstphaseof Experience withimportsubstitution: IN RUSSIA 80% MADE p.18 p.14 April 20 USC CEO ELECTED VICE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN ENGINEERING UNION A congress of the Russian Engineering Union was held in the Pillar Hall of Unions.

peaking at the Congress, Russian President Vladimir April 4 Putin praised the organization’s contribution to the Srevival of industrial production and shaping the START OF JUPITER industry development strategy. The congress delegates Jupiter is the third in a series of five tugboats built at ASPO shipyard heard the Board’s reports, discussed measures to on order from Kazakh company OMS Shipping. improve the competitiveness of industry and elected new governing bodies of the organization. Sergei Chemezov, he vessels meet all Caspian Sea. In addition, in mooring and rescue Director General of the Rostec State Corporation, was current requirements Project 35 vessels are operations. re-elected the head of the Engineering Union, while Tand can be used year- intended for towing Alexey Rakhmanov, President of the United Shipbuilding round in ice-free seas. non-self-propelled barges PROJECT 35 TUG Corporation, became one of his deputies. Speaking of the lines of further development for the Union, he noted They are equipped with with displacement of up Length overall 24.5 m means of fighting fires to 4,000 tons at a speed four key areas: general industry problems, branch and Beam overall 8 m on floating and onshore of up to five knots, vessel regional issues, and human resource topics, including facilities. The expected movement in the port Depth 3.7 m educational programs, all-Russian competitions and area of navigation is the waters, participation Full displacement 260 tons Olympiads being implemented.

May 11 May 5 SEVMASH SHARED KOMSOMOLSK-ON-AMUR: ITS EXPERIENCE A lecture on tidal energy was held in the framework START OF TRIALS of a joint Central Naval Museum/USC cultural Launch of the Project 877 Varshavyanka-class and educational project. large diesel Komsomolsk-on-Amur was held at the Vostok Marine Equipment Plant, Amur Shipyard’s evmash’s deputy chief designer Alexander Sivkov outfitting facility. shared the shipyard’s experience and told how a Shydraulic unit for the Kislogubskaya tidal power plant (TPP) was designed and manufactured in 2004, hydraulic units for a Severnaya TPP’s unit were later developed, as well as a floating power unit project was implemented jointly with RAO UES of Russia. This was the final report in the Specialists on Shipbuilding series of lectures.

May 18 DUAL APPOINTMENT Procedures for appointment of new heads completed at two USC .

he launching operation has proceeded in full compliance with the procedures and mitry Antonov has been appointed Acting in a trouble-free manner. The submarine refloated in the Zeya water-filled transport/ Director General of the Lotos Shipyard. He replaced Tlaunching dock and then was taken out of it by two tugs and moored to a outfitting pier, DVladimir Kulakov, who became director general where it will undergo mooring and then sea trials. of the Amur Shipyard. Vladimir Kulakov is the Honorary Mechanical Engineer of Russia, a graduate of St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University. He rose from shop foreman at the Izhora Works to director general of one of the major shipyards in southern Russia. Earlier, Dmitry Antonov served as Deputy Director for Shipbuilding at the Caspian Energy Group.

4 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION May 18 ENGINES FOR CORVETTE Loading of the last two main engines on the Project 20385 corvette Gremyashchy, which is under construction at the Shipyard, has been completed.

he engines were manufactured Tunder the import substitution program at the Kolomna Plant, which specializes in locomotive and diesel building relying on its in-house research and development capacity. For the Kolomna Plant, this type of engine is series-made, but in this case it features a number of improvements in performance, including enhanced reliability. Launch of the Gremyaschy will take place in 2017. Severnaya Verf is building four corvettes: two (Gremyashchy and Provorny) to Project 20385 and two ( Retivy and Strogy) – to improved Project 20380. Hull fabrication on the Provorny will be completed in the coming months. Also this year, the shipyard is expected to complete hull formation on two Project 20380 corvettes. The projects have been developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, Russia’s leading and sole designer of high-speed craft, small and medium surface combatants, air-cushion landing ships, mine countermeasures vessels, as well as special-purpose ships and vessels and floating docks.

№2 (27) 2016 I USC I 5 May 23 PROJECT RST 27 TANKER DELIVERED Length overall 140.85 m Beam 16.7 m ON TERM Depth 6.0 m The certificate Deadweight (river) 5378 tons of acceptance has (with draft of 3.6 m) been signed for Deadweight (sea) 6980 tons the Project RST 27 (with draft of 4.2 m) tanker Balt Flot 11, built by the Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard.

ollowing successful sea trials, the tanker will leave Fthe shipyard’s harbor and head for Big Port of St. Petersburg. The certificate of acceptance for the tanker was signed by its customer, BP Tanker Company.

May 25 A NEW CONSTRUCTION MILESTONE Demolding the hull of the mine countermeasures vessel Georgy Kurbatov has begun at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard.

ow the shipbuilders will have to carry Nout thermal conditioning of the hull and prepare it for painting. In addition, the installation of various systems and mechanisms will continue. Georgy Kurbatov is the first May 25 vessel of a series to be built by SNSZ under a contract signed SHIP REPAIR AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION CENTER with the Ministry of Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin made a working visit to the Zvezdochka Defense in 2014. Its Ship Repair Center. design provides for the formation of a e was made aware of management and USC marine equipment. In Dmitry Rogozin pointed to countermine loop the progress of repair CEO Alexey Rakhmanov particular, the capacity the need for shipbuilders using the latest high- Hwork on the missile reported to the Vice of Zvezdochka’s to localize production of all performance sonars cruiser Marshal Ustinov Premier on the activities Propulsion Systems components of propulsion/ deployed both on which the shipbuilders being implemented by Center – Russia’s first steering units and bow the vessel itself and are to hand over to the the Severodvinsk-based facility for manufacturing thrusters at Russian remote-controlled and Navy at the end of the shipyard in the field of modern ship propulsion enterprises as much as autonomous underwater year. Zvezdochka’s import substitution of systems – was shown. possible. vehicles.

6 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION May 27 June 1 YANTAR STARTS BUILDING TRAWLERS MOTOR The Yantar Shipyard has started building the first trawler for Kamchatka fishermen. VESSEL FOR

n May 27, the Yantar important project into metal,” of construction is the most BOTTLE MAIL Shipyard started cutting said Yantar’s Director General important event of the last Following extensive Ometal for the lead Eduard Efimov. “For us, twenty years. Through the repair made at Sevmorzavod trawler/seiner of the series it is especially interesting collective farm’s long-term (SMZ), the motor vessel Artek of three Project SK-3101R because it will complement cooperation with Yantar and cleared the yard’s outfitting vessels. On this occasion, the range of our products Norwegian design company quay and headed towards the ceremony was held at with fishing vessels, which Skipskompetanse AS, it its homeport Artek. a plasma cutting bay of the shipyard has never built. became possible to build the shipyard’s welding and Hence, we’ll gain valuable vessels featuring advanced he solemn ceremony assembly shop, which was experience that will help us in storage technology capable for transferring the attended by representatives the implementation of future of keeping catches fresh for Tvessel to its owner, of Yantar’s management projects. This order will give seven days. It will be Russia’s the renowned International and the customer, Lenin impetus to the development of first such a trawler-seiner built Children’s Center Artek, Fishing Collective Farm in civil shipbuilding, a strategic at the domestic shipyard. The took place on Children’s Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, area of our activities.” contract for the construction Day. USC has acquired Russia’s Far East. “Today Vladimir Kryukov, assistant of three Project SK-3101R the Project 1430 motor we begin to embody a very to Fishing Collective Farm’s trawlers/seiners was signed vessel having a capacity interesting, innovative and Chairman, noted that the start on January 22, 2016. of 200 people and a length of 33.5 m, repaired it promptly and handed over to Artek in honor of its 90th anniversary. Russian shipbuilders hope that the restoration of the vessel will be followed by the revival of an old tradition of bottle mail, when bottles with children’s letters about the future were thrown into the sea from aboard a motor vessel.

№2 (27) 2016 I USC I 7 Arctic cooperation The Iceberg Central Design Bureau (CDB) has been designing and icebreaking transport vessels, mother ships and ships for the for almost 70 years. All nuclear- powered icebreakers were built to the CDB’s designs. Today, Iceberg carries on the glorious tradition of developing unique vessels intended for the development of the northern territories

NUCLEAR ICEBREAKER LEADER he Baltic Shipyard is building unique vessels to Iceberg’s projects: Project 20870 floating nuclear power plant Akademik TLomonosov and Project 22220 multipurpose nuclear icebreakers. The lead icebreaker Arktika with a capacity of 60 MW will be the most powerful nuclear icebreaker in the world. However, this is Beam – 47.5 m Power – 120 MW not the limit of scientific ideas generated by Iceberg’s designers – all-new projects Icebreaking capability – 4.3 m Length overall – 209 m aimed at the development of the Arctic area and offshore operations are MULTIPURPOSE OFFSHORE NUCLEAR ICEBREAKER currently available. Icebreaking capability – 2.3 m Length DWL – 142 m In 2015, Iceberg, together with the Krylov State Research Center, Draft – 8-8.5 m Beam DWL – 30 m elaborated a concept design for a 120 MW nuclear icebreaker which will provide reliable year-round service of the Northern Sea Route. Vladimir Vorobiev, icebreaker with such parameters is as the maximum icebreaking capability Iceberg’s Deputy Director General for not new, but earlier the country had no is no longer decisive. The main idea of Engineering, Chief Designer of the economic prerequisites to implement this this icebreaker is to ensure that transport nuclear icebreaker, Cand. Sc. (Eng), told project. The rapid development of the oil vessels travel according to schedule about the project. and gas industry in the Arctic region and with a commercially effective speed, the emerging need for an energy export continuously and rapidly. It moves What is the reason behind the need to infrastructure are the main prerequisites through 2-2.5-meter-thick ice at a speed develop such an icebreaker? for developing the icebreaker Leader. of 12-14 knots. For comparison, the – Commissioning of the nuclear in-service nuclear icebreakers break icebreaker Leader will fully maintain Do you think that several new 60MW through such thick ice at 2-4 knots. In year-round voyages along the nuclear-powered icebreakers will be not addition, we must keep in mind that the Northern Sea Route, regardless of the enough? LNG carriers under construction are weather and ice conditions, and, most – The icebreaking capability of wider than 50 meters. Of course, we importantly, at an economical speed the Leader will exceed four meters. chose the dimensions of the Leader for tankers and LNG carriers. The idea However, we have moved into the area on assumption that it would escort of the need for a nuclear-powered where the traditional characteristic such vessels of more than 50 meters in width.

8 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Its capacity of 120 MW requires the will supposedly displacement of at least 70,000 tons. use a four-shaft The Leader has a draft of 13 meters for installation, with 30 high-latitude routes. It is also capable of MW per shaft. This providing a draft of 11.5 meters. In this is a know-how of case, it passes through the traditional the Russian electric Northern Sea Route, which is shallow in machine industry. some places. What kind of What other features have you endowed performance will the future nuclear-powered icebreaker the new icebreaker Leader with? provide? VLADIMIR VOROBIEV: “FROM MY POINT OF VIEW, – We have tried to endow it with a – This COMMISSIONING OF THE NUCLEAR ICEBREAKER contemporary design. The icebreaker icebreaker should LEADER WILL FULLY MAINTAIN YEAR-ROUND VOYAGES will be powered by a new reactor plant, provide maximum the RITM-400, designed by Afrikantov crew comfort. As ALONG THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE, REGARDLESS OKBM Experimental Design Bureau with any other OF THE WEATHER AND ICE CONDITIONS, AND, for Mechanical Engineering, our nuclear-powered traditional partner. The RITM-400 is icebreaker, its MOST IMPORTANTLY, AT AN ECONOMICAL SPEED an advanced version of the RITM-200 endurance is not FOR TANKERS AND LNG CARRIERS” reactor plant used to power Project technically limited, 22220 icebreakers. We are going to but is on average borrow a fairly simplified metal-water three months if It is expected that the nuclear-powered icebreaker Leader will be able to break protection tank, upgraded safety systems fresh foods are through ice up to 4 meters thick and achieve a higher safety factor. We used. With the use intend to use the same turbo-generator of frozen foods, the endurance can be prerequisite for establishing a modern installations as in Project 22220. During extended by more than eight months. covered shipbuilding slip at the Baltic design, any chief designer thinks that Refueling will be carried out twice in 20 Shipyard. Nobody in the world, except innovation is fine, but it’s better to use years, overhaul - after 20 years and the us, builds such big vessels on stocks. proven hardware, especially in nuclear overall service life - 40 years. In any case, a competition for the vessels. Therefore, a new pilot reactor construction will be announced and the plant and electric motors will be quite What is the development time for this options may be different, but only the enough. In the conceptual design, which project? Baltic Shipyard has the experience in has been developed and approved, we – The development of engineering the construction of such huge nuclear design will take two years, preparation vessels. of all documents required to obtain a construction permit - one year. We Interviewed by Margarita Sviriz expect that the Baltic Shipyard will undergo the necessary modernization and the Leader will be built there. The 40 maximum length of the icebreaker is 210 meters, beam - 48.5 meters. At present, years the width and weight characteristics the estimated total service of the large slipway at the shipyard life of the nuclear icebreaker prevent from building a vessel with Leader such parameters on it. Construction of such vessels in our country is a good

Designed by Iceberg CDB in conjunction with Roman Karetin

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 9 ALEXANDER RYZHKOV: “BALTIC SHIPYARD IS THE SOLE BUILDER HAVING EXPERIENCE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CIVIL NUCLEAR-POWERED ICEBREAKERS”

Today the Baltic Shipyard is building three 60 MW nuclear-powered icebreakers, which will upgrade the Russian civil nuclear fleet Multipurpose nuclear icebreaker for operations on the Arctic shelf (Project 10570)

Designed by Iceberg CDB in conjunction with the St. Petersburg State Art and Industry Academy named after A.L. Shtieglitz

A multipurpose offshore icebreaker

stimulation nuclear icebreaker and a seismic for special personnel (up to 80 people). In survey nuclear icebreaker. Moreover, the customer addition, the icebreaker provides for special can specify those basic equipment configurations, rooms for rescued people, means for lifting which we present in the project, and supplement people from the water and from the ice. A them with other equipment. All of the icebreaker shallow draft will enable the icebreaker to variants share the same single-reactor power escort vessels, deliver cargo, carry out towing plant, the RITM-200B, developed by Afrikantov and rescue operations in shallow waters. OKBM Experimental Design Bureau for Mechanical The functions of a special vessel include the Engineering, as well as turbines, diesel generators, delivery of food and goods, rig servicing, desalination plant and other power equipment rescue of people and much more. installed on all nuclear-powered icebreakers. In Design of the baseline icebreaker will take addition, all these variants will be equipped with certain time, while the other variants will be similar, Alexander Ryzhkov a standardized propulsion/steering unit providing which will significantly cut the time required Iceberg Central Design Bureau’s DynPos2 class dynamic positioning. to develop them. In addition, the Director General This icebreaker will also customer will get a great have a large cargo advantage: it can nother new project aimed at the deck, where the add various development of the Arctic territories – customer can options a multipurpose offshore-type nuclear- accommodate depending on Apowered icebreaker – has been developed all what is its tasks. The by the Iceberg Central Design Bureau jointly needed, and a engineering with the Krylov State Research Center within the large support project can be framework of the Federal Civil Marine Engineering compartment completed within one Development Target Program. We developed the (5,000 cubic meters), and a half years while the concept design of the icebreaker in 2014-2015, which can be adapted either construction will take 4-5 years. focusing on the development of a standardized for cargo transportation or processing Given the fact that there are plans for base platform which can be configured with a equipment. quite extensive development of the Arctic and variety of equipment sets. We propose: a nuclear All the icebreakers will share a single the icebreaker is just provided for operations on icebreaker with a minimum draft, a nuclear layout, as is common to offshore vessels, the Arctic shelf, major oil companies will be the icebreaker/supply vessel, a nuclear icebreaker/ with living quarters and accommodation main consumers of the icebreaker. A contest for supply vessel with towing and anchor handling superstructure shifted forward and a helipad construction will be announced. However, as of functions, a nuclear icebreaker for inspection, in the bow. The crew consists of about 50 now, the Baltic Shipyard is certainly the sole builder maintenance and repair of subsea oil and people, but all of the vessel configurations having experience in the construction of civil gas production facilities, a hydrocarbon well provide for a different number of cabins nuclear-powered icebreakers.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 11 Baltic Shipyard turns 160!

