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Dissertation Introduction How Would You Feel As a Journalist If The Dissertation Introduction How would you feel as a journalist if the president of your country says you and the publication you work for are “sell outs”? You are called sell outs because your reports carry views by people that differ from those of the President. This is not an imaginary picture but politicians in Zimbabwe and I should hasten to add others throughout the world now use such contemptuous and sometimes blackmailing language in their quest to control what journalists write about their governments, leaders, and even about the conduct of the country’s military establishment. The common way used to control or even admonish journalists who write what the government does not want the public to hear is to appeal to their “patriotic” feelings. In a way this is some form of intimidation. In Zimbabwe the government of President Robert Mugabe refers to all journalists working in the independent media as puppets of western government. They are deemed and labelled unpatriotic because they give discerning citizens a platform to be heard and do not pander to the whims of the establishment. In the United States the media there is partially blamed for singing to war with the government of President Bush, Doyle (2004). The US media is accused of being “too trusting of the establishment hand that feeds them - especially on stories of international peace and security. We saw this in their limp-wristed coverage of dirty wars of the CIA in El Salvador and Nicaragua. Despite their great merits, the U.S. media largely failed in their responsibility to explain the true nature of George Bush’s military adventurism in Iraq.” Doyle. (2004 P49). This failure is attributed to the patriotism of the big media houses that have become too close to the establishment and would not want to hurt their feelings and lose big business that comes with this close relationship. The media is also said to be wary of going against public opinion in the wake of a strong display of patriotism post 9/11. This will obviously cause loss of advertising revenue. But where does this leave the journalist and their role to report objectively in the public interest? In this dissertation I will draw on my experience, the experience of fellow journalists and research findings on patriotism and objectivity in 1 journalism.I should hasten to add that patriotism and objectivity in journalism are debatable. But I will highlight the main arguments with case studies where appropriate and also show the effects of patriotic driven journalism. I seek to show that journalist can be objective or try, honestly to be objective in their work or in the manner in which they do their work. My conclusion will in a way chart the way taken by many journalists who prove that while philosophically speaking one can never be objective they can strive to be objective in their method of sourcing, verifying, balancing and reporting news. In the words of Kovach (2002), “Are you an American first, or are you a journalist?” And applied to my context: “Are you a Zimbabwean first, or are you a journalist?” “My country, wrong or right”, are some of the issues I will explore and give some fresh thinking. Defining objectivity and patriotism For what is the media known as the fourth estate of the Realm? The answer lies in that journalists play a role of monitoring and reporting on the functions of the other three arms of government, the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is the journalists’ role to report and make sense of the activities of these other three facets of life, Keeble (2001). But crucially important is the fact that journalists should do their job objectively. In order to grab the public’s attention and interest in what they write, a journalist has to be objective. The journalist has to verify their information and be impartial, fair and balanced in their reporting. But it is also recognised that the notion of objectivity is never attained in journalism because background, history and the journalistic processes involved in the news gathering process are subjective. However, irrespective of that the journalist should still strive to be objective in their method so as to find the truth Kovach (2003). On the other hand, to be patriotic is to love one’s country, to show loyalty to one’s country. Reconciling patriotism and objectivity is often presented as a problem for journalists and often was a problem in the past when it should not be. Many war correspondents have been accused of being unpatriotic because they have reported casualties when their country is at war and their government condemns them. But, as many case studies show they are not unpatriotic, rather as I will show in this dissertation they are in fact more patriotic than the official who wants to 2 keep the information secret from the people to protect their own interests. Understanding of the journalistic role, objectivity versus patriotism dilemma The role of the journalist is to report issues, and events so as to help make sense of the world. The journalist does this in the interest of the public and their country. However, while this may seemingly be easy, Kovach (2002), says most journalists, especially those reporting conflict, war and in some cases corruption and other social stories are exhorted to be patriotic and be less critical of the execution of duties by officials of their country. The exhortation to patriotism is premised in the belief that if a journalist criticizes his government on issues that the government considers sensitive they are being unpatriotic. A typical example is when the country is at war and journalists ask details of casualties, the cost - monetary wise - and loss of equipment and the benefits of that war. Most governments do not want the details of casualties in a war to be revealed while it is still going on. So when journalists report on these issues they are accused of being unpatriotic and to be aiding the enemy. But will they be aiding the enemy? Kovach (2002 p2), has come to explain the problem of patriotism versus objectivity by saying those who question the objectivity and patriotism of journalism do not understand the role of a journalist. So when citizens, media scholars, politicians and government officials ask: “Are you an American first, or a journalist?” It is because they do not understand the journalist’s role. Kovach (2002) says this question would not arise at all if the public who are the major consumer of the information that journalists disseminate understand the role and the processis which journalists use to gather information. The public need to know that a journalist is most patriotic when he is being skeptical and reporting on what the government has done or not done. “A journalist is never more true to democracy – is never more engaged as a citizen, is never more patriotic – than when aggressively doing the job of independently verifying the news of the day; questioning the actions of those in authority; disclosing information the public needs but others wish secret for self interested purposes,” Kovach (2002 p2). There is an interdependent role between the journalist and the public. The journalist does his job in the public interest and the public wants to 3 know what the government is doing or not doing in their name Kovach (2002). A journalist who reports on the excesses of his government towards its citizens is not being unpatriotic. Rather he is being patriotic in that they are trying to curb the abuse of power and respect for the constitution. What matters in the journalist’s report is whether they have been objective in their report. This objectivity can be achieved by verifying information from sources, impartiality, balanced, fair and truthful reports. A journalist should make every effort to ensure that their report is accurate and that it is set in the right context so that they can maintain the interest of their readers or audiences. Journalists cannot afford to produce unbalanced reports because they would lose the readership and the support of the public. The irony is that once they lose the public support they also lose their reason for prying into the business of the government which they do in the public interest. Exiled Zimbabwean journalist Jerry Jackson agrees with Kovach’s interpretation of patriotism and objectivity and says being critical of government policy and decision is the best example of being patriotic that journalists play. In 2001, Jackson founded a new radio station broadcasting to Zimbabwe from London. Her case was that since the government of Zimbabwe had illegally denied her station, Capital radio, a license to operate and confisticated their equipment she could no longer operate a radio station in Zimbabwe. Together with nine other broadcasters from Zimbabwe, they set up SW Radio Africa. It broadcasts to Zimbabwe every day for three hours. The government of Zimbabwe banned the nine broadcasters from returning to Zimbabwe accusing them of being unpatriotic. “They will be welcome back,” Justice Minister, Patrick Chinamasa told parliament in 2002. “Welcome back to our prison,” he added (Daily News 2002). Jackson is now in her fifth year of broadcasting in exile in London and believes that the reports of her station are very objective and not propaganda as alleged by the government of Zimbabwe. “There is no conflict at all (between patriotism and objectivity). In our case the situation was like the government had turned on its own people and we are simply reporting to the people what the government was doing to them.
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