Libbie Henrietta Hyman Eminent InvertebrateZoologis

Rose M. Morgan

D R. Libbie Henrietta Hyman was a pioneer and received many honors and awards for meritorious foremost internationalauthority on the taxon- work in and paleontology (Table 1). omy and anatomy of the . She Yet, in spite of Hyman's distinction in biological worked as a ResearchAssociate in the Department of research, only a few short articles (no books) have Living Invertebrates at the American Museum of been written on her life and works. Quite likely this is Natural History in for 35 years. In a because she left practicallyno archives of her own (her career that spanned over half a century (from a Ph.D. personal papers consisted of a few photographs, di- Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 dissertation in 1915 to her death in 1969), Hyman plomas, and the life and plates from a book), accord- published her six-volume treatise, The Invertebrates; ing to a Museum source (Reichert1984). It isn't certain two laboratory manuals; and whether this was her style of 145 scientific papers. She was work or she followed the epi- best known for The Inverte- gram, "no documents, no his- brates, which received great tory."If she did keep copies of stature. Citations of her work her personal letters, she may still occur, long afterher death have destroyed them toward at age 80. the end of her life. Hyman conveyed to others My interest was piqued the need for long-term taxon- when I visited the Smithso- omy and systematics and ac- nian Institution Archives on a crued wide influence and re- Bush Foundation Faculty De- spect. Her research on the velopment grant. There, I lo- (a field neglected) cated several hundred letters earned her the admiration of that Hyman had written to the scientific community. colleagues between the 1930s - - l g - The correspon- - and 1960s. More than any other scientist, EMwNgE - | B | | - * l . B | l l she was the person who pro- ----t t S- dence is located mostly in per- fessional zoologists wanted to _ | 111 I esr r 3 11111 manent files, such as the Frank meet when they visited the Smith Papers (1893-1942, and AmericanMuseum of Natural undated) and Guide to the

J''_ History (Obituary, Libbie H. . S Recordsof the Divisionof Crus- 1969).John M. Young- l _ tacea(1908-1979). Hyman, l _ * _ * _ -. Hyman faced the same prob- peter of Ward's Natural Sci- l _ * _ * all discriminatory, ence Establishment once lik- __I __ lems (not of in her career that ened Hyman to the teacher in LibbieHenrietta Hyman course) Goldsmith's Deserted Village most women in science face. (Blackwelder1970): Her success to gain the very not only the And still theygaze, and still the wondergrew first rank among all zoologists bypassed Thatone smallhead could carry all she knew. force of gender inequality, but ethnic inequality as well. This paper is written especially for the present In her years at the Museum, she was an informal youthfulzoologists who may be unfamiliarwith the life mentor and guide to students and a valued colleague of this unusually productivefemale scientist. and collaboratorof zoologists all over the world. She unearthed papers and prior scientific research and Family Background, Childhood & Schooling Rose M. Morgan, Ph.D., is a Professor of Biology in the Libbie Henrietta Hyman was born December 6, Department of Biology at Minot State University,Minot, ND 58701; e-mail: [email protected]. 1888,in Des Moines, Iowa, to eastern EuropeanJewish immigrants Joseph and Sabina (Neumann) and died

LIBBIEHENRIE1TA HYMAN 251 Table 1. Honors and awards. Table2. Education. American Men of Science (1933-1944). Associate Degree in Science (1908).University of Honorary Sc.D. University of (1941);Goucher Chicago. College (1958);Coe College (1959). Bachelorof Science(1910). Zoology and Botany(with Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (National Academy of honors).. Sciences). In recognition for meritoriouswork in Doctor of Philosophy (1915).Zoology and Physiology zoology and paleontology (1954). (magnacum laude).University of Chicago. Gold Medal (LinneanSociety of London). In recognition Post-Doctoral Studies (1916-1921).Mathematics, Botany, for meritoriousbiologic research.Third American and Geology. first woman zoologist honored (1960). Honorary L.L.D. Upsula College (1963). McGraw-Hill Book Publishers. Prize-winning publication of TheInvertebrates (1967). Hyman where she was working and told her that she Gold Medal (AmericanMuseum of Natural History). In could get her a scholarshipto attend college. She kept recognition for distinguished achievementin science her word, and in a few weeks Hyman was at the (1969). University of Chicago on a scholarship.Interestingly, Crawford and Hyman had little subsequent contact thereafter. Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 on August 3, 1969, at age 80 of Parkinson's disease. At first, Hyman earned her board at the University She grew up in a family plagued by financial and of Chicago by working as a cashier in the Women's personal difficulties. The third of four children, she Commons, the big dining room that served female was the only daughter. Her father was a tailor who students. Later, she worked at various other jobs to had emigrated at age 14 from Russian-Poland to the help support herself. Scholarships paid her way and whose business partnerships had through college; indeed, she received not only her failed. He taught Libbie the Russian language while bachelor'sdegree, but her Ph.D. without putting out a she was very young. Her mother (born in Stettin, single dime for tuition. She also took post-doctoral Germany) was domineering, demanding and devoted courses at the University during the years 1916-1921 to European ideals, family and home. (Table 2). Growing up in the rural Midwest, Hyman would Becauseshe was interestedin plants, she entered the roam the nearby fields and woods of Iowa, collecting University of Chicago with the intent of becoming a and identifying butterflies, moths and flowers. The botanist. However, in the Botany Department she unfavorable home environment during these years in experienced anti-Semitismand switched to zoology, a a way fostered Hyman's natural interest in everything department developed to excellence by Charles Otis that grew out of the good Iowa earth. She was happy Whitman (Blackwelder1970). There, she met a second walking in the woods in a way that she was not happy teacher who would influence her life. Mary Blount, a at home (Yost 1954). Although her first love was plants Ph.D. candidate, encouraged her to excel and to con- and flowers, she also professed a great love for birds. tinue her work in zoology. Blount made her feel that Later, she would proclaim that her rural Midwest she was an important addition to the Zoology Depart- background, as well as her innate love for nature, ment. According to a university source, Mary Blount dictated the path of her life and work. had come to the University of Chicago in the spring of In 1905, Hyman graduated from Fort Dodge High 1889, having received a Bachelor of Science degree School as valedictorian, the youngest member of her from the University of Michigan in 1895. A notation graduating class. Lacking clear career direction, she on her school record indicates that she was a teacher at took additional post-graduate courses in science Austin High School in Chicago. She was elected to (those she had missed earlier) and German at the local Sigma Xi in 1907 and was awarded the Doctor of high school. Still too young to teach at an Iowa school, Philosophy degree in zoology and embryology in 1908 she worked in a Mother's Rolled Oats factory at a from the University of Chicago (Sullivan 1995). beginner's wage, pasting colored labels on boxes of At the University of Chicago, Hyman held a re- cereal. search assistant post from 1910 until 1931. During the She is described in a biography as another of the last 16 years of that period she worked with Charles important contributors to the world's knowledge who Manning Child, a famous (but controversial) professor remembers a high school teacher as the person who of zoology. Child, a Michigan-born son of a Connect- first sent her on her way to achievement (Yost 1954). In icut Yankee, had earned a Ph.D. from Germany. He Hyman's case, the teacher was Mary Crawford, a high had turned from a background of theoretical philoso- school German and English teacher and an Iowa-born phy to zoology; however, his philosophical views on Radcliffe graduate. Hyman had (by accident) met zoology were not always in complete harmony with Crawford one summer day on a street in Fort Dodge, most scientists of his day. As a result, Hyman was met Iowa. After a brief conversation, Crawford asked with substantial opposition and headshakings because

252 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 60, NO. 4, APRIL1998 she was going to collaborate with a scientist whose the role of taxonomist, receiving many specimens to ideas were considered by many as radical (Yost 1954). identify from all over the world. However, the opposition did not discourage Hyman, When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took a cruise and she was the first Ph.D. student to majorin Child's and fishing expedition on the U.S.S. Houston in the division. summer of 1938, Waldo L. Schmitt, Curator of Marine Her primary interest was with the physiology and Invertebrates at the Smithsonian Institute in Washing- morphology of the lower invertebrates,especially the ton, DC, was along to collect worms to bring to protozoans, sponges, coelenterates and turbellarians. Hyman. She was the only one he considered capable She once said: of identifying and classifying those particular worm I don't like the .It's hardto explainbut I just specimens. He wrote Hyman: can'tget excitedabout them, never could. I like the inverte- I havea few vialsof marineflatworms that I got on therecent brates.I don't meanworms particularly, although a worm Presidentialcruise to the Galapagos.Both for thePresident's can be almostanything including the larva of a beautiful sake,the Museum'ssake, and my own, we are tryingto get butterfly.But I do like the soft delicateones, thejellyfishes reportstogether on everythingthat was collected(Schmitt, and corals and the beautiful microscopicorganisms 1938). (Stunkard1974).