On May 26, the main square of the Baltic Shipyard gathered forefront of the Russian shipbuilding industry and is considered an icebreaker hundreds of its employees and guests. For them, this was a special day – shipbuilding brand. the day of meeting with former colleague veterans, the day of memories, Traditionally, five of the shipyard’s employees were awarded honorary Baltic sincere emotions, promises and certainly gifts employee certificates and badges, while their names were engraved on a plate, lead nuclear icebreaker Arktika, Deputy which was added to the exposition on Director General for Fleet Construction the wall of the foundry. Also for the first at the Atomflot Federal State Unitary time in many years, representatives of Enterprise, also greeted the shipyard’s the labor dynasties, each of which having personnel. Atomflot has solid authority the accumulated length of service at the largely due to Baltic Shipyard, which Baltic Shipyard of over 75 years, were is considered a flagship of the ice- awarded at the rally. breaking shipbuilding industry not only Among the long-awaited events, in Russia, but also throughout the especially for the retired former Baltic world,” he said. employees, was the opening of a memorial Representatives of the administration plaque to Victor Shershnev, the former of the Vasileostrovsky District, where Director of the Shipyard, under whose Baltic Shipyard resides, also joined the leadership the enterprise achieved congratulations: head of administration prosperity and earned respect in its country Yulia Kiseleva and her deputy Dmitry and abroad. By opening the plaque, Baltic Shipyard’s Director General Alexey Kadilov warmly Avilov, chairman of the Russian Trade Kadilov said that he was honored to work congratulated the shipyard staff on the 160th anniversary Union of Shipbuilding Workers’ territorial with this remarkable man, who made a he anniversary celebrations began organization and Baltic Shipyard’s honorary great contribution to the development of the with a traditional rally, at which Director employee Nikolay Chalov, and chairman Baltic Shipyard. General Alexey Kadilov congratulated of the Association of Journalists of St. The feast culminated in an evening Tthe employees on the anniversary on Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, former gala event, which was attended by behalf of the shipyard’s administration. “This editor of the Baltiets shipyard newsletter distinguished guests: St. Petersburg is your holiday, he addressed the audience. Alexander Veritin, who presented the Governor Georgy Poltavchenko and USC “Our duty today is to keep doing what the Leningrad Oblast Legislative Assembly’s President Alexey Rakhmanov. previous generations of Baltic employees Diploma of Merit to Director General Poltavchenko said that the Baltic did and carry out large-scale national tasks Alexey Kadilov. Shipyard was a trailblazer in many with dignity.” All the guests noted that today respects. Russia’s first iron ship and Konstantin Knyazevsky, the the Baltic Shipyard has extensive ironclad rolled off its slipways. representative of the customer of the experience and capabilities, is at the “The Baltic Shipyard is a kind of

12 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION The representatives of labor dynasties were awarded at a rally held on the Baltic Shipyard’s main square

USC President Alexey brotherhood of the Russian Navy. This Rakhmanov thanked Navy would not exist without your ships, the Baltic Shipyard’s employees for their so the 160th anniversary is celebrated not hard work only by you, but also by the entire Navy. Today, the enterprise is at the forefront and implements new technologies and projects. But your main asset is your people, a unique team, which our city and the country are proud of,” the Governor of St Petersburg said and gave the shipyard’s personnel a memorable address and the bust of . Director of the plant received a diploma of merit from the Governor. Greetings from USC President Alexey Rakhmanov were most honest and inspiring. Nikolay Petrov, Nikolay Kozlov, “I’m very pleased to be present at this painter of Shop13 construction metal worker feast,” started Rakhmanov. “If someone of the special had told me a year ago that we would be power shop celebrating the 160th anniversary of the Baltic Shipyard, I would not have believed it. “No lie?” a loud question sounded from the audience. “No lie!” said the USC President firmly. “Today, after the decisions we have made, we know exactly that we are confident about the future. I can tell you precisely that we will succeed! Thank you for your work, thanks to each of the Baltic employees, who does his work both in a warm office and on cold slipways. Maybe your slipways will be warmer! No lie!” summed up the USC President and Georgy Poltavchenko awarded Alexey read out the greetings from Deputy Prime Kadilov St. Petersburg Minister Dmitry Rogozin. Governor’s diploma Nikolay Kozlov, a Class 6 construction of merit metal worker of the special power shop, Nikolay Petrov, a painter of Shop 13, and Vladimir Shumansky, a miller of Shop 3, were awarded USC Diplomas of Merit. A number of Baltic employees received their awards and gifts. But the most important gift for the Baltic Shipyard’s workers is yet to come. This is the launch of the lead nuclear icebreaker Arktika, another outstanding event in the life of not only the Baltic employees, but the whole country as well. Irina Mashezova, photo by Nikita Greidin

№2 (27) 2016 I USC I 13 At the cutting edge of Arctic technologies

engineering and simulator facilities that In August 2007, the deep-sea submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 descended make it possible to fine-tune all stages to the ocean floor under the Geographic North Pole and planted a titanium of engineering, life cycle and operation Russian flag at a depth of 4,000 meters, thus showing the world our of icebreakers, ice-class vessels and country’s capabilities to provide extensive presence in the Arctic marine engineering structures. The ice in close-up he ensuing nervous reaction in to its Chairman, Deputy Prime Minister On December 5, 2014, the opening the West meant that the vast Dmitry Rogozin, new Arctic development ceremony for a new ice model basin northern area of the oceans of technologies must meet three basic was held at the Krylov Research Center the world was becoming a zone criteria: safety, efficiency and reliability. in the presence of St. Petersburg Tof intense competition among These criteria were the basis of Governor Georgy Poltavchenko. leading powers for the ability to maintain studies on the development of the Arctic Its main purpose is to significantly their technological advantages there. projects that have been underway at enhance the experimental capabilities A State Commission on Arctic the Krylov Research Center for many while maintaining the accumulated Development, established in February years. They are behind our country’s experience in the field of model 2015 by presidential decree, identified generally accepted achievements in studies, especially ice interaction, for the main directions of activities in this the construction and operation of the vessels and a broad class of marine area: development of the Northern Sea domestic icebreaking fleet. To date, engineering structures. Route, offshore mining, security and the Krylov Research Center has at its Today, the new ice model basin defense. At the same time, according disposal the most up-to-date testing/ at the Krylov Center is a state-of-the-

14 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Captain’s bridge of the ice management simulation facility

over movement of models from the top, the other – for observation from under water and flank. A towing carriage moves the models of vessels and marine engineering structures in different ice conditions, accompanies the movement of self-propelled models, experimental studies on ice milling by propellers and much more. To this end, it carries diverse dynamometer equipment, experimental data collection and primary processing systems, as well as illumination systems for video recording and photography. Control of the carriage, self-propelled model movement and propeller rotation is provided from a cabin. An additional advantage of the new ice basin is the opportunity to actively use the carriage in experiments. The latter can be refitted with measuring equipment, which will enable a wide range of non-standard experiments. To study the ice handling characteristics of vessels, the basin’s towing carriage is equipped with an additional sub-carriage, which can move transversely to the axis of the basin according to a given law. This gives the possibility of measuring ice forces and moments acting on a model moving along a swept path. Much attention in the design of the basin was given to the possibility of correctly modeling the interaction between ice and moored offshore structures. To accommodate position- keeping systems, 20% of the basin’s length has the depth increased to 4.5 meters. The deepened area is surrounded by portholes along the perimeter to provide detailed visualization of the processes occurring with moored structures’ ties. art research laboratory intended for The Krylov Research Center’s determining ice loads on floating and THE MOST UP-TO-DATE TESTING/ competence in the field of Arctic fixed offshore platforms, developing ENGINEERING AND SIMULATOR technology and conducting the technologies for reducing ice loads FACILITIES HAVE BEEN appropriate tests has been generally on marine engineering structures that recognized by the international work on the continental shelf, as well as ESTABLISHED AT THE KRYLOV scientific community. In 2015, the elaborating efficient icebreaker and ice- RESEARCH CENTER Center hosted a session of the going vessel design techniques. International Towing Tank Conference The new basin is suitable for advanced research in the field of marine (ITTC) Ice Committee, in which determining the ice resistance of ice technology. Russia’s representatives have been icebreakers and ice-going vessels and, Particular attention in the design actively involved from the very accordingly, optimizing their hull forms. of the ice model basin was paid to beginning of its existence. The Krylov In addition, studies will be carried out a capability to provide maximum Center is currently represented in there to support the design of their visualization of the interaction between this international organization by Kirill propellers. The basin is intended also for ice and test objects. To this end, large Sazonov, chief of the ice basin, Doctor evaluating global ice loads on offshore observation windows were mounted in of Science (Eng). He developed ITTC engineering structures, with regard to the basin’ s bottom to provide vision as recommendations for conducting the the effect of the bed. And, finally, it will well as video recording and photography towing tests in ice basins, which are be used for studies and optimization of from the bottom. In addition, there are used by all member countries of the the elements of engineering structures’ two observation galleries along the sides organization. Guidelines for studies protection from ice action and other of the basin: one for direct observation of the physical and mechanical ice

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 15 properties during model experiments segments of the Northern Sea Route, in ice were also elaborated with an icebreaker of a fundamentally his active participation. All these new architecture type has been recommendations have been drawn on designed, which can provide a 50+ the Krylov Center’s experience with its meter wide channel at a relatively ice basin. low level of power consumption. To date, in the field of ice studies, A vast amount of its model tests the Krylov Research Center collaborates was conducted in the ice basin and not only with Russia’s enterprises and appropriate recommendations were organizations, but also with a number made for designers. Similar studies of foreign companies from South Korea, were carried out also on the project , the Netherlands, Kazakhstan for advanced Leader-class icebreaker and other countries. with a capacity of 120 MW, capable of A high level of Arctic competence, breaking through 3.5 meters thick ice. accumulated by the Krylov Research These icebreakers will provide broad Center over the years, creates a solid ice-free channels for large vessels base for developing original projects moving along the Northern Sea Route of high ice-class vessels and marine and at high latitudes of the Arctic and equipment. will ensure a cost-effective speed of To address the problem of vessel convoys at 10 knots in two- making a broad ice-free channel in meter thick ice.

NEW ICE MODEL BASIN Arctic simulator specifications: Today, the development of any project in the Arctic is preceded by detailed Length of ice basin (with docking part), m 100 studies of the area where offshore Ice field length, m 80 facilities will be operated. It is a generally accepted standard. Russian Basin width, m 10 designers, too, rely on it by carrying Depth, m (value in parentheses indicates the depth of the last 20% of the basin’s length) 2 (4.5) out the necessary modeling of marine operations at a simulation facility. These Range of thicknesses of ice frozen, mm 10-100 are flexible, reconfigurable hardware Towing carriage speed, m/s 0.005-1.5 systems, specially developed by the Krylov Research Center together with Average time spent to prepare ice field, day 1-2 the Transas Group and the Maritime Navigation Systems Company.

