DOCSLIB.ORG

The Fig: Overview of an Ancient Fruit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Fig: Overview of an Ancient Fruit The Fig: Overview of an Ancient Fruit Ed Stover1 and Malli Aradhya USDA, ARS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Louise Ferguson and Carlos H. Crisosto Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Additional index words. Ficus carica, pollination biology, postharvest The genus Ficus includes species ranging of the prophet Mohammed indicating, ‘‘If The female flowers in edible figs are long in number from 600 to more than 1900, with I could wish a fruit brought to paradise it styled and produce a much more succulent most found in the tropics or subtropics and would certainly be the fig’’ (Condit, 1947). It fruitlet, in contrast to female flowers in only a handful with fruits considered edible is strange to think that this esteemed fruit is the short-styled monoecious wild-type figs (reviewed in Condit, 1969). The cultivated virtually unknown to most U.S. consumers, (Fig. 1, Armstrong, 2006). It is proposed fig, Ficus carica L., (Moraceae), is clearly of except as a brown paste inside distinctive fig (Storey, 1975) that a mutation in the wild fig greatest importance as a source of human cookies. gave rise to the long-styled pistils/succulent food. The fig fruit has long been associated fruitlet in the edible fig (Table 1). As either a with horticulture in the Mediterranean region THE FIG TREE pleiotropic effect or mutation in a tightly (Zohary and Spiegel-Roy, 1975) and is con- linked gene, the edible fig also displays a sidered to have been ‘‘first brought into cul- Fig trees are deciduous, fast growing, and suppression of the androecium. Some so- tivation in southern Arabia’’ (Storey, 1975). spreading in habit, so that they tend to be called caprifigs are reported to be edible and Wild or ‘‘nearly wild’’ figs are reported greater in width than in height. Plants from have a more succulent fruitlet than typical throughout much of the Middle East and cuttings or seed typically grow into single- caprifigs. We do not know of any studies that Mediterranean region (De Candolle, 1886). trunk trees with little training, but trees investigate the anatomic or genetic factors Cultivated figs are reported to have become damaged by freeze or other injury, may that result in these so-called edible caprifigs. established across the Mediterranean region resprout from roots with multiple trunks. Four types of figs are described based 6000 years ago, reaching England by 500 The wood of fig trees is low in density and on cropping/pollination characteristics. The CE (Ferguson et al., 1990). Interestingly, the breaks easily. Branches have a pithy interior. type known as ‘‘common figs’’ requires no fossil record shows a prehistoric distribution Latex, which is irritating to human skin, is pollination to set a commercial crop. Bota- of Ficus carica across southern Europe produced from all broken plant structures. nists use the term ‘‘persistent’’ rather than (De Candolle, 1886). Tree height at maturity varies according ‘‘parthenocarpic,’’ because the fig is not a to genotype and typically ranges from 3 to true fruit. The other two types of edible fig FIG PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE 10 m. Fig trees are very plastic in form and are not persistent and require pollination to can be pruned to many shapes and remain set the main crop of figs. Botanically, these Fig is widely planted in door yards productive. nonpersistent types are classified as ‘‘caudu- throughout the Mediterranean region (and cous’’ and are classed as Smyrna types (e.g., similar climates), and is well adapted to STRUCTURE OF THE FIG FRUIT ‘Calimyrna’, ‘Marabout’, and ‘Zidi’) and San drought and high temperatures. The Food Pedro types (e.g., ‘Dauphine’, ‘King’, and ‘San and Agricultural Organization of the United The fig ‘‘fruit’’ is a composite formed of a Pedro’). The San Pedro types are distinguished Nations (FAO, 2006) estimates that figs are hollow shell of receptacle tissue enclosing by setting a persistent early crop, known as harvested from 427,000 ha, producing more hundreds of individual pedicellate drupelets than one million metric tons per year. Turkey that develop from the individual female flow- ‘‘breba’’ fruit, but require pollination (called ‘‘caprification’’ in figs) to set the main crop. produces 26% of the world’s figs and, when ers lining the receptacle wall, with a small combined with Egypt, Iran, Greece, Algeria, scale-lined opening (called the ostiole or eye) The fourth type, caprifigs (goat figs), and Morocco, these top six producing coun- at the distal end. The tiny flowers and even provides the source of pollen for commercial tries account for 70% of the world’s annual the initial prosyconium are so small that figs plantings of cauducous figs. Fig pollen is