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Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature Sohyun Chun Washington University in St

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Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature Sohyun Chun Washington University in St Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Summer 8-15-2016 Blowing Away Convention: Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature Sohyun Chun Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Recommended Citation Chun, Sohyun, "Blowing Away Convention: Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature" (2016). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 838. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/838 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures Dissertation Examination Committee: Rebecca L. Copeland, Chair Marvin H. Marcus, Co-Chair Nancy E. Berg Jamie L. Newhard Gerhild S. Williams Blowing Away Convention: Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature by So Hyun Chun A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2016 St. Louis, Missouri © 2016, Sohyun Chun Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1: Introduction or Why We Must Listen to the Feisty Crone ........................................... 1 Chapter 2: Cranky, Crazy Crones: The Old Women of Literary Past and Present ....................... 23 Chapter 3: Floral Lust: Eccentric Crones in Enchi Fumiko’s Fiction .......................................... 54 Chapter 4: Crazy Cat Ladies and Other Unruly Crones in Enchi Fumiko’s Fiction .................... 88 Chapter 5: Dreaming the Romantic-Eyed Uba by Tanabe Seiko ............................................... 130 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 177 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 189 ii Acknowledgements My interest in the study of “aging” is rooted in my earlier research on the use of the grotesque female body by Japanese women writers. However, my later research in Japan from 2013-2014, funded by a Japan Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Grant, was influenced by dramatic and arguably unfair presentations of aged women in the media after several high-profile crimes by female senior citizens. I started to wonder how writers—especially as they became older—reflected on their position within society, possibly through aging female characters who confront socio-cultural expectations and oppressive circumstances. Building upon the notion of “grotesque” from my earlier research, I began to explore writers’ depictions of elderly women and how they might challenge cultural preconceptions. I wish to highlight the importance of my research in America and the tremendous support and patience of my advisers Professors Rebecca Copeland, Marvin Marcus, and Jamie Newhard. I deeply appreciate their consistent guidance and faith which has led me to complete a long course of study at Washington University in St. Louis. I must also acknowledge the committed efforts of my dissertation committee’s other members, Professors Nancy Berg and Gerhild Scholz Williams. Dr. Kazumi Nagaike of the University of Oita was an important voice of encouragement while I conducted dissertation research, and a fundamental supporter in my successful applications for a Japan Foundation fellowship as well as a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science post-doctoral fellowship. Also, I thank Steve Pijut of the university’s Writing Center and my other graduate school friends who have diligently read and critiqued my work up until the very end. The East Asian Library’s Ryuta Komaki has also supported me a great deal, for which I am very thankful. Once again, I wish to say “Thank you” to my family in Korea, my professors, and my friends for all their loving support. iii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Blowing Away Convention: Enchi Fumiko, Tanabe Seiko and Aging Women in Modern Japanese Literature by So Hyun Chun Doctor of Philosophy in Japanese Language and Literature Washington University in St. Louis, 2016 Rebecca L. Copeland, Chair Marvin H. Marcus, Co-Chair Since the 1970s, Japan’s rapidly aging population has prompted a range of narratives addressing the issue of aging, which has disproportionately affected women. Prevailing narratives often present the elderly demographic as either a national burden that exhausts social resources, or a national pride that represents a well-structured healthcare system. This study focuses on aged women—often deemed expendable and unimportant by society—who occupy principal roles in various works by Japanese modern women writers. This study asks the question: why does literature occasionally lure its readers to the oft-ignored voice of the sultry crone? By granting their aging female protagonists unconventional interiorities and subjectivities, writers underscore elderly women’s voices and agency. In so doing, these writers challenge the popular narratives of Japan’s greying society which have reinforced restrictive representations of the elderly and overlooked the richness and diversity of their personal lives and experiences. This study examines three stories by Enchi Fumiko (1905-1986)—“Hana kui uba” (“The Old Woman Who Eats Flowers,” 1974), “Neko no sōshi” (“The Cat Scroll,” 1974), and “Kinuta” (“The Fulling Block,” 1980)—and Tanabe Seiko’s (b. 1928) novel Uba tokimeki (Silver Butterflies, 1984). iv These works treat the socially regulated views on aged women by diverging from common narratives that illustrate them as weak, lonely, and socially useless characters. Borrowing Margaret Gullette’s notion of “decline ideology,” which defines aging as a social, ideological process rather than a biological process, my study builds upon and expands the previous scholarship on aging in cultural and literary realms. It explores how the two writers challenge rigid gender divisions and social propriety in modern Japan through their aged female characters, who break away from the stagnated images of the powerless and ineffectual elderly woman. v Chapter 1: Introduction or Why We Must Listen to the Feisty Crone Concerned over the way Japan’s aging society affected women in particular, a group of women activists in Tokyo organized the symposium “Women’s Views on Issues in Aging” (女 性による老人問題, Showa 57 ) in September 1982.1 Over six hundred women from different areas and age groups attended the event.2 Ten days later, in response to the passionate requests from a range of Japanese women, the symposium was held again in Kobe, and successively in other regions. Higuchi Keiko (b. 1932), a Japanese scholar and one of the social activists who organized the symposium, raised her critical voice against the kind of passive attitudes toward aging issues that government officials revealed in the Welfare Ministry White Papers (厚生白 書), such as: “living together with aged parents is a rich benefit to the social welfare budget.”3 Resenting such government policies, she pointed out that the Japanese government was merely trying to avoid responsibility for aged citizens by relying on individual families—particularly on the women who were in charge of managing the household and taking care of the family members—instead of establishing a firm ground for societal support. Articulating the dilemma of Japanese women who were burdened with the responsibility of taking care of senior family members,4 without a guarantee that their sacrifice would be reciprocated when they become aged, Higuchi criticized the government’s ignorance toward women’s difficulties and 1 The symposium continued to be held until 1990s receiving a lot of support from women. 2 http://www.yuki-enishi.com/kaiho/kaiho-06.html 3 Higuchi gives the following:「日本の家族同居率の高さは, 我が国の福祉予算の含み資産である」, but I was unable to find this text in the Welfare Ministry White Papers for 1978. She seems to be paraphrasing a passage from Kōsei Rōdōshō, 1978. 4 This dilemma worsens when considering the fact that this generation was still obligated to care for the youngest in their family as well (i.e.: offspring). See Dorothy Miller’s article “The 'Sandwich' Generation: Adult Children of the Aging” (1980) which touches on the burden of caring for both parents and children that many women faced at this time. 1 emphasized the importance of support for women’s independence and well-being within society. The fact that the symposiums she helped organize drew out enthusiastic responses from many Japanese women across the generations and the nation indicated how acutely aware the Japanese were of public policy for elderly care. Colette Browne notes of the American situation that “motherhood and apple pie may be sacred, but neither guarantee economic security in
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