Simulation data were, for example, used to improve interaction between vessels serving the Prirazlomnaya Service carriage’s Platform and the Novoport Terminal as water supply system well as in the design of a LNG carrier, for freezing modeled ice which is to operate in the Arctic port of Sabetta. The ice management simulation facility helps simulate marine operations in ice conditions of any difficulty. It is used to drill and train platform and vessel crews, rehearse action in possible emergency situations to minimize the risks of their occurrence during cargo handling operations and ice management operations, as well as to train navigation personnel of newly designed vessels as early as the stage of construction. The simulation training facility consists of six navigation bridges (including two full-scale ones) and crane, oil offloading, and towing control stations. All this enables training with attracting specialized universities of St. Petersburg. But the main thing is addressing problems related to the search for the trade-off parameters of the vessel being designed and the

16 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Main building of the Krylov State Research Center, a federal state unitary enterprise, in St. Petersburg

equipment, which may begin to vibrate in high winds. In this case, wind regimes are studied with a great detail and recommendations to limit operating speeds are made. In recent years, due to the extensive development of offshore oil and gas fields in different areas of the oceans of the world, demand for complex engineering offshore equipment and installations (drilling platforms, LNG tankers, icebreakers, harbors and regasification terminals) has grown. The main rule for construction of such complex landscape structures is to take into account all the environmental factors affecting their operation to the smallest detail. Russian and international design regulations state that wind load is one of the main external factors and model experiments in specialized wind tunnels must be carried out for its proper evaluation. Offshore platforms and icebreakers elaboration of operating procedures. which is very important amid the current face a similar set of challenges arising Specialists working here are proficient in economic situation. The results would in the interaction between the wind both navigation and hydrodynamics. provide ice protection and smooth and their topsides. Among them is The Krylov Center, together with operation of offshore oil and gas primarily a non-optimized superstructure the Makarov State Maritime Academy, facilities in the Arctic shelf of Russia. in terms of aerodynamics. Excessively has plans to hold ice training courses intense vortex structures and separated with the participation of invited experts. The wind of change circulation areas are generated during Expert experience combines with A small wind tunnel, which is currently wind flow around such a superstructure, technology base, which can be adjusted used at 100% of its capacity, is which results in substantial restrictions and modeled. The result is a unique designed to determine the aerodynamic on takeoff and landing operations, the training course and upon its completion characteristics of ships and vessels, operation of crane equipment, as well as the navigators receive a certificate velocity fields above helipads on board in a deterioration of working and living complying with the International vessels, surface pressure distribution conditions for crew. Selection of exhaust Maritime Organization requirements. pipe and fresh-air intake locations The simulation training facility has A HIGH LEVEL OF ARCTIC requires a separate study. a set of technical means for physical For proper investigation of all the modeling of ice operations. Virtual ice is COMPETENCES PROVIDES aerodynamic effects, it is necessary a unique mathematical model of the ice, A SOLID BASIS FOR to test landscape structures on large which can show the behavior of vessels scale mock-ups together with the in ice, overcoming hummocks and THE DEVELOPMENT simultaneous modeling of the surface towing icebergs with a maximum degree OF ORIGINAL PROJECTS boundary layer. These circumstances of realism. With such capabilities, the impose additional requirements on the Krylov Center’s specialists made an over bodies, flow pattern study, etc. experimental setup. To accommodate a expedition to the offshore ice-resistant A large number of icebreaker tests large-scale mock-up of a facility together fixed platform Prirazlomnaya in late have been carried out in it recently. with surrounding landscape features March this year, where they found a For icebreakers, in addition to the like, for example, a regasification unique 100% effective solution to ice measurement of the aerodynamic terminal with the surrounding port formation. The work was performed characteristics of the topside, a detailed infrastructure, the width of the working as part of the current contract with study of air flow over the helipad is part of the test installation must be at Gazprom Neft Shelf and provided ice required in order to understand how least 10 meters. In addition, the length protection for safe and smooth operation uniform the flow will be for different required to model such an important of offshore oil and gas installations. wind directions. On the basis of these surface boundary layer must be at least A unique research project was data, recommendations for the safest 15 meters. conducted during the expedition: the directions and helicopter landing paths The construction of a unique effectiveness of technical means for are made. landscape wind tunnel is nearing the active influence on ice formations In addition to icebreakers, drilling end at the Krylov Center. It will make like stamukhas and hummocks was platforms, including Prirazlomnaya, it possible to test mock-ups of terrain evaluated. The work was done in the were tested in the small wind tunnel. landscapes, ports, berthing facilities, vicinity of the Prirazlomnaya installation, Recently, the Krylov Center has offshore platforms, LNG carriers, as well as at a distance from it, where tested a model of a pipelay barge icebreakers, as well as residential there were natural stamukhas. on order from a foreign company. neighborhoods and bridges. This The developed procedure is simple Vessels of this class are characterized installation is critical for testing complex and does not require heavy investments, by relatively high masts and crane facilities such as large-span bridges.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 17 For our project, commissioning of the assembly and testing shop is more than symbolic. It is not so much the Cornerstone start of a new manufacturing facility as a kind of milestone signaling the completion of a boost stage in mastering products that are new for Russia’s machine-building of progress industry. The shop is merely a site where we assemble and test systems. Of course, with its commissioning our work In December 2014, at a meeting with students of the Northern Arctic becomes more comfortable, technological, Federal University, President Vladimir Putin said that the Zvezdochka organized in terms of logistics. However, Ship Repair Center was actively working to expand the range of civil assembly and testing is the final part of the process. They are preceded by products and going to master high-tech products. He also mentioned the the hardest efforts of dozens of people: Severodvinsk shipbuilders’ efforts to develop the production of modern designers, process engineers, machine marine propulsion systems. A mere year and a half later, the Ship Repair operators. We didn’t start this work yesterday, and many years have passed Center has commissioned the first phase of a new assembly and testing before domestic azimuth thrusters and workshop at its propulsion system facility bow thrusters were shipped to shipyards,

Q: When did the idea of launching these ince the beginning of this year, in types of propulsion systems emerge at parallel with completing construction Zvezdochka? and installation work, the shop came Despite the fact that the azimuth to be filled with test benches, special thrusters (propeller/rudder systems, Sequipment and tooling. The first steerable propellers) as a family of domestic Arctic-class propeller/rudder systems propulsion units have been available for and lateral thrusters are already in production dozens of years, ship designers have here. Alexander Ilintsev, director of the appreciated their performance fairly Zvezdochka’s Propulsion Systems Center, told recently. The massive use of this type about the birth and development of this project. of propulsive devices began a mere few decades ago. We focused on this Q: Is the completion of the assembly and project lagging slightly behind the global testing shop the starting point for a new trends. In 2010 we concluded the first project or a stage of the existing one? government contract to develop a 3.5 MW

18 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Zvezdochka’s propellers move hundreds of vessels. Installation of AZIPOD propulsion/ rudder units with Zvezdochka’s propellers on board the supply vessel SCF Sakhalin

prototype azimuth thruster. The contract country, we had to look for job abroad. nor the opportunities to put these plans in was financed from the Federal Civil By this time, a small team of young the production program. Marine Engineering Development Target designers and process engineers, who On this wave of success, we failed Program. The idea itself to try yourself were not satisfied with their “destiny,” to keep an eye on the 2008 global in this field emerged around the turn of emerged on the shop floor. As a result, crisis trends and in 2010 we literally run 2008-2009, but at that time we were not we were able to offer Kvaerner Masa- up against them. The shrunken world yet ready to perceive it and give it due Yards not only an original design of shipbuilding market demanded a mere priority. built-up propellers for its cruise vessels dozen small propellers instead of our thirty Carnival Elation and Carnival Paradise, large ones. It was here that we had to re- Q: What do you think prevented from but also a full manufacturing cycle, from adjust our concepts and elaborate a new doing that? casting to installation on vessels. Within a philosophy. Most likely, it’s our psychology. very short period, Zvezdochka became a To better understand, a short recognizable brand in the world propeller excursus on the background is market. We supplied propellers and necessary. In 1964, a specialized shaft lines to shipyards in Finland, Italy, propeller manufacturing facility was , South Korea, and China. The set up at Zvezdochka. Initially focused order book grew. Thirty propellers with a on merely machining and assembly of diameter of more than five meters were propeller blades, this highly specialized shipped abroad annually. Even during facility had nevertheless a wide range the most difficult and challenging period of products and supplied not only the of economic reforms in the 1990s, when entire domestic shipbuilding industry, but many Russian plants were shut down, also shipyards in CMEA countries with we provided stable foreign exchange propellers. As many as 1000 propellers earnings, supplied foreign customers with for ships and vessels of different classes products certified not only by the Russian could be made a year, however, propeller Maritime Register of Shipping, but also manufacturing was merely a process by DNV, Lloyds and other international stage in the all-Union cooperation classification societies. There was even scheme. Propeller design and new certain euphoria, dizziness from success. developments were carried out at branch Yes, we mounted our research institutes and design bureaus. propellers on Rolls- Assembling the PU130/5 Ironically, our propeller manufacturing Royce propulsion/ bow thruster for facility managed to expand the limits of steering units and ABB a medium sea its machining competences and win its Azipods. However, tanker being built at the Nevsky milling and boring “karma” in the difficult overload with ongoing Shipyard, 1990s. Due to the lack of orders in the orders left neither time Shlisselburg

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 19 Q: What was the actual starting manufacture of marine able to propose custom solutions and point? propulsors is their original ideas. Owing to its designers and Formally, the non-core business. marketers, Zvezdochka was able to enter conclusion of a Offshore prospects the Korean market with its propellers. government contract to were the second factor In 2006, our Ship Repair Center develop a mechanical azimuth contributing to our supplied shaft lines and propellers of thruster prototype with a cooperation. High oil more than eight meters in diameter for capacity of 3.5 MW can be prices supported the the tanker Prisco Mizar, which was under considered the launch of the profitability of offshore construction at a Hyundai Heavy Industry project. Zvezdochka had a projects. Rosneft and shipyard. A team of our designers, manufacturing site and certain Gazprom’s marine headed by the project’s chief engineer design know how. By this equipment construction Oleg Rokhin, managed to find solutions time, the Vint Design Bureau, programs looked which helped reduce the structure weight a leading developer of marine WE HAVE extremely attractive to from 70 to 50 tons without sacrificing propulsion units, joined ACTUALLY SET equipment providers performance. our ship repair center as a UP A COMPETENCE while partnership with a branch. Our in-house design Russian company was Q: And how are the intellectual resources and technological bureau CENTER THAT the easiest way to take are technically supported? already had considerable CONSOLIDATES part in them. In 2012-2013, we phased out experience, including milling and boring centers for cooperation with a foreign THE TOTALITY Q: In 2011, the drastic modernization and commissioned customer. All these factors, OF DOMESTIC Propulsion Systems new machine tools and machining reinforced by the shipyard’s Center emerged at centers. Today, the propeller machining authority in the industry, EXPERIENCE Zvezdochka. Was this shop is equipped with the most advanced played a role in choosing AND KNOWLEDGE a demonstration of machine-tool fleet at Zvezdochka. Zvezdochka to implement this IN THE FIELD ambitions or a statement contract. of the real capabilities? Q: What is the main business idea behind The total amount of work OF SHIP Prerequisites the propulsion systems shop? performed in the framework PROPULSORS for establishing Prior to formulating a business of the federal program was the Center emerged idea, it is necessary to gain very significant. In addition to long ago. As I said, insight into the market niche in which design work, we developed Zvezdochka’s propeller you can compete. We are focused on processes adapted to the manufacturing facility the Russian market and objectively specific conditions of our was set up to meet assess its potential. We do not expect plant. Besides, we closely the needs of the standard large-series vessel projects cooperated with design entire industry. This from the domestic shipbuilding industry. bureaus to tailor our azimuth approach resulted That is why we offer the customer a thrusters to specific vessel in relatively limited solution tailored for the specific vessel projects. participation of the rather than a standard thruster solution propeller manufacturing from the existing product range. This Q: And when did the transition facility in in-plant solution will be a trade-off between from theory and prototypes to production cooperation. simplicity, reliability, efficiency and practice occur? Technologically, the price. Suppose, for a new vessel of There was no transition as such propeller machining workshop was the customer, the azimuth thruster’s at all. In the second half of 2010, always somewhat isolated from the capacity of 2 MW is insufficient while Zvezdochka signed a license agreement main production activities. In 2007, the 3 MW is redundant. We offer a 2.5 with Germany’s Flowserve. Four azimuth Vint Design Bureau and the Vega Pilot MW unit designed with regard to the thruster systems and two bow thrusters Plant became Zvezdochka’s branches. architecture of a particular vessel. Thus, were made under this project. Of In fact, we set up a competence center, in line with our philosophy, the actual course, here we acted as apprentices. which consolidated the entire domestic parameters of the azimuth thruster and Most of the components of these experience and knowledge in marine its build-up with additional equipment mechanisms were foreign-made and the propulsion – built-up and solid propellers, are driven by the customer needs. systems themselves were assembled in fixed and variable pitch propellers, water Germany, but we got an insight into the jets, azimuth thrusters, bow thrusters ... Q: Will such a custom approach affect the manufacturing processes, cooperation Of the entire marine propulsion spectrum, manufacturing time and cost? mechanisms, design and process only oar and sail are perhaps beyond our As to manufacturing time, our goal is approaches. We were not set to report competence. to ensure that the full azimuth thruster the first delivery of azimuth thrusters manufacturing cycle does not exceed nine in our history and were focused on Q: Setting up the competence center months. Shipbuilding is not an area where building up competencies, immediately assumes the availability of the relevant immediate delivery ex warehouse is a implementing the acquired experience in intellectual resources... common practice. Nine months to design our in-house development work. In 2010-2015, Zvezdochka carried and manufacture a “tuned” product is quite out twenty different research and acceptable. As to cost, fine azimuth thruster Q: Did the Flowserve management consider development works. Sixteen of them customization is, in fact, the selection and the project as cultivating a competitor? related to the propeller machining facility configuration of such standard solutions, It’s hardly. Flowserve’s core and the Propulsion Systems Center. Our which do not cause a significant rise in the business is pumping equipment. design and technological bureau employs price of the product and may even reduce its Unlike Schottel or Steerprop, excellent broad-minded engineers, price in some cases.