production. The United States ranks eighth, were once considered to bear fruit without carried by a unique wasp (Blastophaga with 4% of global fig production in 2005. ever forming flowers. This composite fruit is psenes L.), that has co-evolved with the fig. Fourteen U.S. states produce figs commer- called a ‘‘syconium’’ (reviewed in Condit, (Kjellberg et al., 1987). An important botan- cially, but California produces 98% of the 1947). The mature fruit of the edible fig has a ical component of this co-evolution is the U.S. crop, on 5100 ha, but with a yield per somewhat tough skin, a whitish interior rind, protogynous nature of the caprifig, so that hectare three times the global average. and a sweet, gelatinous pulp comprised of the female flowers are receptive 6 to 8 weeks individual ripe drupelets. The seeds within before anthers mature in the same syconium APPRECIATION FOR FIGS the drupelets range from virtually nonexis- (Condit, 1932). Through this feature, wasps tent to subtly crunchy. enter, pollinate, and oviposit a syconium that Historical works provide evidence of the later has mature pollen as the next wasp sustained importance and appreciation of figs FIG POLLINATION BIOLOGY generation emerges. in the Mediterranean area. Pliny the Elder in AND ITS GENETIC BASIS The blastophagas develop in caprifigs, his Natural History (Bostock and Riley, 1855) which are kept separate from the figs to extolled ‘‘One hundred and eleven observa- In addition to having a distinctive fruit, maximize control of pollination. Ripe capri- tions’’ on the fig. Among them, ‘‘This fruit the fig also has an interesting and distinctive figs are cut and placed in bags or baskets in invigorates the young, and improves the pollination biology. Wild figs produce both trees of the Smyrna and San Pedro-type figs, health of the aged and retards the formation functional male and female flowers within the and are typically supplied at three times in of wrinkles,’’ and (revealing just one more syconium. Fruiting cultivars produce functional regular intervals in May through June in among many observations) ‘‘Mixed with female flowers with abortive hermaphroditic California. The fig growers goal is for only axle-grease it (fig milk) removes warts.’’ flowers ringing the ostiole (Beck and Lord, one wasp to enter each fig. Excessive polli- Among the most interesting comments is that 1988), but vary in their need for pollination. nation increases fruit splitting. In addition, HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(5) AUGUST 2007 1083 food safety concerns (Doster et al., 1996). In fig breeding, it has been easy to select good maternal parents, because they presumably exhibit the qualities that the breeder is likely pursuing. The strength of California fig breeding has been the focus of identifying and developing improved caprifigs, and cre- ating pollen parents that convey good fruit quality and the persistent trait, which elimi- nates the need for pollination. Key to this strategy was developing an understanding of the genetics of the persistent trait. Interest- ingly, it was found that the allele for persis- tence is dominant but is lethal in the ovule, and thus can only be conferred by the pollen parent (Table 3) (Saleeb and Storey, 1975). When the genetics of persistence and long styles/suppressed androecium are both con- sidered, it becomes apparent that no more than 25% of the progeny will carry both of these traits. BREBA CROP VERSUS MAIN CROP Fig. 1. Floral morphology in caprifigs and edible figs. (Figure used with permission, Armstrong, 2006) Although San Pedro types are in part defined by the setting of a breba crop, some Table 1. Percentage edible figs in progeny based on are as dried fruit. Reflecting this fact, 94% of common figs will also produce brebas. Bre- genotypes of pollen and seed parents (Storey, California fig production is dried or other- 1975). bas are the first figs of the season, setting on wise processed. wood from the previous year, and typically Seed Parent Of the cultivars described by Condit mature in June in the Central Valley of Pollen parent GA/GA GA/ga (1955), 78% are common types, less than California. Some cultivars are grown because GA/GA 0% 0% 4% are San Pedro types, and the remaining of their tendency to produce brebas (which GA/ga 0% 25% 18% are Smyrna types. Cultivars also vary in tend to be larger than main crop figs), are ga/ga 0% 50% such traits as leaf morphology, plant vigor, relatively scarce on the market, and tend to G and A are closely linked loci. fruit external and internal color, fruit flavor/ get a high price as fresh fruit. The main crop G, dominant allele for short-styled pistils; g, reces- degree Brix/titratable acidity, seed character- sive allele for long-styled pistils; A, dominant is produced on the current season’s wood, istics, shape of fruit, skin thickness, ostiole maturing fruit from August through Novem- for functional androecium (and thus pollen); diameter, and duration of fruit production.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Terminology
    PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries
    An Ancient Technique for Ripening Sycomore Fruit in East.Mediterranean Countries J. GALIL 1 Introduction was always very short on trees, the wood of Sycomore trees (Ficus sycomor~s L.) are the sycomore was highly valued. The ancient widespread in the Near East, in Egypt, Egyptians used it to make a wide assortment Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus. They grow of household utensils and factory imple- chiefly in plains and along rivers, where the ments, houses, all kinds of boxes and espe- soil renmins humid even during the hot and cially coffins (23). Figuratively speaking dry s']mmer. They are tall trees with a broad and from the standpoint of construction crown and spreading branches, standing out timber, the ancient Egyptian civilization conspicuously from other plants. may be said to have been firmly based on the Sycomores originate fro.m the savannas of sycomore tree (17). Although the taste of eastern Central Africa and from Yemen, sycomore fruit is not superlative, in Egypt where they grow spontaneously and repro- it has been held in high esteem since earliest duce by seeds. The flowers are pollinated times. regularly by the small chalcidoid wasp Cera- The Egyptians of old expressed their tosolen arab@us Mayr. affection and appreciation for the sycomore It is not known how the sycomore was in many ways. It was held sacred to various introduced into the Near East. Perhaps deities, especially to Iiathor, the goddess of seeds or branches were swept with the Nile love. Representations of the tree and its flood, or man may have brought it along fruit are to be found on bas-reliefs and from the south (20).
    [Show full text]
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Synstigma Turns the Fig Into a Large Flower Simone P
    The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower Simone P. Teixeira, Marina F. B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A. S. Pereira To cite this version: Simone P. Teixeira, Marina F. B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A. S. Pereira. The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Linnean Society of London, In press, 10.1093/botlinnean/boaa061. hal-02981678 HAL Id: hal-02981678 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02981678 Submitted on 28 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The synstigma turns the fig into a large flower Simone P. Teixeira1,*,, Marina F. B. Costa1,2, João Paulo Basso-Alves2,3, Finn Kjellberg4 And Rodrigo A. S. Pereira5 1Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040–903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2PPG em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, 13083–970, Campinas, SP, Brazil 3Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460- 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 4CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France 5Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Anatomy of Ficus Ingens Syconia in Relation to Its Wasp Faunula
    S.Afr.J. Bot. , 1989, SS( 4): 409- 421 409 Developmental anatomy of Ficus ingens syconia in relation to its wasp faunula H. Baijnath* and S. Naicker Department of Botany, University of Durban-Westville, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 Republic of South Africa Accepted 6 February 1989 Syconial development in Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq., extends over a period of 70-80 days and displays the same basic pattern reported by earlier workers. Developmental anatomical observations of the different components of the syconium are presented. Following pollination, structural changes of gall and seed flowers differ and the implications of some of these are considered. Since hairs occur at different stages of develop­ ment, speculations are presented on their role. In most instances, the anatomical changes could be related to wasp development and behaviour, thus highlighting the close mutualistic relationship that exists between figs and wasps. Die ontwikkeling van die sikonium van Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. duur vir 'n peri ode van 70-80 dae en vertoon dieselfde basiese patroon soos reeds vroeer deur ander werkers aangetoon. Waarnemings betreffende die ontwikkelingsanatomie van die verskillende dele van die sikonium word aangebied. Die strukturele verander­ ings in die gal- en saadvormende blomme nadat bestuiwing plaasgevind het verskil en die implikasies van sommige hiervan word bespreek. Weens die feit dat hare op verskeie stadiums van ontwikkeling ontstaan, word daar oor hulle rol gespekuleer. Die anatomiese veranderings hou in die meeste gevalle verband met die ontwikkeling en gedrag van wespe waardeur die noue mutualistiese verwantskap tussen vye en wespe beklemtoon word. Keywords: Anatomy, Ficus ingens, syconium 'To whom correspondence should be addressed Introduction Ficus ingens (Mig .) Mig., is a medium-sized spreading dse tree which belongs to the subgenus Urostigma and is fairly widespread in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Drupe. Fruit with a Hard Endocarp (Figs. 67 and 71-73); E.G., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres Guazumaefolia, Sterculia)
    Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Drupe. Fruit with a hard endocarp (figs. 67 and 71-73); e.g., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres guazumaefolia, Sterculia). Anacardiaceae (Spondias purpurea, S. mombin, Mangifera indi- Desmopsis bibracteata (Annonaceae) has aggregate follicles ca, Tapirira), Caryocaraceae (Caryocar costaricense), Chrysobal- with constrictions between successive seeds, similar to those anaceae (Licania), Euphorbiaceae (Hyeronima), Malpighiaceae found in loments. (Byrsonima crispa), Olacaceae (Minquartia guianensis), Sapin- daceae (Meliccocus bijugatus), and Verbenaceae (Vitex cooperi). Samaracetum. Aggregate of samaras (fig. 74); e.g., Aceraceae (Acer pseudoplatanus), Magnoliaceae (Liriodendron tulipifera Hesperidium. Septicidal berry with a thick pericarp (fig. 67). L.), Sapindaceae (Thouinidium dodecandrum), and Tiliaceae Most of the fruit is derived from glandular trichomes. It is (Goethalsia meiantha). typical of the Rutaceae (Citrus). Multiple Fruits Aggregate Fruits Multiple fruits are found along a single axis and are usually coalescent. The most common types follow: Several types of aggregate fruits exist (fig. 74): Bibacca. Double fused berry; e.g., Lonicera. Achenacetum. Cluster of achenia; e.g., the strawberry (Fra- garia vesca). Sorosis. Fruits usually coalescent on a central axis; they derive from the ovaries of several flowers; e.g., Moraceae (Artocarpus Baccacetum or etaerio. Aggregate of berries; e.g., Annonaceae altilis). (Asimina triloba, Cananga odorata, Uvaria). The berries can be aggregate and syncarpic as in Annona reticulata, A. muricata, Syconium. Syncarp with many achenia in the inner wall of a A. pittieri and other species. hollow receptacle (fig. 74); e.g., Ficus. Drupacetum. Aggregate of druplets; e.g., Bursera simaruba THE GYMNOSPERM FRUIT (Burseraceae). Fertilization stimulates the growth of young gynostrobiles Folliacetum. Aggregate of follicles; e.g., Annonaceae which in species such as Pinus are more than 1 year old.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 2: Prioritisation and Pre-Collection Assessment
    Botanic Gardens Conservation International The world’s largest plant conservation network Module 2: Prioritisation and Pre-collection Assessment People Plants Places Science • Why plan • Prioritisation • Prospecting • What, where, when, how • Quantity • Quality Why plan? Be in the right place at the right time and collect quickly and efficiently. Especially important when collecting: • in inaccessible, multispecific natural forests • from different sources and widely spread species • within different countries with differing regulations Prioritisation Decide on the species Decide on the to collect and then sites and identify look for a location. species to collect. OR Prioritisation Species prioritised depends on national and institutional goals. e.g. Millennium Seed Bank Project The three E’s: Endangered species: Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable species or habitats Endemic species: Species native to an area, and neither introduced nor a pan-tropical weed Economic species: Species valued/used by people Prioritisation Other criteria for prioritising can include: • Orthodox seeds: retain viability after drying and freezing • Species required for research • Rare seeds: not already banked or readily available http://data.kew.org/sid/ Prioritisation Target 8 of GSPC: “At least 75 per cent of threatened plant species in ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and at least 20 per cent available for recovery and restoration programmes.” https://www.bgci.org/policy/gspc/ Prioritisation Over 400 botanic gardens are involved in seed banking. The GSCC will increase the contribution of the botanic garden community towards Target 8 of the GPSC through training, prioritisation, prizes and sharing knowledge. https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/seedconservation/ Prioritisation Sharing data helps to prioritise seed collection e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding
    The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding Jules Janick Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University 625 Agriculture Mall Drive West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2010 I. INTRODUCTION A. The Origins of Agriculture B. Origins of Fruit Culture in the Fertile Crescent II. THE HORTICULTURAL ARTS A. Species Selection B. Vegetative Propagation C. Pollination and Fruit Set D. Irrigation E. Pruning and Training F. Processing and Storage III. ORIGIN, DOMESTICATION, AND EARLY CULTURE OF FRUIT CROPS A. Mediterranean Fruits 1. Date Palm 2. Olive 3. Grape 4. Fig 5. Sycomore Fig 6. Pomegranate B. Central Asian Fruits 1. Pome Fruits 2. Stone fruits C. Chinese and Southeastern Asian Fruits 1. Peach 1 2. Citrus 3. Banana and Plantain 4. Mango 5. Persimmon 6. Kiwifruit D. American Fruits 1. Strawberry 2. Brambles 3. Vacciniums 4. Pineapple 5. Avocado 6. Papaya IV. GENETIC CHANGES AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN DOMESTICATION A. Mutations as an Agent of Domestication B. Interspecific Hybridization and Polyploidization C. Hybridization and Selection D. Champions E. Lost Fruits F. Fruit Breeding G. Predicting Future Changes I. INTRODUCTION Crop plants are our greatest heritage from prehistory (Harlan 1992; Diamond 2002). How, where, and when the domestication of crops plants occurred is slowly becoming revealed although not completely understood (Camp et al. 1957; Smartt and Simmonds 1995; Gepts 2003). In some cases, the genetic distance between wild and domestic plants is so great, maize and crucifers, for example, that their origins are obscure. The origins of the ancient grains (wheat, maize, rice, and sorghum) and pulses (sesame and lentil) domesticated in Neolithic times have been the subject of intense interest and the puzzle is being solved with the new evidence based on molecular biology (Gepts 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Diversity and Function of the Stigma in Ficus Species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B
    Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A.S. Pereira To cite this version: Simone Pádua Teixeira, Marina F.B. Costa, João Paulo Basso-Alves, Finn Kjellberg, Rodrigo A.S. Pereira. Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae). Acta Oeco- logica, Elsevier, 2018, 90, pp.117-131. 10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.008. hal-02333104 HAL Id: hal-02333104 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02333104 Submitted on 25 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae) Simone Pádua Teixeiraa,∗, Marina F.B. Costaa,b, João Paulo Basso-Alvesb,c, Finn Kjellbergd, Rodrigo A.S. Pereirae a Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil b PPG em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Campinas, SP, Brazil c Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, DIPEQ, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil d CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cédex 5, France e Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Seasonal Differences of Syconia in Dioecious F. Carica L
    Int. J. Adv. Eng. Pure Sci. 2019, 179 -187 DOI: 10.7240/jeps.516022 RESEARCH ARTICLE / ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ Structural and Seasonal Differences of Syconia in Dioecious F. carica L. Dioik F. carica L.’da Sikonyumların Yapısal ve Mevsimsel Farklılıkları Özlem AYTÜRK1 1 Maltepe Üniversitesi, Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları Bölümü, 34857, İstanbul, Türkiye Abstract This research is part of the first quantitative, detailed study on the syconia in dioecious Ficus carica. Syconia were collected to research the phenology and sexual speciality of fig trees. Asynchronous syconium production was observed at a population level. They occurred three times yearly: in spring (December to March), in summer (July to September) and in autumn season (september to November). Syconium structure chart out quite differently; a syconium cosists of a receptacle, scale-like bracts surrounding the ostiole and flowers. Male, gall or female flowers bear into syconium, which are located on the inside surface of the syconium. We have been investigated the syconium in spring, summer and autumn periods. The morphological differences of gall and female flowers in spring and summer are obvious whereas the male flowers do not show any differences. F. carica found out variation in the fruits (syconium) to his survival. In this paper, time of formation and development of syconium have been investigated and compared. Keywords: Dioecious tree, Ficus carica, phenology, syconia, sexual differentation. Öz Bu araştırma, diok Ficus carica’nın sikonyumları üzerine yapılan ilk detaylı ve kantitatif çalışmanın bir parçasıdır. İncir ağaçlarının feno- lojisini ve cinsel özelliklerini araştırmak için sikonyumlar toplandı. Asenkron sikonyum oluşumu popülasyon düzeyinde gözlendi. Sikon- yumların yılda üç kez meydana geldikleri görüldü: ilkbaharda (aralık-mart), yaz aylarında (temmuz-eylül) ve sonbaharda (eylül-kasım).
