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Libbie Henrietta Hyman Eminent Invertebratezoologis

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Libbie Henrietta Hyman Eminent Invertebratezoologis Libbie Henrietta Hyman Eminent InvertebrateZoologis Rose M. Morgan D R. Libbie Henrietta Hyman was a pioneer and received many honors and awards for meritorious foremost internationalauthority on the taxon- work in zoology and paleontology (Table 1). omy and anatomy of the invertebrates. She Yet, in spite of Hyman's distinction in biological worked as a ResearchAssociate in the Department of research, only a few short articles (no books) have Living Invertebrates at the American Museum of been written on her life and works. Quite likely this is Natural History in New York City for 35 years. In a because she left practicallyno archives of her own (her career that spanned over half a century (from a Ph.D. personal papers consisted of a few photographs, di- Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 dissertation in 1915 to her death in 1969), Hyman plomas, and the life and plates from a book), accord- published her six-volume treatise, The Invertebrates; ing to a Museum source (Reichert1984). It isn't certain two laboratory manuals; and whether this was her style of 145 scientific papers. She was work or she followed the epi- best known for The Inverte- gram, "no documents, no his- brates, which received great tory."If she did keep copies of stature. Citations of her work her personal letters, she may still occur, long afterher death have destroyed them toward at age 80. the end of her life. Hyman conveyed to others My interest was piqued the need for long-term taxon- when I visited the Smithso- omy and systematics and ac- nian Institution Archives on a crued wide influence and re- Bush Foundation Faculty De- spect. Her research on the velopment grant. There, I lo- flatworms (a field neglected) cated several hundred letters earned her the admiration of that Hyman had written to the scientific community. colleagues between the 1930s - - l g - The correspon- - and 1960s. More than any other scientist, EMwNgE - | B | | - * l . B | l l she was the person who pro- ----t t S- dence is located mostly in per- fessional zoologists wanted to _ | 111 I esr r 3 11111 manent files, such as the Frank meet when they visited the Smith Papers (1893-1942, and AmericanMuseum of Natural undated) and Guide to the J''_ History (Obituary, Libbie H. S Recordsof the Divisionof Crus- 1969).John M. Young- l _ tacea(1908-1979). Hyman, l _ * _ * _ -. Hyman faced the same prob- peter of Ward's Natural Sci- l _ * _ * all discriminatory, ence Establishment once lik- __I __ lems (not of in her career that ened Hyman to the teacher in LibbieHenrietta Hyman course) Goldsmith's Deserted Village most women in science face. (Blackwelder1970): Her success to gain the very not only the And still theygaze, and still the wondergrew first rank among all zoologists bypassed Thatone smallhead could carry all she knew. force of gender inequality, but ethnic inequality as well. This paper is written especially for the present In her years at the Museum, she was an informal youthfulzoologists who may be unfamiliarwith the life mentor and guide to students and a valued colleague of this unusually productivefemale scientist. and collaboratorof zoologists all over the world. She unearthed papers and prior scientific research and Family Background, Childhood & Schooling Rose M. Morgan, Ph.D., is a Professor of Biology in the Libbie Henrietta Hyman was born December 6, Department of Biology at Minot State University,Minot, ND 58701; e-mail: [email protected]. 1888,in Des Moines, Iowa, to eastern EuropeanJewish immigrants Joseph and Sabina (Neumann) and died LIBBIEHENRIE1TA HYMAN 251 Table 1. Honors and awards. Table2. Education. American Men of Science (1933-1944). Associate Degree in Science (1908).University of Honorary Sc.D. University of Chicago (1941);Goucher Chicago. College (1958);Coe College (1959). Bachelorof Science(1910). Zoology and Botany(with Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (National Academy of honors).University of Chicago. Sciences). In recognition for meritoriouswork in Doctor of Philosophy (1915).Zoology and Physiology zoology and paleontology (1954). (magnacum laude).University of Chicago. Gold Medal (LinneanSociety of London). In recognition Post-Doctoral Studies (1916-1921).Mathematics, Botany, for meritoriousbiologic research.Third American and Geology. first woman zoologist honored (1960). Honorary L.L.D. Upsula College (1963). McGraw-Hill Book Publishers. Prize-winning publication of TheInvertebrates (1967). Hyman where she was working and told her that she Gold Medal (AmericanMuseum of Natural History). In could get her a scholarshipto attend college. She kept recognition for distinguished achievementin science her word, and in a few weeks Hyman was at the (1969). University of Chicago on a scholarship.Interestingly, Crawford and Hyman had little subsequent contact thereafter. Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/60/4/251/48473/4450467.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 on August 3, 1969, at age 80 of Parkinson's disease. At first, Hyman earned her board at the University She grew up in a family plagued by financial and of Chicago by working as a cashier in the Women's personal difficulties. The third of four children, she Commons, the big dining room that served female was the only daughter. Her father was a tailor who students. Later, she worked at various other jobs to had emigrated at age 14 from Russian-Poland to the help support herself. Scholarships paid her way United States and whose business partnerships had through college; indeed, she received not only her failed. He taught Libbie the Russian language while bachelor'sdegree, but her Ph.D. without putting out a she was very young. Her mother (born in Stettin, single dime for tuition. She also took post-doctoral Germany) was domineering, demanding and devoted courses at the University during the years 1916-1921 to European ideals, family and home. (Table 2). Growing up in the rural Midwest, Hyman would Becauseshe was interestedin plants, she entered the roam the nearby fields and woods of Iowa, collecting University of Chicago with the intent of becoming a and identifying butterflies, moths and flowers. The botanist. However, in the Botany Department she unfavorable home environment during these years in experienced anti-Semitismand switched to zoology, a a way fostered Hyman's natural interest in everything department developed to excellence by Charles Otis that grew out of the good Iowa earth. She was happy Whitman (Blackwelder1970). There, she met a second walking in the woods in a way that she was not happy teacher who would influence her life. Mary Blount, a at home (Yost 1954). Although her first love was plants Ph.D. candidate, encouraged her to excel and to con- and flowers, she also professed a great love for birds. tinue her work in zoology. Blount made her feel that Later, she would proclaim that her rural Midwest she was an important addition to the Zoology Depart- background, as well as her innate love for nature, ment. According to a university source, Mary Blount dictated the path of her life and work. had come to the University of Chicago in the spring of In 1905, Hyman graduated from Fort Dodge High 1889, having received a Bachelor of Science degree School as valedictorian, the youngest member of her from the University of Michigan in 1895. A notation graduating class. Lacking clear career direction, she on her school record indicates that she was a teacher at took additional post-graduate courses in science Austin High School in Chicago. She was elected to (those she had missed earlier) and German at the local Sigma Xi in 1907 and was awarded the Doctor of high school. Still too young to teach at an Iowa school, Philosophy degree in zoology and embryology in 1908 she worked in a Mother's Rolled Oats factory at a from the University of Chicago (Sullivan 1995). beginner's wage, pasting colored labels on boxes of At the University of Chicago, Hyman held a re- cereal. search assistant post from 1910 until 1931. During the She is described in a biography as another of the last 16 years of that period she worked with Charles important contributors to the world's knowledge who Manning Child, a famous (but controversial) professor remembers a high school teacher as the person who of zoology. Child, a Michigan-born son of a Connect- first sent her on her way to achievement (Yost 1954). In icut Yankee, had earned a Ph.D. from Germany. He Hyman's case, the teacher was Mary Crawford, a high had turned from a background of theoretical philoso- school German and English teacher and an Iowa-born phy to zoology; however, his philosophical views on Radcliffe graduate. Hyman had (by accident) met zoology were not always in complete harmony with Crawford one summer day on a street in Fort Dodge, most scientists of his day. As a result, Hyman was met Iowa. After a brief conversation, Crawford asked with substantial opposition and headshakings because 252 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 60, NO. 4, APRIL1998 she was going to collaborate with a scientist whose the role of taxonomist, receiving many specimens to ideas were considered by many as radical (Yost 1954). identify from all over the world. However, the opposition did not discourage Hyman, When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took a cruise and she was the first Ph.D. student to majorin Child's and fishing expedition on the U.S.S. Houston in the division. summer of 1938, Waldo L. Schmitt, Curator of Marine Her primary interest was with the physiology and Invertebrates at the Smithsonian Institute in Washing- morphology of the lower invertebrates,especially the ton, DC, was along to collect worms to bring to protozoans, sponges, coelenterates and turbellarians.
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