20 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Assembling positively affects Zvezdochka’s propellers on both our order book the cruise ship and customer and Oasis of the Seas the builder risks. (ABB Oy Shipyard, At the same Helsinki) time our products Alexander Ilintsev, include critical director of PSC, components whose demonstrates the features of a steerable manufacturing with rudder-propeller the required quality is not available in Russia today. Of course, we seek to reduce the share of imported components, and today it is around 25-30% in price terms. However, it is hardly possible to get rid of it in the short term. The issue involves not so much machine-building as metallurgy and metal heat treatment technology. However, it’s my strong belief that the main and even system-forming idea in import substitution is not only to replace certain imported components with Russian- Q: What is the product range of your Q: How do you address the current import made ones, but also to substitute foreign market niche? substitution issue? How does the state engineering with domestic one. We focus on the azimuth thruster policy affect real manufacturing? systems in the power range of Here one can look at the azimuth Q: How will the manufacturing facility further 0.5 to 8 MW. Design and manufacture thruster systems from two points: evolve? of low-power systems (up to 2 MW) as an object of import substitution and as Construction of the second phase are carried out by our branches, Vint a unit with import content. of the propulsion systems shop Research and Production Association We started to address the issue of and re-equipment of the machine-tool and Vega Pilot Plant. The Severodvinsk making domestic azimuth thrusters long fleet are underway. The immediate site is engaged in the design and before the sanctions were imposed. That development objectives are associated manufacture of products with a capacity is why we already had a finished product with implementing lessons learned in ranging from 2 to 8 MW. This is about when import substitution initiatives emerged. specific projects, reducing production 80% of the market for mechanical Today, we see that both customers and costs, decreasing the share of foreign medium- and high-power azimuth designers are reviewing their attitude content and, of course, launching new thrusters. towards import marine systems, which development efforts.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 21 Special-purpose nuclear giants

submarines. Attempts were made to THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPING DOMESTIC deploy the Project 1837 submersible rescue vehicle (with a displacement of SPECIAL-PURPOSE LARGE NUCLEAR SUBMARINES 45 tons) on a converted Project 675 nuclear missile submarine, but the efforts ENCOMPASSES ALMOST HALF A CENTURY AND, were never completed. The submersible ACCORDING TO SHIPBUILDING EXPERTS, WILL rescue vehicles of the time with a non- nuclear power plant suffered a significant SURELY HAVE A GLORIOUS CONTINUATION drawback – they had not their own high- capacity power plant and, accordingly, had short endurance, which greatly limited the capabilities of the rescue system – and Valery Kulichkov, intended for special missions. To transport this fact was also taken into account. Doctor of Economics, Candidate them to remote areas of the Oceans of the Therefore, the development of Project of Historical Sciences, Associate professor, World, the Naval Command planned to 18510 and 18511 titanium-hull nuclear Adviser to Director General use newly adopted nuclear submarines. deep-sea stations by the mid-1980s, for of ODB OE RAS Originally it was planned to convert a which carriers were required, became a Eugeny Kulichkov, Doctor of Economics, Doctor of Engineering, Project 627A nuclear torpedo submarine to very important event. Active efforts in this Professor, Chief researcher at the Research carry the Project 663 midget submarines area were underway and resulted in the Institute for Economic Strategies (INES) (developed at CDB-16) to destroy enemy Project 1851K system for the Soviet Navy surface ships and vessels and perform which consisted of a large special-purpose landing operations. In the late 1960s, the nuclear submarine and a transportable n the 1950s-70s the USSR was Project 717 was designed: it nuclear deep-sea station with a docking actively designing special-purpose was a large nuclear-powered transport/ device. It was decided to use nuclear submarines with displacement ranging landing submarine carrying, among other submarines converted from the Project from several to 1,500 tons equipped things, submersible rescue vehicles 675 nuclear-powered cruise missile with various types of power plants, fitted with a non-nuclear power plant and submarine and ballistic missile submarines Iincluding nuclear deep-sea stations intended to rescue personnel of sunken as the carriers (mother ships).

22 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION The first attempt propulsion plant occurred on board it on June 26, 1989 and The Northern Fleet’s special- it had been under repair for a purpose large nuclear long time. submarine KS-86, which had Currently, refitting of the tactical number K-86 (hull Project 667BDRM ballistic #532) until 1985 and previously missile submarine K-64 to a belonged to the Project 675 Project 09787 ship is nearing nuclear-powered cruise missile end and the construction submarines, became the carrier of Projects 09851 and of the first prototype deep-sea 09852 special-purpose station. It was the KS-86 (built large nuclear submarines is in 1963) that underwent a refit under way. at the Zvezdochka Shipyard The boat K-64 (hull to Project 06754 (Project #381), which received the new 675N) in the early 1980s and tactical number BS-64 and became the carrier of the Project 18510 1990. In 1991, the submarine KS-411 the name Podmoskovie, was brought experimental nuclear deep-sea station was commissioned with the Navy and out of the shop and launched at the (hull #01429). It should be noted that the seven years later it was given the name Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center in choice turned out not the best one. By Orenburg. 2015. the mid-1980s, Project 675 ships had According to the memoirs of Valentin The Project 09851 special- outdated electronic warfare equipment, Murko, the former chief of the 12th Main purpose nuclear submarine was named an unreliable first-generation nuclear Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Khabarovsk. Its official keel-laying power plant and a high noise level. Shipbuilding Industry, another cruiser was ceremony took place at Sevmash on There were also serious accidents. So, July 27, 2014. in August 1988, during the emergency HUGE DOMESTIC EXPERIENCE The long-suffering ship Belgorod preparations for battle and cruise, partial (hull #664) belongs to Project 09852. melting in starboard turbine bearings IN BUILDING SPECIAL-PURPOSE Sevmash had repeatedly tried to happened on board the KS-86 and on LARGE NUCLEAR SUBMARINES complete the ship to Project 949A June 24, 1991 the carrier had to be de- with the Granit missile system, commissioned from the Navy. Despite WILL NOT BE LOST however the Navy abandoned it. In imperfections of the first experimental the end, common sense prevailed: system, its availability in the Navy planned for conversion. He writes about the hull of Belgorod was saved and made it possible to eliminate the design this as follows: “In March 1987, Navy was re-laid down in 2012 to a new flaws identified in both the carrier and Commander Vladimir Chernavin sent us a pro-ject, this time without cruise the deep-sea station itself, as well as draft resolution of the Central Committee missile launchers. practice their operational use. and the USSR Council of Ministers Attempts to complete the planned Special-purpose nuclear giants “On the program of decommissioning development of a nuclear submarine A short life of Project KS-411 ballistic missile submarines from the carrying midget submarines and The second carrier for the lead and naval strategic nuclear forces.” The draft underwater vehicles for different subsequent systems - KS-411 - had envisaged that the decommissioned purposes failed. This applies also to a tactical number K-411 until 1982 (hull ballistic missile submarines would carrier of Project 865 diesel submarines #430) and previously belonged to the be refitted to Project 431 as a carrier with mine-torpedo weapons, built in Project 667A nuclear ballistic missile (667AN). As a result, works were limited 1988-1990 at the Leningrad Admiralty submarines. In 1990, the KS-411 (built to KS-411 (later BS-411). At the end Association, and to another project in 1970) underwent a refit to Project of the 1990s, the Navy had not been developed by the St. Petersburg 09774 at Zvezdochka (in cooperation satisfied with the performance of the Malakhit Maritime Engineering with Sevmash) and became a carrier of carrier, given the age of the submarine Bureau in 1998. Then the Bureau, Project 18511nuclear deep-sea stations. as well. Therefore, in the early 2000s jointly with the Lazurit design bureau, The KS-411 was a more technically the BS-411 was decommissioned from developed a detailed project for ad-vanced ship than the KS-86 and the Navy. converting Project 885 sub-marines belonged to the second generation. as a carrier of the Project The detailed project of the carrier was Podmoskovie – 18270 deep-sea rescue developed at the Leningrad-based Rubin Khabarovsk – Belgorod submersible Bester. design bureau back in the early 1980s. In 2002, the Navy It is hoped that a huge A new Sevmash-built block comprising received a new carrier, domestic experience in different equipment, cabins and amenity the KS-129 (Project building special-purpose rooms for personnel was placed instead 09786). The choice of large nuclear submarines of cut-out missile compartments. Given the ship is of in-terest: will not be lost and the purpose of the submarine, its before the the Russian cruising endurance was significantly Project 667BDR Navy will be extended, which required not only the ballistic missile supplemented by accommodation of more supplies, but also submarine new submarines more comfortable conditions for life of the (hull #398) performing specific crew and researchers. was refitted at missions in the After mooring trials, builders’ sea Zvezdochka, Oceans of the trials and official testing, the acceptance a failure of World. certificate was signed in December its main

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 23 Kronstadt: focus on repair

Anatoly Beloyev, Director General, Kronstadt Marine Plant Oleg Rekunenko, Deputy Director General, Director of Kronstadt Marine Plant Gleb Chubinskiy, public relations specialist, Kronstadt Marine Plant

24 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION The world’s marine gas turbine industry made rapid progress after World War II. Soviet scientists and engineers played the leading role in the introduction of gas turbine power plants in the ships. In 1954, the Zorya specialized enterprise was established in Nikolaev to manufacture gas turbine equipment while its design office started developing gas turbine engines and plants

The plant carries out a full cycle of medium repair of gas turbine engines for Russian Navy ships

he first domestic production By the late 1960s, the M60, of gas turbine engines and the marine gas-turbine engine M1 M62, M8K, M8E second generation volume of their repairs required was manufactured in 1955. engines with increased efficiency, the establishment of repair depots The next decade saw the improved acoustical characteristics attached to the main naval bases. development and manufacture and a service life of at least 10 000 The Order of Lenin Kronstadt of the first generation M2, D2, hours emerged. The M5, M7, M9, Marine Plant became the flagship in TD3, M8 engines for antisubmarine M12, M21 high-efficiency engines addressing this task. In 1967, with and escort ships and the world’s for antisubmarine, amphibious and the direct participation of experts first main gas turbine unit M3 with a escort ships were developed around of the Mashproekt Union Project reverse-reduction gearbox for large them and launched into production. Bureau and Zorya Production antisubmarine ships. The performance data of these units Association, a developer and Series production of gas turbine made it possible to increase the manufacturer of marine gas turbine engines and units made it possible cruising range of ships. The DT4 and engines, Shop No. 38 for repair of to build ships of different classes. By M10 powerplants were developed marine gas turbines for the Navy was the mid-1960s, our country became the hovercraft and hydrofoils. set up in its premises. the world’s leader in the use of gas Unique equipment and test Anatoly Beloyev, Director General, Kronstadt Marine Plant turbine engines in the Navy. Geared- Return to service benches were developed for engine Oleg Rekunenko, Deputy Director General, Director of Kronstadt Marine Plant turbine units of different capacities were A rapid growth in the use repair. The shop was fully equipped Gleb Chubinskiy, public relations specialist, Kronstadt Marine Plant developed for antisubmarine, landing, and implementation of domestic to carry out complex works and and escort ships; gas turbine engines gas turbines in the Navy raised could repair up to 20-25 engines for hovercraft and hydrofoil vessels were the question of their maintenance a year. Since 1968 the Kronstadt designed and launched in production. and repair. Increase in the fleet Plant embarked on work, the

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 25 Testing station. Turbine test box

Fifteen years with Gazprom In the early 1990s, with the collapse of the USSR, the Kronstadt gas turbine facilities, possessing a set of repair documentation, unique specialized tooling, test benches and other equipment developed for repair of DE59, DT59, DK59, DO63 and other gas turbine engines became the domestic overhaul and maintenance base for marine gas turbine units. However, with the entry of the country in the era of new economic relations, the plant began experiencing economic difficulties inherent in all the major ship repair enterprises of the country. First of all, they stemmed from the unresolved economic relations with neighboring countries, a significant rise in prices for repairs, problems with component supplies and, of course, a sharp fall in orders from the Navy. To preserve its unique production facilities in the situation and, most importantly, retain qualified personnel, the plant had to concentrate on seeking new promising areas in repair of gas turbine equipment. When Lentransgaz, a Gazprom’s subsidiary, turned to the Kronstadt Marine Plant’s management with a proposal to repair the DR59L converted marine engine (developer: Mashproekt research and production enterprise, manufacturer: Zorya Production Association) for gas pumping stations, the right focus area of activity was found. Structurally, this engine was not very different from the marine versions, which were traditionally repaired at the plant. This made it possible to master its repair within a short time. In 1996, the engine was successfully delivered to the customer. quality of repair was assured by of overhauled engines on A gas turbine shop triple-check inspection: by plant’s board ships was carried out KRONSTADT was reorganized as the QC department, military inspection by a specialized installation TURBINE Turbokron subsidiary while representatives and engine supervision group. SPECIALISTS Gazprom became its main developer and manufacturer’s Kronstadt Plant’s turbine customer for a decade experts. specialists repaired and REPAIRED AND and a half. The plant repaired the first maintained power plants on MAINTAINED Originally the repaired generation engines with a rated ships of the Northern, Baltic engines were sent to the capacity of up to 14 MW, gas and other fleets, gas turbine POWER PLANTS gas pumping stations turbogenerators of different types engines of Project 61 large ON SHIPS OF without testing, because and reduction gears for gas turbine antisubmarine ships, Project the plant’s testing station units. As higher-performance gas 12321 Dzheyran-class NORTHERN, was designed for marine turbine units arrived in the Navy, the hovercraft and others. BALTIC AND engines operating on shop’s equipment underwent refits The Plant has repaired a OTHER FLEETS diesel fuel, whereas the and upgrades. New technologies total of more than 350 engines DR59L engine runs on were implemented, new test of various versions (DE59 of natural gas. In 2009, the benches and sections were put into M3E units, DE59L5 of M8G units, testing station was refitted, which operation. In the mid-1970s, the DO63 of M7K and M9 units, DO75 enabled the use of its original version plant started repairing second- and of DT4 units and engines of D2 for starting and testing engines on third-generation marine engines type units (with indices), D3 (with diesel fuel for the first time. Currently, rated at up to 20 MW. The complete indices), M2 (with indices) and M3 the enterprise provides a full repair cycle of delivery and setting-up (with indices). cycle for DR59L engines.

26 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION works. If necessary, the plant’s Full-cycle service center specialists are able to carry out service In 2003 the plant and maintenance of gas turbine units mastered repair of body blocks at Navy’s ships and vessels. and GPA-10 units, which By early 2016, the plant has made it possible to move from repaired nine DT 59 and DO63 engine repair to repair of the engines. The tight scheduled dates unit as a whole. As a result, require hard work, work in holidays more than 150 DR59L engines and weekends happen. In parallel, the and more than 60 GPA-10 execution of engine repair orders for units have been repaired at the needs of gas-pumping stations is the gas turbine repair facility GAS TURBINE necessitated the repair of under way. The repair plan for 2016 for Gazprom’s compressor gas turbine engines for includes five GPA-10 units and one stations since the late 1990s ENGINE REPAIR the Russian Navy’s ships DR59L engine. and up to the present time. PROGRAM in the territory of Russia. The program for repair of gas In the same period, The Ministry of Defense turbine engines for the Navy has been repair of marine engines for FOR THE NAVY decided to entrust the approved for the period through 2024. the needs of domestic and UNTIL 2024 Kronstadt Marine Plant The marine plant is now responsible foreign navies was carried with repairing DT59 and for repair of DE59, DT59, DK59, DO63 out, though on much smaller APPROVED DO63 marine engines of engines as well as next-generation gas scale than before. Six DO63 the M-9 unit. turbine units such as the DR/DS76 and reverse engines and three DE59-type The first three DT-59 engines DR/DS77, in any case, the plant has engines were repaired. Much attention arrived at the plant in 2015 on orders been tasked with its mastering. was paid to new types of repair from the Dalzavod Ship Repair Center Currently, the government is technologies: non-destructive testing and Ship Repair Plant No. 35, a studying the establishment of a methods, worn-part reclamation branch of the Zvezdochka Ship Repair center for repair of third- and fourth- techniques. Center. The following gas turbine generation gas turbine engines and In autumn 2010, by the Minister of engines (DO63 and DT59) were Russian-made units in the premises Defense’s order, the Kronstadt Marine transferred for repair under a state of the Kronstadt Marine Plant. This Plant was reorganized through affiliating contract. will require the gas turbine production Turbokron to it. The gas turbine The gas turbine production facility to be additionally equipped with production facility began to operate facility carries out a full cycle of mid- new test benches, a test station, a again as part of the marine plant. life overhaul of gas turbine engines, corresponding tooling. In other words, In 2014, a change in the including a “hot” bench test, and also significant capital investments will be geopolitical situation in the world performs installation supervision needed.