During Hyman's tenure with Child, a mutual admi- Major Works Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 ration and respect evolved. The years were markedby numerous scientific studies that were recognized as All of Hyman's work has been characterized by milestones in science, and it was during this time that accuracy and insight. She was engaged for half a Hyman also wrote her widely-acclaimed laboratory century in research, writing and publishing many manuals. Child died in 1954, and in a memorial note, works on and zoology, anat- Hyman wrote: omy and physiology, and embryology. Her major compilation was her extensive treatise, The Inverte- He everadhered to the higheststandards of scientificinteg- brates. A reporter once asked Hyman how many rity and therebywon the respectof all who knew him (Hyman 1955). volumes her treatise would contain and she expressed impatience: In 1931, with Child on sabbaticalleave (his age of and her manuals earn- How shouldI know?You begin at thebeginning and aim for retirementwas drawing near) the end, but you neverknow how long you'regoing to live ing her substantialincome, Hyman resigned from the (Obituary,Libbie H. Hyman, 1969). University of Chicago to begin an independent career without salary. She spent the next 15 months in western Europe at major scientific centers, including Our name has changed... Marine Station, before return- the Naples Zoological is now ing to New York City. SARGENT-WELCH The biographical record of Hyman from 1931 to nti 1937 (the years of the Great Depression) is essentially i kc void. It picks up again from 1937 to 1967 when she held an honorary, unsalaried position as research ducts associateat the AmericanMuseum of Natural History. She took a modest apartment near the Museum in Science Education order to use its superb library and there, at age 44, 1 800 727-4368FAX: 1-800-676-2540 began to write her widely acclaimed treatise, The Internet:www.sargentwelch.com Invertebrates. Although given an office and laboratoryspace, she never had a secretary,an assistant,or a technician,and FET U - * _ it is reported that her histological preparations,illus- __ e. . _g_ trations and texts were entirely her own (Stunkard 1974). During this period, she spent several summers s-~~~LBBEHNIlA HYA 253|_. at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California, and made at least one trip to South America. In 1943, Hyman moved to the Invertebrates Depart- ment of Dr. Vokes (a paleontologist) at the American Museum of Natural History, where she continued to earn the respect of the internationalscientific commu- nity for her expertise. She soon found herself cast into The treatise was the most complete work in its field happy because her work was most satisfying for her to be published in English and consisted of six vol- (Stunkard1974). umes, all published by McGraw-Hill Publishing Com- Three things are mentioned about Hyman most pany. The first volume, through , often: (1) her remarkablecapacity for work, at which was published in 1940, Volumes II and III in 1951, she spent all her time, (2) her very strong opinions and Volume IV in 1955, Volume V in 1959, and Volume VI forceful language, and (3) her pipe-and-cigarsmoking in 1967. Realizing the complexity of the treatise, Hy- days. She never denied the first two; however, she man wrote in the Preface to Volume 1: vehemently denied that she smoked and often said It is obviouslyimpossible for any one person to have a that not only had she never smoked but she had never comprehensivefirsthand knowledge of theentire range of the knowingly partaken of an alcoholic drink (Black- invertebrates,and consequentlya work of this kind is welder 1970). essentiallya compilationfrom the literature(Stunkard Letters on file at the Smithsonian Archives reflect 1974). the determined personality of Hyman. Yet, anyone In addition to her treatise, Hyman was the author of who reads them cannot fail to be impressed because two other major zoological works: A LaboratoryManual they convey