    [Show full text]
  • FRUITS and FRUIT PROCESSING Fruits Are Botanically Diverse, Perishable, Seasonal, and Predominantly Regional in Production
    HANDBOOK OF FRUIT PROCESSING FRUITS AND HANDBOOK OF FRUITS AND FRUIT PROCESSING HANDBOOK OF SECOND EDITION FRUITS AND FRUIT PROCESSING Fruits are botanically diverse, perishable, seasonal, and predominantly regional in production. They come in many varieties, shapes, sizes, colors, avors, and textures and are an important part of a healthy diet and the global economy. Besides vitamins, minerals, bers, and other nutrients, fruits contain phenolic SECOND EDITION compounds that have pharmacological potential. Consumed as a part of a regular diet, these naturally occurring plant constituents are believed to provide a wide range of physiological bene ts through their antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-in ammatory properties. Edited by Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing distils the latest developments and research e orts in this eld that are aimed at improving production methods, post-harvest storage and processing, safety, quality, Nirmal K. Sinha, Jiwan S. Sidhu, József Barta, and developing new processes and products. This revised and updated second edition expands and SECOND EDITION improves upon the coverage of the original book. Some highlights include chapters on the physiology James S. B. Wu and M. Pilar Cano and classi cation of fruits, horticultural biochemistry, microbiology and food safety (including HACCP, safety and the regulation of fruits in the global market), sensory and avor characteristics, nutrition, naturally present bioactive phenolics, postharvest physiology, storage, transportation, and
    [Show full text]
  • South East Queensland JULY 2010 Volume 4 Number 3 Newsletter of the Land for Wildlife Program South East Queensland ISSN 1835-3851
    South East Queensland JULY 2010 Volume 4 Number 3 Newsletter of the Land for Wildlife Program South East Queensland ISSN 1835-3851 Contents 2 Editorial & Contacts Fauna 1 An extended season for grass yellow butterflies 3 Fauna Vignettes The value of dead trees 15 The frog that never said die Flora The Common Grass-yellow has been 8-9 Figs of SEQ seen widely across SEQ over the past 14 Rainforest Plant Identification: few months. These photos show male getting to know the red book An extended season for butterflies in the wet season form (above) and dry season form (left). grass yellow butterflies Photographs by Russel Denton. Practicalities 4-5 Turning your pool into a pond his is the second year that we have had successfully on various ferny-leaved 10 Figgin’ Camphors: How to use Ta good wet season following many years wattles, sennas, Indigophora spp. and other strangling figs to replace of drought. This year, the wet season has native and exotic legumes. Adult butterflies weed trees been prolonged in SEQ with rain extending love to feed on nectar from flowers of some well into May. This has had a positive effect herbaceous weeds such as Cobbler’s Pegs on both plants and invertebrates. and Billy Goat Weed. Weeds 12 Mistflower Usually one would only see a few species Common Grass-yellows are active, but not such as Common Crow and Evening Brown strong fliers, so they are often found flying butterflies at this time of the year when the close to the ground looking for larval host Ecosystem Profile days are getting shorter and drier.
    [Show full text]