A repair center for third- and fourth-generation gas turbine engines can be established on the premises of the Kronstadt Marine Plant

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 27 YANTAR: between the customer and the designer

A steel cutting ceremony for the hull of a trawler/seiner of Project SK-3101R by Norwegian design was held on May 27at the Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad. This marks the construction of a series of three similar vessels for Lenin Fishing Collective Farm based in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The appropriate contract was signed at Yantar in January this year

Project SK-3101R trawlers/seiners under construction at Yantar Shipyard

28 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Trawler of Norwegian Project ST-116XL is very popular among Russian customers

by Norwegian naval architect Skipskompetanse AS. The new vessel has an overall length of 50.6 meters, a beam of 12m, and main engine power of about 2,200 kW. It will be capable of fishing with bottom and pelagic trawls, purse seine and seine net. According to construction schedule, the keel of the first vessel is to be laid in July 2016 while the delivery of the entire series to the customer is to take place in 2018.

he signing of the contract was the For the first time in more than result of months of efforts by the 20 years, Russia will build a series parties to find the best technical of fishing vessels of this type. and financial solution for revamping By implementing the project, Yantar TLenin Fishing Collective Farm’s Shipyard begins a new stage in the fleet. During the pre-contract stage, development of the domestic fishing fleet 80% Yantar acted as a technical consultant based on the latest achievements of OF DEMAND FOR CONSTRUCTION IS ACCOUNTED FOR MEDIUM by launching search for the designer and world fishing technologies. VESSELS BY assisting in dealing with suppliers of basic The SK-3101R purse seiner/ equipment. trawler project was designed 50–75 METER LONG

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 29 Project P-70202 multipurpose salvage ship Baltika is the world’s first icebreaker ship having an asymmetric hull, built at Yantar Shipyard in cooperation with Arctech Helsinki Shipyard in 2014

Meanwhile, pre-contract activities on The main issue in implementing other promising contracts are underway a fishing vessel project at the shipyard, in particular, on a is not hull construction, series of trawlers for the Murmanseld-2 but outfitting it with specialized fish Company. Ilya Panteleyev, the head of processing, storage marketing department at Yantar, told and transportation on dealing with potential customers and equipment designers of fishing vessels.

Ilya, whom you see the main customer of fishing vessels? These are primarily people who have weighed all pros and contras of investing in the construction of new vessels and are capable of engaging in such a risky business in the current environment. This decision is preceded by a long procedure of agreeing the vessel’s requirements with the specialists involved directly in fishing: vessels’ captains, mechanics, navigators, etc., followed by the choice of the designer and builder. One pleasant fact is that today there are companies in Russia that are ready to order vessels without waiting for regulations designed to encourage the placement of orders with domestic shipyards. Shipyard’s commitment to customer support in the issues of construction to a specific technical design assignment starting from the first negotiations is a clear need today. And customers listen to those who are competent in such Project 11982 matters. It is the principle trial vessel Seliger that Yantar Shipyard under construction on a slipway (delivered adheres to in the civil to the Russian Ministry segment. of Defense in 2012)

30 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Project 6457S environmental patrol vessel Sprut delivered to Russia’s Border Guard Service in 2009

And what about the choice of the designer? This question has long been exaggerated in the public space. There are dozens of design organizations able to develop documentation for fishing vessels, however, a number of indisputable facts give the advantage to several companies. I think we should pay special attention to three things: vessels built to the project and being in operation, customer experience with the already built (used and new) vessels, and the effectiveness of design solutions employed in fishing. These are the facts and we must recognize that in some cases even the is sometimes difficult or expensive for show that 80% are accounted for by design costs are not the main reason for Russian companies. It almost always medium-tonnage vessels 50-75 meters rejecting the idea of developing a project. justifies the postponement by the lack long with a varying degree of density of It should also be noted that design is part of information from customer or supplier equipment and different fishing patterns. of a multi-purpose product called “fishing and, in spite of this, demands payment. As regards the construction of vessels vessel” and by laying a good foundation in The project provides for the use of foreign at Russian shipyards, I’m sure the question the beginning, you’ll certainly get a high- equipment, components and materials of the project implementation is not in the tech, efficient, economically viable tool that which turns into a problem for construction of a will pay back your investment. the Russian customer amid TODAY, THERE ARE hull, its density of import substitution policy and equipment, electrical, Does the modular approach simplify this local content requirements in COMPANIES IN RUSSIA insulation works task? the projects. And, finally, the READY TO ORDER VESSELS and fitting-out. In You should not forget the individual foreign designer’s services our view, the main needs of each customer. Therefore, there can be paid only in foreign WITHOUT WAITING question that bothers is no point to talk about the expediency or currency plus a royalty FOR REGULATIONS the fisherman is non-expediency of modular vessels today. payable for each subsequent whether the shipyard However, according to our experience, we vessel constructed. ENCOURAGING will be able to install, can compare the approach adopted by THE PLACEMENT commission and start foreign and Russian designers. The foreign How is the case when Russian OF ORDERS WITH up the specialized designer elaborates a concept to comply specialists are involved? equipment for fish with standards of a given classification The Russian designer DOMESTIC SHIPYARDS processing, storage, society. Competition in the market makes it elaborates a concept in transportation, be more flexible: as a result, the degree of line with a given classification society’s loading and unloading of goods. All this development sometimes exceeds the level standards with regard to the Russian affects the performance, product quality of technical design and does not reach the Maritime Register of Shipping’s and ultimately the economy. level of the as-built project documentation requirements for the as-built vessel for the vessel. In addition, the western design documentation or according to And what’s the answer to the question? designer does not always undertake to the old scheme: technical design and Today, it can be solved through an develop the working design documentation working design documentation. It is agreement with the supplier on the joint and does not necessarily comply with the ready to develop the latter and maintain installation, commissioning and start-up of customer’s wishes to include certain types technical supervision. The domestic this equipment with its subsequent tests of systems in the project; moreover, it is in designer understands and indicates the in the field. After building the second or terms of the documentation development possibility of using Russian materials, third vessel, the shipyard’s experts will be rather than in the choice of equipment. equipment and components, except for already quite competent, and customer This is the practice which we have specialized equipment. It is flexible in mistrust will disappear by itself. encountered. This is partly due to a delivering additional documentation. The Our counter question to fishermen different workflow at foreign shipyards, cost of works is estimated in rubles with is as follows: whether they are ready to when the development of working design the possibility of providing the estimate move from the old vessels, almost thirty documentation, installation, adjustment of costs. All disputes are settled in the years of age, to new vessels with advanced and alignment of the equipment with other Russian Federation. technology and fishing gear? systems are outsourced to a subcontractor Of course, each side has its pros and If so, I would like to ask them to take / equipment supplier, which the latter does cons. Therefore, it is just necessary to take into account another important factor while this with the help of the project developer. into account the specifics of the designers’ making the decision as to whether or not to This practice must be considered and operation. build a vessel at a state-owned shipyard – designer’s refusal to perform work on the procurement legislation. When there are some systems should not be met with What does today’s demand look like? several suppliers, the tender procedures hostility. The need to revamp the fleet is may take one-and-a-half to three months, The foreign designer’s work has also quite acute. There is a sufficient number while the tight construction schedule other particulars: it counts every penny of projects that have been or will be sometimes just prevents from waiting for so for the scope of work (SOW) performed developed, and there is a choice of sizes, long. So it is necessary to carefully evaluate and may require an extra charge when type of equipment, and performance. and define a minimum list of suppliers the agreed SOW is exceeded. The The nearest fishing quota allocation has of basic equipment at the very start of designer requires that all the disputes spurred companies to look for projects and construction. Our experience suggests that be settled by foreign arbitration which shipyards. Current construction requests it is a win-win for all parties.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 31 32 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION International ties against sanctions

Following imposition of trade restrictions, domestic shipbuilders felt the need for import substitution of marine ancillary and manufacturing equipment. The issue of supplying equipment for drilling rigs and vessels operating on the Arctic shelf is particularly acute. Meanwhile, there are also positive examples of successful import substitution and long-term experience of foreign trade activities in the Russian shipbuilding industry

Gennady Kreslavsky, former Director General udoexport, a foreign trade of the Sudozagranpostavka Foreign Trade enterprise, which has been Association and Sudoexport Foreign Trade representing the Russian Association Enterprise shipbuilding industry in the global market for more than Vladimir Tereshchenko, S 30 years, has managed to retain Deputy Director General of Sudoexport sufficiently strong ties with a number of from 1988 to 2008 foreign manufacturers. It could launch manufacturing of some items of marine ancillary equipment on the premises of domestic enterprises in cooperation with Western firms. Born in the USSR The Sudozagranpostavka foreign trade association, which was part of the USSR’s Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry (MSI) as a main department, had no right to conduct import-export operations until 1988. At the same time the export/import operations with vessels, floating equipment and marine ancillary equipment included in MSI’s equipment range were carried out through the Sudoimport Association, while with warships, equipment to them, as well as shore facilities for their service – through THE GOVERNMENT the Ministry of Foreign Economic has additionally allocated Relations and its departments. Procurement of imported manufacturing equipment was carried out through the 20 Stankoimport Association, subordinated BILLION RUBLES to the Ministry of Foreign Trade. for the development of import With the issue of the relevant substitution in the oil and gas sector Council of Ministers’ decree in 1988, the Sudozagranpostavka Association was reorganized into the Sudoexport foreign economic enterprise subordinated to the MSI and gained the right of conducting export and import operations.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 33 Sudoexport incorporated several departments and experts from SUDOEXPORT COULD ORGANIZE THE MANUFACTURING Sudoimport and other foreign trade OF SOME PRODUCTS ON THE PREMISES OF DOMESTIC associations. Its founder was Gennady MARINE ENGINEERING AND MARINE INSTRUMENTATION Kreslavsky, one of the authors of this article. He also came up and the PLANTS, OWING TO ITS STRONG INTERNATIONAL TIES famous Sudoexport logo. The main thing was not the logo, minister, Sudoexport had to renegotiate on in hard currency. The latter, by the but that Sudoexport gained the right to the contract already at the more way, was already not allocated centrally carry out export and import operations “honest” price of $18 million. at the time - it had to be earned through with MSI’s civilian products. The same In the late 1980s, Academician export deliveries of MIS products to rights were granted to Sevmash, Igor Gorynin, head of the Prometheus England, India, Japan, the United Admiralty Shipyard, Baltic Shipyard, Central Research Institute of Structural States and other countries. Rubin Design Bureau and other Materials, notified that he had made a To improve export enterprises that exported their products “good” deal for delivery of foil systems competitiveness, domestic shipyards and had hard currency. of titanium to at the price had to be heavily revamped. For of components made of aluminum- example, a comprehensive upgrade By trial and error magnesium alloy. of the Zaliv Plant was carried out to a Sudoexport, with its accumulated At that time, Sevmash built the Norwegian project. The Baltic Shipyard, experience of foreign trade activities, Europa-2 type barges for export at the Sevmash and Zvezdochka as well as had to greatly assist its colleagues in price of 78 cents per kilogram of steel other plants engaged in export orders understanding the basics of foreign hull weight, while the world price of one were retrofitted. trade. A tempting opportunity to earn kilogram was more than one dollar at Since 1988, under an currency forced Soviet enterprises to the time. intergovernmental agreement between go to the stormy sea of foreign trade the USSR and the U.S., Zaliv built with no “nautical instruments.” Import through of export five Project 12990 Panamax-class For example, the Baltic Shipyard In 1988-1991, Sudoexport had to double-hulled tankers with deadweight signed a contract with German firm make tremendous efforts to provide of 68,000 tons for Fram Shipping Arenkil to supply chemical carriers at enterprises in the industry with marine (Bermuda). In the Soviet Union the the price of 18 million German marks ancillary equipment and materials tanker was called the Pobeda (Victory). per unit. Only when it came time to buy from both the CMEA (main engines, Designed by the Baltsudoproekt design stainless steel for the manufacture of winches, cranes, refrigeration and bureau, it was powered by a 13,500 tanks did it become clear how bad was freezing equipment, etc.) and Western kW engine and had a speed of almost bargain for the shipyard. Tasked by the countries, with which trade was carried 15 knots. However, the first vessel