the convictions of a determined scientist, for ElementaryZoology, published initially in 1919 (2nd even more lucidly than her published scientificpapers edition in 1926) by the University of Chicago Press, do. Some are witty (at times sarcastic)and frank. She Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 and A LaboratoryManual for ComparativeVertebrate spoke her mind straightforwardlyand didn't hesitate Anatomy, published in 1922 by the University of to go against the opinions of others or to criticize Chicago Press (expanded as Comparative Vertebrate other's work, if the need arose. Anatomy in 1942). Both manuals were widely used by On points of controversy or inconsistency in the generations of college students. In 1960, referring to literature, Hyman didn't hesitate to pronounce her her own successful writing of A LaboratoryManual for own judgment, and she often took it upon herself to ComparativeVertebrate Anatomy, Hyman wrote: explain the unacceptabilityof a term or idea widely Thisbook has supportedme in comfort,if not in luxury,for used by experts. For example, in one letter on file, she thirtyyears (Blackwelder 1970). didn't agree with the work of ArthurS. Pearse,a Duke University ecologist. In a letter to Waldo Schmitt, Hyman's books were truly monumental and were Hyman wrote: widely received by scientists worldwide, but perhaps none expressed it as directly as Schmitt in a letter to FranklyI amnot willingthat Pearse with his sloppymethods shouldbenefit by my carefuland painstakingwork. I don't Hyman: knowwhy I raisedsuch a fuss aboutthis one misidentifica- I haveboth of your Universityof Chicagolaboratory manu- tion whenthere are probablyhalf a dozenothers just as bad als, anidthe Museum(Smithsonian) has just purchasedus in the paper(Hyman 1938). thefirst volume of yourInvertebrates. The latter represents a tremendouslot of work.I congratulateyou on it. Youdeserve Later,she wrote: a lot of creditfor theeffort for thereare very few peoplein this He (Pearse)has now publishedthree papers on the Atlantic countrywho have either the guts or thegumption to turnout Coastpolyclads, each one moreridiculous than the last, and a job like that (Schmitt1940). I hope he is done;his mistakesare simply appalling;the fartherI proceeded,the worsethey were (Hyman 1939). Later, he informed her that the first volume was in considerable demand worldwide (Schmitt 1943). In another instance, Schmitt (who at the time was heading the Society of Systematic Zoology) was pre- In addition, Hyman wrote and published 145 scien- tific papers in various scientific journals between the paring for the annual meeting of the Society. He years 1914-1966. Most of her articles published be- decided to invite two female scientists who were tween 1916 and 1932 were contributions to Child's internationallyknown British specialists on the phyla project. They dealt with studies demonstrating the Bryozoaand Brachiopoda.In order to have an all-female integration of organisms through studies of regenera- he invited to chair the sympo- tion or the metabolismof adjacenttissues. Her doctoral symposium, Hyman dissertation, Analysis of the Processof Regenerationin sium. She agreed, but sarcasticallyreplied, CertainMicrodrilous Oligochaetes, had been heralded by An all-womansymposium is a damnedfool idea! her committee as significant,and she published exten- sively on the doctoral research. However, it was not Much to her disbelief, the symposium was a great until 1925 (10 years after her doctorate) that her first success. taxonomy paper was published. Personal Life Appearance & Personalty One might ask: as a tiny woman, fragile in Hyman is described Whatin theworld does an unmarried,female scientist living appearance, with sharp and biting eyes. Her manner on royaltiesdo whileworking in the AmericanMuseum for was rough, and her appearance unprepossessing. She years on end? Whatwas her life like? This would be an was, at times, emotional; however, she was not un- unusuallife in 1998, muchless whenHyman lived it!