34 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Arctic shuttle tanker Mikhail Ulyanov, built at Admiralty Shipyard, began transporting oil from Russia’s Arctic continental shelf

by exporting shipyards, the MSI and work within the United Shipbuilding Sudoexport provided the delivery of Corporation. This will be especially imported marine ancillary equipment useful for the shipbuilding cluster of and materials, as well as the Crimea and . imported metal-working machinery, handling equipment and injection The Arctic and sanctions molding machines manufactured Everybody is concerned about in the GDR and India. All fine line substituting Western marine ancillary veneers for manufacturing marine equipment on drilling rigs and vessels and consumer furniture, epoxy paints operating in the deep-sea Arctic shelf. and other materials were purchased Part of this equipment is installed by Sudoexport abroad. Profile-and- on the platforms Prirazlomnaya and contour mills, procured from Japan for Arkticheskaya. A similar situation in the manufacturing marine propellers, are country is with equipment for subsea still in use today. production systems used to replace Due to the centralized supplies expensive production platforms. This of equipment and materials in Western subsea wellhead equipment, large volumes, it managed to get supplied by for the Kirinskoye advantageous lower prices from Sakhalin gas field, was first used in suppliers. Of course, the importers’ 2013. The same equipment can be qualifications and experience as well installed for year-round production of as their ability to lower prices, due to hydrocarbons in the Arctic seas as well. removal of political risks from the price, Unfortunately, the situation with were also of importance. the supply of equipment for the AHTS and PSV type vessels operating on Stay afloat the continental shelf and vessels used During the period of liquidation to support the facilities and transport of ministries and transition to market hydrocarbons in the Arctic seas is no economy, Sudoexport managed to better. There are already examples retain its capacity and personnel for at of successful import substitution of least the first 10-12 years by performing ancillary equipment in Russia - Schottel a number of important works. and Rolls-Royce azimuth thruster In 1992-1993 and from 1998 to systems. The Zvezdochka Shipbuilding 2002, for repayment of the USSR’s Center has successfully mastered built under the Sudoexport’s contract debt to Hungary, five vessels their manufacturing in cooperation with in 1988 was the Pulkovo Meridian, of Projects 1590 and 0221 with foreign developers and manufacturers. a Project 1288 large freezer trawler deadweight of 5,000 tons designed for The Center’s plans provide for the built at the Shipyard and unrestricted navigation were built at use of an azimuth thruster system delivered to . Since 1996, the the Marine Shipyard in Astrakhan. In combined with powerful electric trawler worked in the Far East under 1996, a Project 19610 river-sea-going motors as the main engine as well as the . vessel was built under a Sudoexport’s the development and production of Large-scale activities to finance contract. propulsion plants. the export delivery of Project In addition, Sudoexport organized Sudoexport could organize the 15966 tankers were organized by cooperation between Vyborg Shipyard manufacturing of these products Sudoexport with the assistance of and shipbuilding companies in Finland, on the premises of domestic Fram Shipping and Intermaritime. including in the construction of Shelf- marine engineering plants, owing These modern tankers with epoxy type semi-submersible platforms. One to its strong international ties. For coated tanks were built at two of the platforms was sold in 1997 to a example, Proletarsky Zavod or Krasny shipyards. The Grigory Nesterenko- British company under a joint contract Gidropress could be selected as a type vessel was constructed at the with Petro Russ Shipping. manufacturer of manifolds, including Shipbuilding Association. In 2001-2003, two Rusich-type subsea manifolds, while Khabarovsk A total of seven such tankers were vessels were built at Severnaya Verf Plant named after Gorky, Sevastopol delivered for export, the last in 1996. Shipyard under Sudoexport’s contract Marine Plant, Krasny Gidropress and Three Pulkovo-type vessels were and with its funding for repayment of others could undertake to manufacture built at the Admiralty Shipyard and the USSR’s debt to Czechoslovakia. hydraulic winches. In addition, these exported. In subsequent years, Sudoexport works can be performed also at the In addition, in 1991 Sudoexport supplied Project 1328 Baltika-class enterprises of other industries, for assisted in export delivery of two fishing vessels to African countries. example, at Uralmash, which produces Project 15941 oil/ore carriers with It did not stop close cooperation and such equipment for land applications. deadweight of 52,800 tons built by supply of marine equipment to India, Sudoexport has broad capabilities the Ocean Plant, a 5000 hp transport Vietnam and other countries. for organizing shipbuilding finance, refrigerator manufactured by 61 Unfortunately, in recent years, primarily through the use of leasing Communards Plant, Projects 502 and Sudoexport has largely lost its core schemes. Moreover, these schemes 503 fishing trawlers, and hydrofoil functions related to organizing financing are applicable not only for sale of vessels. of the construction and export of ready-made vessels, but also for their Between 1988 and 1991, through vessels and marine equipment. Import construction at domestic shipyards, export of vessels and receipt of activities virtually ceased. Nevertheless, with lease payments made during the certain currency export allocations it’s not too late to organize now this operation period.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 35 36 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION DEFEXPO INDIA – 2016

ENHANCING COOPERATION From March 28 to 31, USC introduced the Russian shipbuilding industry’s capabilities at the 9th DEFEXPO INDIA Land, Naval and Internal Homeland Security Systems Exhibition 2016. For the first time the event took place at Quitol in South Goa rather than in New Delhi, India

SC’s stand became one of the largest and most visited exhibit displays at this major defense exhibition. The USC delegation included more than 60 specialists from 14 naval shipyards and design bureaus affiliated with the corporation. UThey managed to hold over 150 meetings and negotiations during the DEFENSE exhibition. Traditionally, USC’s brands such as PRODUCTS FROM USC Sevmash, Admiralty Shipyard, Zvezdochka ENTERPRISES SRC, Yantar Shipyard, Rubin and Malakhit ARE STILL IN DEMAND design bureaus, etc hold strong positions in the Indian naval market. FROM INDIA AND Within the scope of exhibition, the OTHER COUNTRIES USC employees, together with Russia’s FSMTC (Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation) and Rosoboronexport specialists, held more than 150 meetings and negotiations with Indian partners and foreign company representatives. During these meetings, deliveries of Russian ships and naval equipment for the Navies and the

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 37 Coast Guard of India and other states were under The possibility of repairing and upgrading electronic discussion. Prospects for expanding cooperation modules and units of Russian-made systems installed in the framework of the Make in India national on Indian Navy’s surface ships and submarines in program were considered with the Indian Navy cooperation with Indian companies was also assessed. Command officials, leading public and private Among the projects displayed by USC enterprises, shipbuilding companies. This program provides particular attention from specialists, experts and for various options for cooperation, including visitors was attracted to the Amur-1650 non- the construction of ships to Russian projects at nuclear submarine with air-independent power Indian shipyards using Indian- and foreign-made plant, Project 636 large diesel-electric equipment and systems. submarine, Project The issues of organizing after- 22356 sales service for the multipurpose Vikramaditya’s frigate, Project equipment with 11711E large the involvement landing ship, of Indian Project 21301 contractors rescue vessel for were discussed. saving crews from In addition, emergency submarines, and other there was talk of Russian shipbuilding industry’s pieces of hardware. carrying out the USC’s participation in Defexpo India 2016 has second medium repairs of DEVELOPMENT OF convincingly demonstrated once again that military three more Project 877EKM MILITARY-TECHNICAL products from the Corporation’s enterprises are still in submarines both at Russian demand from India and other countries having their own and Indian shipyards together COOPERATION WITH Navies. The exhibition in Quitol, like the IMDS naval show with service life certification FOREIGN COUNTRIES held last summer in St. Petersburg, will help strengthen after the appropriate decision this cooperation. is made by India’s Ministry IS A PRIORITY FOR USC Developing military-technical cooperation with foreign of Defense and Navy countries is a priority for the Corporation. This area of Command. activities is gaining particular importance in conditions The sides agreed to continue consultations on when amendments have been made to the Russian cooperation in the construction of another batch of legislation that allow the management companies of improved frigates. integrated entities to claim the right of foreign trade The program of upgrading Project 1241 small missile activities in the field of military products. boats and the possibilities for building new generation In this regard, work has already started with the ships of the similar class, depending on the Indian participation of USC to amend the relevant regulatory side’s decision, were discussed with Indian shipyard framework. All this will permit the Corporation to become representatives. an independent foreign trade entity.

38 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 39 USC’s employees became the participants of round tables on civil shipbuilding, held a series of meetings and negotiations with potential customers. USC’s stand became a highlight at MIR 2016 A new «MIR» USC enterprises have showcased the capabilities of the domestic civil shipbuilding industry at the VI International Forum “Marine Industry of Russia” (MIR) held on May17-19, 2016 in Moscow with support from the Russian Government’s Marine Board, RF Ministry of Industry and Trade and RF Ministry of Transport

40 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION The opening ceremony of MIR 2016 was attended by Alexander Potapov, Deputy Russian Industry Minister, Viktor Olersky, Head of the Federal Agency of Sea and River Transport, Ilya Shestakov, Head of the Federal Agency for Fisheries, Andrey Shishkin, Rosneft Vice-President of Energy, Localization and Innovation, USC CEO Alexey Rakhmanov, as well as Mikhail Nenashev, Chairman of the All-Russian Fleet Support Movement

he USC delegation at the exhibition held in Gostiny Dvor, Moscow included nearly 80 specialists from 13 production plants and design bureaus, which are part of the Corporation. At the Forum, the Corporation employees moderated and participated Tin round tables devoted to civil shipbuilding, held a series of meetings and negotiations with potential customers. The opening ceremony of the International Forum was attended by Alexander Potapov, Chairman of the Organizing Committee and Deputy Russian Industry Minister, Viktor Olersky, Co-Chairman of the Organizing Committee, Deputy Transport Minister and Head of the Federal Agency of Sea and River Transport, Ilya Shestakov, Head of the Federal Agency for Fisheries, Andrey Shishkin, Rosneft Vice- President of Energy, Localization and Innovation, USC CEO Alexey Rakhmanov, as well as Mikhail Nenashev, Chairman of the All-Russian Fleet Support Movement. Alexey Rakhmanov stressed in his speech that the Corporation’s shipbuilders seek to quickly respond to demands from the State The autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle Yunona, presented by Rubin CDB ME, and private companies. USC enterprises manufacture modern aroused great interest among visitors to the exhibition

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 41 A round table on the development of Russian yachting was held in the framework of MIR 2016

THE MIR 2016 EXHIBITION HAS PROVED: CIVIL PRODUCTS FROM USC ENTERPRISES ARE IN DEMAND FROM CONSUMERS

Speaking of USC’s enterprises, Dmitry Pryakhin noted that in 2015 the Vyborg Shipyard managed to sign major contracts to build three vessels of the reinforced ice class. New contracts for civil vessels were also signed by the Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard and Lotos Shipyard. The USC representative expressed the hope that the situation with ordering new vessels would stabilize in the second half of the year. On the third day of the MIR forum, Dmitry Pryakhin moderated a round table offshore equipment, support vessels USC’s Director of Marketing and on the construction of the fishing fleet. He and icebreaking fleet. They also closely Sales Department, moderated a round noted in his speech that USC has seven cooperate with transport companies, build table devoted to the prospects of shipyards ready to build fishing vessels, vessels for river-sea navigation, and are civil shipbuilding in Russia. Current of which three yards are able to build actively engaged in the construction of and future projects scheduled for large and super trawlers. Medium trawlers fishing vessels. The USC CEO expressed implementation by major government can also be built by other yards which are the hope that MIR will help potential customers were considered during the not part of the Corporation and they also customers and contractors understand meeting. According to the round table need such orders. better each other and identify potential moderator, a decline in the construction Dmitry Pryakhin said that USC areas for further joint activities. of new civilian vessels at domestic was actively working with the fishing Following the official opening shipyards causes main concern among companies to identify the most relevant ceremony, a substantial delegation participants in the discussion. Moreover, projects and the possibility of building toured the exhibition and visited the there is a need to upgrade the river-sea a series of vessels which would reduce USC stand, which became its core. vessel fleet, build new dredging vessels the vessel construction cost and time. Alexey Rakhmanov showed the guests for Rosmorport and seismic survey And such a series began already to exhibits, told about the prospects for vessels capable of operating on the form for fishing companies in Russia’s the construction of vessels and marine Arctic shelf. Northwest. equipment. Projects demonstrated by USC enterprises in the outdoor display area attracted the attention of visitors, experts and potential customers. The Admiralty Shipyard displayed a mockup of the scientific-expedition vessel Akademik Treshnikov. The Baltic Shipyard, celebrating its 160th anniversary this year, presented a unique nuclear icebreaker LK-60 (Project 22220), which is set to be launched soon. The Vyborg Shipyard showed a Project Arc130A icebreaking supply vessel and a Project Arc124 icebreaker. The Rubin Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering presented the autonomous unmanned underwater vehicle Yunona. This year, the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard showcased an advanced Project 23290 passenger catamaran capable of accommodating up to 200 passengers and moving at speeds up to 30 knots. The Severnoye (Northern) Design Bureau demonstrated a mock-up of the Project FF-331G fire boat, a bunkering vessel and a model of an undersea drilling complex. Within the business program of the first day of MIR, Dmitry Pryakhin,

42 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 Vyborg Shipyard presented the Project Arc124 icebreaker at the exhibition

The forum also held a round table devoted to the problems of regulatory support for shipbuilding development, which was attended by Stanislav Chui, Director of Production System Development Department at USC. The discussion covered a wide range of methodological, organizational and management issues of standardization in the shipbuilding industry. Participants in the meeting discussed the current situation in the area of national and international standardization, the main problems of regulatory support in the shipbuilding industry with the prospects for use of industry standards in the light of the school to higher education, in areas such Participation of USC in the MIR adopted Federal Law “On Standardization as “shipbuilding” and “ocean engineering.” International Exhibition 2016 once again in the Russian Federation” as well as the In addition, according to the USC convincingly confirmed that the civilian possibilities of a corporate standardization representative, it is critical to encourage products from USC enterprises are in system by the example of USC. participants in the process to elaborate strong demand among consumers. The Eduard Bobritsky, Director of special education programs. Corporation is able to fully meet demand Human Resources Department at USC, The forum’s program also included from domestic and overseas customers participated in a round table devoted a round table devoted to the effective for high-tech competitive shipbuilding to additional “marine” education of development of domestic yachting, a products. children. A joint occupational guidance “people’s fleet.” Chairman of the All- Marine Industry of Russia 2016 project by USC and the Marine Board Russian Fleet Support Movement Mikhail was attended by representatives of was presented at the event, aimed Nenashev was its moderator. leading USC enterprises, including the at encouraging the development of a USC representatives took an Admiralty Shipyard, Baltic Shipyard, positive attitude of children to the maritime active part in all the discussions on Vyborg Shipyard, Proletarsky Zavod, history of the State, the great maritime implementing import-substituting Severnaya Verf, Sevmash, Sredne- geographical discoveries, memorable equipment and advanced technology Nevsky Shipyard, Zvezdochka Ship victories of the Russian Navy, as well as in shipbuilding industry. In particular, Repair Center and Yantar Baltic to the advanced models of Russian ships Gregory Fofanov, a representative Shipyard. The Corporation’s design and marine equipment. of the Onega Research Design and offices were represented at the According to Eduard Bobritsky, to Technological Bureau, made a report in exhibition by the Zelenodolsk Design achieve tangible results in this area, it one of the round tables devoted to the Bureau, Rubin Central Design Bureau is necessary to structure the integrated concept of creating a single technological for Marine Engineering and Severnoye occupational guidance system, from pre- equipment database for USC enterprises. Design Bureau. Berths of life