254 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 60, NO. 4, APRIL1998 Fuji Women's College in Sapporo (Hokkaido,Japan), Table 3. Membershipsand offices. wrote that it was Hyman who taught him the true Sigma Xi scientific spirit, i.e. that knowledge must be shared Phi Beta Kappa and not kept the secret of one person or one country. National Academy of Sciences He stated that he found Hyman approachable,grate- AmericanSociety of Zoologists AmericanMicroscopical Society ful, sympathetic and thoughtful (Kawakatsu1968). American Society of Limnology and Oceanography In 1985,the present author (while a summer student Marine Biological Association (Woods Hole, MA) at the Queen's College of Oxford University) was AmericanSociety of Naturalists directed to Stephen Prudhoe, former curator at the Society of SystematicZoology (President,1959; editor of British Museum of Natural History. He told me that SystematicZoology, 1959-63) he had written to Hyman in the 1950sto inform her of a couple of very importantnomenclatorial errors that had appeared in one of her papers. At that time, he Perhaps the best one-word description of Hyman had mentioned to her that he was toying with the idea would be "dedicated" (McConnell 1970). Quite sim- of compiling a taxonomic synopsis of the polyclad ply, she devoted her entire life to her intellectual work. turbellarians(Prudhoe 1986). Hyman was somewhat of a recluse, hiding away as Prudhoe stated that to his knowledge, Hyman did Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 she did for 35 years within the confines of the Museum not reply to his letter, but she did acknowledge in and devoting herself to her research and writing. She print his corrections.Then, in 1958, he attended the had no students of her own (at least not in the usual Zoological Congress in London, where he met her for sense of the word) since hers was not a teaching the first time. Much to his surprise, she immediately position. However, she never lost interest in students rememberedhim and asked him how he was getting (she always had time to receive them in laboratory) along with the synopsis. When he told her he was and was particularly kind to foreign students (McCon- disillusioned and was considering scrapping the nell 1970). project, she strongly encouraged him to complete it. At one time, Hyman attempted to live a "normal" Prudhoe said he again met Hyman when she came to life when she bought a five-room house in the village London in 1960 to receive the Gold Medal presented of Millwood near Ossining, 20 miles north of New to her by the LinneanSociety. However, their meeting York City, soon after the first volume of the Inverte- at that time was fairly brief because so many people brates was published. This she did because she was wanted to speak with her. fond of flowers and gardening. During this time, she Horace W. Stunkard, a long-time colleague and also attended regular performances of the New York personal friend at the Museum, wrote: Philharmonic and the Metropolitan Opera. In 1952, she decided to sell the house due to the LibbieHyman was a most unusualperson. Utterly honest, length of commute to the Museum. Later, she said: independent,uninhibited, outspoken; to manyshe presented a formidableexterior. She could puncture pomposity, deflate If I hadto do it (take care of a house and commute) over windbags,and expose stuffed shirts with alacrity. Proud, but again,I don't knowwhether I'd do it or not. I wouldhave abovevanity, she scornedsuperficiality, ostentation, injus- beenfarther along with my work.Now I live in an apartment tice, andfraud, and herpoignant epithets were keen and to hotelwith maidservice, where I don't haveto do anything thepoint. Her close friends were those she respected, and they and I just love it!! (Blackwelder1970). knew her gentle, warm,and generousnature (Stunkard 1974). For Hyman, the move to a modest apartment near the Museum was a good choice since it allowed her the convenience and time to spend the rest of her life Later Years on her work. Hyman intended that her treatise would cover the Relationshipwith entire field of invertebrate zoology (a total of 10 Colleagues volumes) with special reference to anatomy, physiol- It is clear from letters on file that scientists respected ogy, embryology and ecology. However, as her life Hyman and her work. Although she attended few continued to be darkened by progressive Parkinson's scientific meetings, she held memberships and offices disease, she acknowledged that she would not reach in several professional groups (Table 3). She carried the original goal of 10 volumes. In a 1961 letter to out lively written correspondence with hundreds of Prudhoe, she informed him that she was unable to colleagues around the world who sent her specimens give more than a small fraction of her time to taxo- or otherwise consulted her. nomic work because she needed to conserve what She was known by those closest to her as a warm, strength remainedto continue to write on Volume 6 of gentle, generous, and sincere woman. After her death, The Invertebrates(Hyman 1961). In the Preface to the Masaharu Kawakatsu, of the Biological Laboratory at last volume she completed (Volume VI), she wrote:

LIBBIEHENRIElTA HYMAN 255 I now retirefrom the field, satisfied that I have accomplished was to complete her widely acclaimed treatise, The my original purpose-to stimulate the study (by others) of Invertebrates.Blackwelder (1970) wrote that, although invertebrates(Stunkard 1974). she would not be missed personally because she had Because her health was rapidly failing, Hyman few social friends, scientifically there were few who increased correspondence with colleagues. In a letter would leave such a substantial legacy to successors. to Kawakatsu,Hyman wrote that her health and age Through her pioneering efforts and the achievements were contributing factors to declining any additional of those who followed in her footsteps, a new under- taxonomic work. She informed him that she was standing of the invertebrates arose. The debt of the uncertain if she could complete the material on hand scientific community to Libbie Hyman is immense! because she was practicallyan invalid and not able to do any scientific work (she was not able to make References histology sections or sit at the microscope).In fact, she had hardly the strength to strike the keys of the Blackwelder, R.E. (1970). Recollections of Libbie Hy- typewriter (Hyman 1968). man. Journalof BiologicalPsychology, 12, 1-15. The last two years of her life she was, for the most Hyman, L. (1968, February 17). Written correspon- part, confined to a wheelchair in her apartment, as- dence to Masaharu Kawakatsu. Washington, DC: sisted by three around-the-clocknurses. Yet, she con- The SmithsonianInstitute Archives. Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 tinued to enjoy the outdoors and the flowers, plants, Hyman, L. (1961,October 20). Writtencorrespondence and birds that she so greatly cherished. On April 9, at to Stephen Prudhoe. Washington, DC: TheSmithso- the Centennial Celebrationof the American Museum nian InstituteArchives. of Natural History, she received its Gold Medal for Hyman, L.H. (1955). Memorium to Charles Manning distinguished achievement. She accepted the Medal Child. Science,121, 717-718. from a wheelchair, and this was her last public ap- Hyman, L. (1939, July 15). Written correspondenceto pearance. She died at her home at 307 West 79th Waldo Schmitt. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Street, New York City, on Sunday, August 3, 1969, InstituteArchives. survived by one brother, Arthur I. Hyman, of San Hyman, L. (1938, November 23). Written correspon- Diego, California. dence to Waldo Schmitt. Washington, DC: The SmithsonianInstitute Archives. Kawakatsu, M. Worms (and Things). The Journalof Summary BiologicalPsychology, 14-15. During her career, Hyman could point to confron- McConnell,J. (1970).Worms (and Things). TheJournal tations with both gender and ethnic stereotypes. Her of BiologicalPsychology, 12, 1-2. experiences and reactions to them cannot help but Obituary (Libbie H. Hyman). Grapevine. New York: carry lessons for the rest of us. At times she rowed TheAmerican Museum of NaturalHistory, 26(7), 1. against the stream and, as a result, ended up in the Prudhoe, S. (1986, August 1). Written correspondence backwaters.Her voice, however, was always one of a to Rose Morgan. scholar and a scientist in pursuit of an intellectual Reichert,L. (1984, November 16). Written correspon- goal. She held firmly to her convictions and stood her dence to Rose Morgan. ground either in print or in person. Her ability to Schmitt, W. (1938, October 14). Written correspon- achieve success and recognition in invertebratezool- dence to Libbie Hyman. Washington, DC: The ogy reveals much about the pressures she survived as SmithsonianInstitute Archives. a Jewish female scientist who made her way in a Schmitt,W. (1940, June 4). Written correspondenceto man's world. Yet, she was frequently called upon by LibbieH. Hyman. Washington, DC: TheSmithsonian male colleagues worldwide for her expertise. InstituteArchives. In her own mind, the many recognitions bestowed Schmitt, W. (1943, January 22). Written correspon- upon her were mere shallow triumphs. Her life's goal dence to Libbie H. Hyman. Washington, DC: The SmithsonianInstitute Archives. Stunkard, H. (1974). In Memorium.Biology of the Tur- bellaria(preface). In N.W. Riser & M.P. Morse (Eds.), ViLi our Web site Division of InvertebrateZoology of the American for up-to-date Society of Zoologists and Society of Systematic Zoology and the American MicroscopicalSociety. informationon what's Sullivan, M. (1995, June 22). Written correspondence to Rose Morgan. Yost, E. (1954). Libbie Henrietta Hyman. In American -,, www.nabt.orgV Womenof Science, (pp. 122-138). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.

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