The Sevmash Production Association is one of the largest shipbuilders in the country that combines many years of experience and a modern work approach. It dates back to 1936, when the Council of People’s Commissars’ Council of Labor and Defense adopted a resolution to establish Shipyard 402. During the war, its activity was, without exaggeration, of strategic importance for the country An armed guard watching loading of weapons Crew of a Project 122A large submarine chaser with a boy

ilitary and economic cooperation between the USSR and the Allies evolved through Lend-Lease, a program of Mtransferring ammunition, equipment, food and strategic raw materials for temporary use. The Soviet Union received 21.3% of the total volume of US deliveries under the lend-lease program. Goods were shipped to the USSR in several routes. Molotovsk and a port established on the premises of Shipyard 402 became one of the key reception points. The sea route to victory When war broke out, construction of shops and facilities at the shipyard completely ceased. All builders’ efforts were focused on works in the port. By this time, platforms of wet building docks, hull, tool, woodworking and machinery/ repair and coating shops had been put in interim operation. Given the specifics of the enterprise, initially there were no plans to build a port in the region. But war enforces its own plans. The Arkhangelsk Port areas (Bakaritsa, Ekonomia) could not cope with the flow of Allied goods and could not fully meet the strict deadlines set for their handling. In addition, they were not able to accommodate heavily loaded vessels. At the same time, the territory of Shipyard 402 allowed it. Reliable navigation, which became more achievable as the port built up met the requirement of year-round accommodation of vessels. Two interim wooden berths became the backbone for the port. Berths, railways, warehouses, cargo areas, service and amenity premises were constructed using prison labor. Works on

№2 (27) 2016 I USC I 45 the establishment of the berths began in A TOTAL OF 4260 WORKERS By the end of 1942, Shipyard 402 December 1941. Piles were hammered had repaired eleven foreign vessels directly into the frozen ground. The OF THE PLANT WERE DRAFTED and one Soviet transport ship. All pace of work steadily increased by the INTO THE FRONT DURING repairs differed in scope and difficulty, spring, then by the summer of 1942 and but no vessel delayed in Molotovsk by November the Molotovsk area of the THE WAR PERIOD, 1512 OF THEM due to disruption of deadlines. Even Arkhangelsk Port had mooring berths WERE KILLED AND MISSED in difficult wartime conditions, the yard totaling 858 meters in length. IN ACTION. A MEMORIAL OF kept the log rolling and performance. The bulk of work was completed In 1943, twelve foreign ships were by late 1943 and early 1944. Thus a MILITARY GLORY DEDICATED TO repaired. Even their crews were large-scale mechanized port emerged THEIR MEMORY WAS ERECTED involved in ship repair. on the territory of Shipyard 402, which accommodated many Allied transports with AT THE SHIPYARD Everything for the front different loads on board during the war. According to the memoirs of Pavel The first ship, the large submarine Lapshinov, who became first a builder at From slipway – into action chaser Shturman, was launched in Shipyard 402 and then the responsible When the war broke out, the September 1943 and was commissioned ship deliverer in the post-war period, construction of Project 23 within nine months. A total of 23 large served on the Gremyashchy and two Project 30 , submarine chasers were built to Project 122A during the war years, which met and laid down in May and June 1940, and some of them had time to participate in escorted the Allied transport ships, respectively, at the shipyard was World War II by providing convoy escort and shelled German positions. During the suspended. Instead of shipbuilding, the patrol services in the northern seas. war years, the destroyer travelled about enterprise started to produce armor- Icebreakers which carried out ice 7,000 miles, conducted 90 combat piercing shells, mine sweeps, bombs, escorts of convoys to the North were operations. Gremyaschy is credited barges, pontoons. In 1941, tank farms re-armed at Shipyard 402. To enhance with 14 downed and 23 disabled enemy were urgently built at the shipyard their security, they were equipped with aircraft, one sunk and several damaged for receiving fuel from the Allies. Two army heavy AA machine guns and submarines. cargo vessels were converted into 85mm anti-aircraft guns. A few months before the day of coastal tankers and another three hulls Ivan Papanin, Chief of Northern victory, Gremyashchy, severely battered were buried in the ground as a fuel oil Sea Route Authority, kept track of the during the war, moored to the third berth storage facility. The first Allied vessel rate and quality of work on transport at Shipyard 402 for overhaul. arrived in Molotovsk in mid-November vessels and icebreakers. “Anatoly Seleznev was appointed 1941, when the port had not yet been Due to the occupation of Leningrad the chief builder in charge of repair of our completed. The British tanker San and Nikolaev, production of sweeps ship,” remembers Lapshinov. “The crew Ambrosio of Convoy PQ 3 was moored was organized at the plant. They were was accommodated in northern cabins at a temporary oil pier, which, however, manufactured in a specially equipped located in Shop 50. From the first days had been equipped with steam workshop. of arrival, we, sailors, joined the yard’s generator and pump stations. In 1942, transports Alcoa Banner workers. The sailors, foremen worked In October 1942, Sergey and Empire of Elgar of Convoy PQ 16, in shops in all specialties. For example, Bogolyubov became the director which delivered British tanks Matilda sailors of a section, which I commanded, of Shipyard 402 instead of Samuel IV, machine guns and other goods dismantled, unloaded and sent all the Zadorozhny. The construction of Project to Molotovsk, underwent repairs at artillery and torpedo fire control units to 122A large submarine chasers, repair Shipyard 402. Subsequently, Empire the destination on their own. Navigation and modernization of icebreakers, naval Elgar worked as a crane at the port instruments were placed in a Shop 50’s ships, transport vessels commenced for about two years. Its operation was room. I carried out the work on their under his supervision. maintained by yard specialists. safety and conservation.”

46 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION During the war, women and children took on heavy manufacturing load

half the cargo delivered by the Allied ships, approximately 850,000 tons. It accounted for 61% of goods, whereas the Port of Arkhangelsk handled a mere 39%. It s difficult to overestimate such a contribution made by the town and the shipyard to the Soviet people’s victory over . Ship repair occupied a significant place in the yard’s activities. For example, in 1943 ship repair activity was 22% of the total scope of work. A total of 139 ships and vessels were repaired during the war: 33 warships and auxiliary naval vessels, 24 icebreakers, 12 Soviet and 70 foreign transports. All of this wouldn’t have happened without people willing to give the last to win. Before the beginning of war in 1941, the shipyard employed 5,700 people (for comparison: roughly the same number Pavel Lapshinov recalled how procedures for more simplified ones. of employees works in one the yard’s thousands of prisoners dug a pit of the Shipyard 402’s shipbuilders devised new shops). In the early days of the war, two basin by hand, without any equipment. technological approaches to shorten and a half thousand of them went to the Hundreds of prisoners worked inside repair time. And upgraded vessels got front. During the war years, the Stakhanov Shop 50. underway again towards the British labor movement evolved at the yard, Meanwhile, providing post-voyage shores for new cargo. Repair of the people mastered related professions, and repair of foreign vessels while they were Allied transport ships was considered youth teams competed for the title of the at the port was the main task for the a military order, so acceptance of front teams. A total of 4260 workers of the shipyard. Anastas Mikoyan, Member of work was carried out by specialists in plant were drafted into the front during the the USSR State Defense Committee, conjunction with the White Sea Flotilla’s war period, 1512 of them were killed and paid special attention to this. Sometimes military representatives. missed in action. The Memorial of Military repair was carried out with the During the war the Port of Glory dedicated to their memory was replacement of required manufacturing Molotovsk handled a total of more than erected at the shipyard.

Construction of Project 122A large submarine chasers at Shipyard 402 proceeded at an accelerated tempo. A total of 23 large chasers were built

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 47 ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Skritsky Nikolai Vladimirovich, russian writer, publicist and historian.

Being an engineer by training, he has been writing on the development of the Russian fleet and shipbuilding since 1960. He has published over 300 articles in Marine Collection, Shipbuilding, Homeland, Military History Magazine, Marine Fleet, other magazines and newspapers, and in the first volumes of The Great Russian Encyclopedia.

Main books: 100 Great Admirals The Most Famous Russian Shipbuilders Knights of St. George under the St. Andrew Flag Russian Admirals Russia’s Most Famous Aircraft Designers Peter the Great’s Flagships Balkan Gambit: Unknown War 1877–1878 Russian Admirals – Heroes of Sinop Crimean War 1853–1856 Russia’s Corsairs

Portrait of Emperor Alexander I by François Pascal Simon Gérard 300 YEARS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION

Continuation, beginning in Nos. 2-6 (23-26) [ The Emperor who did not like the navy ]

In many ways, the first quarter of the XIX century turned out to be a particularly difficult period for the Russian shipbuilding industry and the navy. There were several factors leading to this

lexander I, who ascended the throne after the death of Emperor Paul I, did not know and did not like the navy. Perhaps because Admiral AGeneral Paul brought along his family on voyages across the and his small son Alexander suffered from seasickness. Emperor Alexander I focused his efforts on developing and Before 1810, improving the army. During this period, Russia had to the Black Sea Fleet repeatedly engage Napoleon’s troops. However, during received guns mainly from the Olonets Works, the early years of his rule, sizable naval forces were sent but then, due to their to the Mediterranean Sea. Admiral Dmitry Senyavin’s heavy workload, squadron defended the Ionian Islands and established the Lugansk Plant strongholds on the Adriatic coast, thus cutting off French was to undertake fleet supply sea routes. However, under the Treaty of Tilsit, after suffering setbacks on land, Russia had to transfer all the territories to Napoleon. Some ships were sold to France, IN THE FIRST while others were sent by Senyavin to England “for QUARTER OF THE custody” until the end of the Russian-British war. There were other reasons why the shipbuilding industry failed 19TH CENTURY, to replenish ship strength. SHIPBUILDING IN RUSSIA DEPENDED The Navy is not the main thing ALMOST NOT AT As a result, under Alexander I, the Russian naval forces ALL ON PURCHASES were significantly inferior to the number of ships in the ABROAD Baltic and Black Seas under Catherine II and Paul I. The new Emperor had to rely on those naval specialists whom he knew. Following the reorganization of the Admiralty Board into the Ministry of Navy in 1802, the latter was led by Paul Chichagov first as Deputy Minister and then Minister. After his resignation, Marquis de Traverse was the Minister in 1811-1828, who served as the Minister during Chichagov’s disease from 1809 to 1811.

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 49 Both sought to increase the ship strength, primarily the gained a new lease of life. At the beginning of the 19th number of battleships. However, the above reasons hindered century it was reorganized into the Okhta Admiralty led by the development of the naval forces. Benjamin Stokes. This Englishman was in the Russian service In 1801, when a British squadron led by Admiral since 1807. Seven ships, two dozen frigates, five sloops, Lord Nelson entered the Baltic Sea, the Baltic Fleet fifteen brigs, three schooners, five steam ships and ships were not even moved out to the Kronstadt other vessels were built under his supervision. In roadstead, due to their poor condition. For this particular, the shipyard built the model frigate reason, establishing a committee to bring the Pallada and vessels which made long trips fleet to a better condition was among the first across the oceans. measures taken by Alexander I. However, the The following facts may indicate committee of naval specialists was headed an improvement in construction by Senator Alexander Vorontsov who workmanship. For the first believed that Russia had not to be among circumnavigation of Russians Ivan major maritime powers. The Emperor also Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisiansky in thought that army had to remain a priority. 1803-1806, the suitable vessels were As a result, the funds for shipbuilding were purchased in England, where they underwent allocated accordingly. repairs and retrofitting. Astronomical and physical Vorontsov reasonably believed that it instruments were purchased abroad. In 1828, the sloop Vostok was excluded from was better to have a smaller fleet, but built the Navy’s list of ships and disassembled The expedition of Thaddeus of dry wood, so that each ship could serve Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev (1819- twenty years, as in , rather than six OKHTA SHIPYARD, WHICH 1821) was carried out using domestic or seven years. Therefore, the Establishment EXISTED IN ST. PETERSBURG vessels. The sloop Vostok was built at the of Ships of 1803, prepared by the committee Okhta Shipyard and sheathed with copper and approved by the Emperor, provided SINCE PETER THE GREAT TIMES, in Kronstadt. The sloop Mirny was also for that the Baltic Fleet was to consist of GAINED A NEW LEASE OF LIFE constructed and equipped for a long voyage twenty-five basic and five surplus battleships, IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH in Russia. twenty-six and two surplus frigates CENTURY and other sailing and rowing vessels. While in 1790 there were four dozen Kurochkin’s diamond battleships in the Baltic Sea, under The Russian ship master Alexander their numbers never Andrey Kurochkin, who built exceeded thirty, although ships approximately nine dozen large were built both in ships, was renowned during and Arkhangelsk. In particular, this period. He proposed his the new-build ships took part in design of ship’s nails, applied the above mentioned Archipelago iron rather than timber knees, Expedition of 1805-1808. They which strengthened the hull. The showed good fighting performance Emperor awarded the Arkhangelsk and seaworthiness, but a few shipwright a diamond ring for returned to the native shores. Russia the74-gun ship Silny built to lost thirteen battleships at once. The Vostok and Mirny returned improved design and launched in same number was in service with the to Kronstadt on July 24, 182 after spending 751 days at sea. 1804. In 1805, the Kurochkin-built In Kronstadt, Bellingshausen and Lazarev’s expedition was met Baltic Fleet by 1807. Measures were by Emperor Alexander I ship Moshchny was launched. taken to increase the ship strength. Only these two ships of all, which Eighteen ships were built in 1807-1812 and a mere fifteen ones in participated in the Dmitry Senyavin’s Archipelago Expedition, the subsequent years (1814-1824). By 1818, the fleet reached its survived fighting, difficult voyage, English captivity and returned maximum (thirty ships), but in the same year, five battleships and to Russia. The Silny served for fifteen years. as many frigates were sold by the Emperor to Spain to sort out Knee riders and cross bars came to be used for hull the rebellious colonies and the ship strength decreased markedly. strengthening during this period. Domestic specialists made The flood of 1824 destroyed most of eighteen battleships, nineteen also other improvements. However, because of rush caused frigates, six brigs and four dozen smaller vessels lying in the by the need to make up for the loss of ships, construction Kronstadt harbor. Seven battleships, four frigates, a brig and a galley practices (drying timber, etc) were not always followed, survived. It took six years to recover the ship strength of the fleet. resulting in damage to ships in stormy weather. The shipwrights Gregory Isakov, Ivan Amosov, Ivan Kurepanov, Andrey Popov, and others were known during Mirny and Vostok on the way to Antarctica this period. There was no need to invite foreign masters During this period, the Baltic Fleet received the first steam (except Stokes) for the construction of ships in the Baltic and vessels. In 1817 Skory was built at the the Okhta Shipyard. in Arkhangelsk. Domestic materials and local workers were Provorny entered service in 1819, Izhora – in 1822. The available. further construction of steamships was abandoned, due to A total of twenty-six battleships were built in St. poor stability and vulnerability of their side paddle wheels. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk and one in Kronstadt in the first The ships and smaller vessels were built generally in quarter of the 19th century. However, the known reasons Russia. For example, of six corvettes built for the Baltic Fleet led to the fact that in 1825 the Baltic Fleet turned out to be in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, only one was in a disastrous situation: a mere five ships and ten frigates bought abroad, of fourteen brigs – one. All nineteen domestic were more or less combat-ready. Military historian Modest sloops were domestically constructed. Bogdanovich wrote that Russia’s continuous wars from 1805 They were built mainly at the Okhta Shipyard, which to 1815 and little attention paid by the Emperor prevented from existed in St. Petersburg since Peter the Great times and allocating sufficient funds to maintain the organic fleet size.

50 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Black Sea Marquis allocated for shipbuilding. De Traverse demanded from Chief According to Establishment of Ships of 1803, the Black Commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Ports Nikolay Yazykov Sea Fleet was to include thirty-one battleships (including to bring the number of operational battleships to fifteen by three 100-gun ships), a dozen frigates, and a significant the autumn of 1813. Because there was a shortage of 1550 number of smaller, auxiliary and rowing vessels. Initially, the people across all the Admiralties as of 1812, the plans turned ship construction was delayed in accordance with Russia’s out to be impracticable. Neither the formation of cargo crews Maritime Policy. But when the risk of war with Turkey in nor bringing Admiralty’s villagers to shipbuilding helped. The parallel with war against Napoleon appeared in 1806, use of contractors to recruit workers looked more convenient. Minister of the Navy Admiral Chichagov ordered Admiral The Admiralty allocated a ship’s master and several skilled Ivan de Traverse, who commanded the Black Sea Fleet and craftsmen to the shipyard, while the rest workforce was Ports, to take measures to build as many ships as possible. managed by contractor. Hulls were built on a contract The main objective was to build battleships. De Traverse basis due to low skills of workers, while their outfitting was announced his plans to build ships both using public funds commissioned to admiralty professionals. However, despite all and attracting contractors. It was decided to try to build efforts, by the end of 1813 a mere twelve battleships, including a corvette in Sevastopol. The Kherson Shipyard, whose the launched ones, were afloat. The pace of shipbuilding capabilities were exhausted after the construction of two new remained slow in the future, too. slipways, remained the main shipbuilding base. Since 1808 it was decided to build first frigates and then battleships after the slipway at the Nikolaev Shipyard is repaired. Greig’s law By the end of 1808, the Black Sea Fleet had a mere Even after Yazykov was replaced by active six battleships and three were under construction, Alexey Greig in 1816, fleet replenishment which was far from the organic size. Therefore proceeded slowly. One of the reasons was de Traverse proposed to expand the construction the lack of workmen relative to their number of ships at a new shipyard located near Kherson specified in the Shipbuilding Rules of 1805. through contracting. The new shipyard was built on But this was not enough. Senior ship’s Karantin Island. A ship slipway was repaired and a master Michael Surovtsev noted that the new frigate slipway was built at the Nikolaev Shipyard. Rules stipulated the use of qualified, fully As a result, it became possible to build six ships suitable craftsmen provided with necessary simultaneously. However, it was needed to increase materials, tools and assistant workers to supply of timber, metal products, cables, etc. A new bring timber to the site. Surovtsev stated that cable factory was built in Kherson and timber supply Admiral Dmitry Senyavin none of the conditions was fulfilled at the agreements were concluded with merchants. The Kherson Admiralty. quantities of large metal products to be delivered from THE RISK OF As Greig demanded that the ships be state-owned factories were increased. Small products A MILITARY COLLISION built in two years, so that their parts did not were purchased from Batashov’s private factories, deteriorate from exposure to moisture, the which cost four to five times more compared with WITH TURKEY term was used as a basis. those made at state-owned ones. However, the hull FORCED THE As a result, in 1806-1817 thirteen fittings made at Admiralty workshops were inferior to GOVERNMENT TO battleships, six frigates, and several smaller Batashov’s ones in quality. ALLOCATE FUNDS vessels were built in the south. A mere The cannon shots, ballast, part of guns were four transport vessels were constructed, delivered to the Black Sea Fleet from the Lugansk NECESSARY which created problems with the delivery of Foundry, but the performance of guns left much to be TO STRENGTHEN materials. Therefore, in 1818, Greig planned desired. THE BLACK SEA FLEET the construction of thirty transport ships. The issue of timber cutting and delivery to the Black Sea shipyards had to be dealt during several years. To Shipbuilding by the Rules facilitate transportation, Greig organized the construction of In 1805 the Emperor approved the “Rules of Shipbuilding the first steam ships equipped with steam engines, which were in the Black Sea Ports.” Based on the Baltic Shipyard’s supplied by Karl Byrd Plant in St. Petersburg. Keel-laid in 1819 practice, they differed from the previous ones because, and launched in 1820, the first steam boat Vesuvius was used according to the authors of the Rules, it was easier to build as a tug to tow laden pontoons. A more powerful steam ship, in the south for a number of reasons. Accordingly, the Rules Meteor, was built in 1823. reduced the number of craftsmen, who were appointed for After the construction of mainly large ships was organized the construction of certain classes of ships. at shipyards, Greig arranged the construction of brigs needed In 1808, the first 74-gun ship Anapa of a new series was to patrol the Caucasus coast. Among the brigs was Mercury transferred to the fleet. However, it soon became clear that, built by the shipwright Ivan Osminin, which entered the history the ship turned out to be crank, due to its incorrectly chosen for its battle with two Turkish ships in May 1829. metacentric height. As a result, the stone ballast on it and on other keel-laid similar ships had to be replaced with iron ballast, while the follow-on ships had to be built similar to the Want to build – prepare for war preceding 74-gun ship Pravy. The risk of a military collision with Turkey in 1821 forced the The domestic sailing Black Sea Fleet successfully government to at least partially allocate the funds needed to fought against the Turkish fleet. However, in 1811, its size strengthen the Black Sea Fleet. Seeking to improve the class decreased by five ships, four frigates and a number of of 74-gun ships, Greig ordered to build one to the Baltic model smaller vessels from the Senyavin’s squadron, which could and start preparations for building an 80-gun ship to the Baltic not return to the Black Sea, due to the war with Turkey and project, too. He instructed in 1823 to build one ship and one France, and were sold to France. As there was the fear frigate a year. that Napoleon would achieve an alliance with Turkey, the In 1824, the last 74-gun ship and frigate were launched government added 2.2 million rubles to 4.5 million rubles in Kherson. The construction of large ships was transferred

MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION №2 (27) 2016 I USC I 51 and other metalware, including iron sheets for the Black Sea Fleet, were manufactured at the Vyksa Works. The sheets used to make tanks for water storage on a model purchased in England in 1822. Sailcloth manufactured at the Epiphany and Novgorod factories remained unreliable. It was not until 1829 that Nicholas I selected the Alexander Manufactory as the sailcloth supplier for the Baltic Fleet, which came to supply high-quality cloth for the Black Sea Fleet as well. The situation with the workmen gradually improved. In 1818 their number reached 90% of the level specified in Establishment of 1805 and exceeded 100% at the Nikolaev and Sevastopol Admiralties. However, due to a larger scope of work and the massive use of inefficient forced labor at state-owned factories, there was shortage of labor. There emerged new specialties. For example, Greig enrolled the Swede mechanic Owen, who was tasked to be in charge of shipboard and shore-based machines. Terentiev, who previously was employed by Byrd, became his assistant. “Machine to Nikolayev, where works on new 84-gun Portrait of Emperor Alexander I apprentices” were assigned to Owen ships commenced. As they were larger and a machine team of twenty-two than the previous 110-gun ships, the slipways IN 1805, EMPEROR people was organized in 1820. That’s had to be lengthened. In 1825, Greig finally how training of local mechanics decided to move shipbuilding to Nikolaev, ALEXANDER I APPROVED began. however various workshops and other state- THE “RULES OF SHIPBUILDING In 1824 Greig placed an order for owned enterprises remained in Kherson, which IN THE BLACK SEA PORTS” machines for a new steam ship with were gradually moved to the new site. For the the Izhora Works, which, unlike the Nikolaev Admiralty, Greig bought mechanical equipment, previous ones, had to be seaworthy. The following year, which was not produced in Russia, in England. However, a Ilya Razumov developed the drawing of the steam ship steam engine for a timber mill was made at Izhora Works. Molniya, which was laid down in 1825. A year later, the A dredging machine for cleaning the fairway was built in the ship passed tests. Nikolaev Admiralty, while a steam dredger for Sevastopol Since the Admiralty Board usually refused to send with Karl Byrd machinery – in St. Petersburg. experienced craftsmen in different shipbuilding matters to In the fall of 1824 a plan was drawn up to equip the Black Sea and so foreigners had to be hired, in 1826, the Nikolaev Admiralty with six slipways, including two six young men were sent to England to study shipbuilding. for frigates. To pull out small boats to the shore during In 1832, Vasily Apostoli, Alexey Akimov and Stepan repairs, slip docks together with machinery were built, with Chernyavsky, who returned home after training, were British machinery in Nikolaev and domestic machinery charged to build a light warship each and they successfully (manufactured at Vyksa Plants) in Sevastopol. came through. For around-the-world cruises, astronomical instruments, as well as atlases and maps were purchased Where are your guns? abroad. But Russian sailors prepared their own maps The Navy never faced the problem of purchasing artillery and atlases on the basis of surveys carried out on long abroad. Before 1810, the Black Sea Fleet received guns voyages. mainly from the Olonets Works, but then, due to their heavy So, if we consider the Russian shipbuilding industry in workload, the Lugansk Plant was to undertake fleet supply. the first quarter of the 19th century, we should recognize However, the quality of Lugansk-made guns was so poor that it hardly depended on purchases abroad. As a rule, the that of 572 guns cast in 1808-1819, 129 were rejected and samples of vessels and mechanisms were acquired and 30 exploded during the tests. On Greig’s request, the order then were studied by local experts. Except for a few foreign for artillery was turned over to the Gorblagodat Works until shipbuilders, domestic experts and domestic enterprises the the Lugansk Plant establish high-quality production. built the Russian fleet using Russian materials. It was not But the Gorblagodat Works, too, produced poor quality until the beginning of the next period that Nicholas I sent guns. It was not until 1822 that the government agreed the would-be shipwrights to study abroad. They returned to return the gun order for the Black Sea Fleet to the with the received knowledge of the current level of foreign Olonets Works. The Lugansk Plant continued to produce shipbuilding. The development of the domestic sailing fleet simpler products and shells for the Navy. In addition, nails continued using mainly own resources.

52 I USC I №2 (27) 2016 MAGAZINE OF THE UNITED SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION ICE MODEL BASIN [ KRYLOV STATE RESEARCH CENTER ]

The ice model basin is one of Krylov State Research Center’s main attractions. This is the longest basin in the world - its length is 102 meters. It is designed for measuring global ice loads on floating and fixed offshore platforms, developing technologies to reduce ice loads on marine engineering structures that work on the continental shelf, as well as elaborating efficient icebreaker and ice-going vessel design techniques

Large observation windows are mounted in the basin’s bottom to provide vision as well as video recording and photography from the bottom. In addition, there are two observation galleries along the sides of the basin: one for direct observation over movement of models from the top, the other – from under water and flank.

STRENGTH AND POWER AT SEA BASIN BOWL SPECIFICATIONS: WIDTH: 10 m LENGTH: 102 m (80 m – ice field) WATER DEPTH: 2.0/4.6 m www.aoosk.ru RANGE OF THICKNESSES OF ICE FROZEN: 10–100 mm and floating structures, escorting vessels, providing oil spill response, fire fighting, vessels,providing oilspillresponse,firefighting, and floatingstructures, escorting icebreaking vessel is designed to carry out icebreaking operations, towing vessels icebreaking vesselis designedtocarryouticebreakingoperations, towingvessels Baltika can move through 1 m thick level ice both ahead and astern and in oblique Baltika canmovethrough1mthicklevel icebothaheadandasterninoblique has patentedtheideaofasymmetrichull. BaltikawasbuiltbytheYantar Shipyard mode, creating a 50 m wide channel in 60 cm thick level ice. The multifunction mode, creatinga50 mwidechannelin60cmthicklevelice. Themultifunction and Finnish shipyard Arctech Helsinki Shipyard Inc acted as its subcontractor. and FinnishshipyardArctechHelsinkiShipyard Incactedasitssubcontractor. Built toauniqueprojectdevelopedbythe FinnishAker Arkticshipyard, which environmental monitoringand rescueoperations. RESCUE VESSEL ENDURANCE: SPECIAL PERSONNEL: CREW: SPEED IN1.0MTHICK SPEED: PROPULSION POWER: DEPTH: BEAM OVERALL: LENGTH OVERALL: LEVEL ICE: BALTIKA [ ICEBREAKING project АRC100

7,5 7.5MW 3.0 knots 14 knots 20 days 20.5 m 76.4 m 6.3 m

24 12 ]

№2 (27) 2016 capacity of120MW nuclear-powered icebreakerwith the constructionoflargest Baltic Shipyardisreadytobegin FOR THELEADER ARCTIC WAITING RUSSIAN

p. 8 SCIENCE CONQUERS MAGAZINE OFTHEUNITEDSHIPBUILDINGCORPORATION ARCTIC ICE FEATURE ONE simulator facilities testing/engineering and ResearchCenter’s at Krylov is precededbydetailedstudies any projectintheArctic The developmentof at itspropulsionsystemsfacility the newassemblyandtestworkshop Zvezdochka launchedthefirstphaseof Experience withimportsubstitution: IN RUSSIA 80% MADE p.18 p.14 FRIGATE ADMIRAL ESSEN STRENGTH AND POWER AT SEA [ project 11356 ]

he second ship of the series, which is scheduled to enter service with Russia’s Black Sea Fleet. Named after Admiral of the Russian Navy Nikolay Ottovich (von) Essen. Project 11356 frigates, developed by T the Severnoye Design Bureau, are intended for anti-ship and anti-submarine warfare in the high seas, and anti-aircraft actions, both independently and as an escort ship. Its armament consists of the Kalibr-NK cruise missile system, Shtil-1, Palash and AK-630M anti-aircraft missile and gun systems, A-190 universal gun, 533mm torpedo tubes, RBU-6000 depth charge rocket launcher. The ship is equipped with a hangar and landing pad for a Ka-27 or Ka-31 ASW helicopter

STANDARD DISPLACEMENT: about 4 000 tons LENGTH OVERALL: about 128 m LENGTH DWL: about 115 m BEAM DWL: about 15 m FULL SPEED: 30 knots ENDURANCE: 30 days