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Suppliedby EDRS__Are The-Best-That-Can Be-Made-From-The-Origina14- ************************************ ********************************** Ulat-On Bu Lie Tin DOCUMEET RESUME RD 137 167 SO 009 881 AUTHOR Murphy, Francis X.; Erhart, Joseph F. TITLE Catholic Perspectives on Population Issues. Population Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 6. INSTITUTION Population Reference Bureau, Inc., Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 75 NOTE 35p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Beliefs; *Catholics; Church Role;*Contraception; Demography; Dissent; Family Planning; *MoralIssues; Philosophy; *Population Growth; Population Trends; Religion; Reproduction (Biology); Socioeconomic Influences; Values; World Problems ABSTRACT The bulletin provides informationon the position of the Catholic Church on population issues. Thepurpose is to help responsible thinkers and world organizationsunderstand the Catholic perspective. The booklet focuses on religious,human, and ethical dimensions of the demographic situation and ispresented in seven chapters. The first chapter examines the Papalperspective, world hunger/ the abortion movement, and the Catholicbelief in the sanctity of human life. The second chapter traces traditional Catholic teachings OD contraception from theRoman Empire through the 19th centdry. The phenomenon of birth control istraced_in the third chapter, followed by a discussion of the Catholiclove ethic versus contraception in the fourth chapter. The reorientationof moral thinking after World War II is discussed inchapter five, with a focus on Vatican Council II, the Papal BirthControl Commission, and the Encyclical "Humanae Vitae." The_theological,popular, and political reaction to the Humanae Vitae is chronicledin chapter six. The last chapter discusses the liberal/conservativepolarization within the church as a result of the EncycliCal,the-resulting confusion among Catholics, and the introductionof the laity into the thinking and witness of Catholic doctrine. Referencesare included. (Author/DB) ******** *************************************************** * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * 'lc:materials not available from othersources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, itemsof marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affectsthe quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductionsERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality, of the original document.Reproductions * *_suppliedby_EDRS__are the-best-that-can be-made-from-the-origina14- ************************************ ********************************** ulat-on Bu lie tin A publication of the Population Reference Bureau, Inc. Vol. 30, No. 6 The Population BUIlean Is issued regularly to all members by the Population Reference Bureau, Inc., 1754 N Street N,W, Washington, D.C. 20036. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to Faith Payne, Director of Publications. If you are not a member and would ilke to become on% write to Jacki Majewski, Circulation Manager. The suggested citation, if you quote from this publication, is "Catholic PerspintiVes on Population Issues," Population Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 6 (Populatton Reference Bureau, Inc., Washington, D.C. 1975). You may also adapt or reproduce charts and tables If you Include the credit Courtesy at the Population Reference Bureau, Inc., Washington, MC. Catholic Perspectives onPopulation Issues Page Introduction . = The Papal Perspective 6 The Traditional Teaching .. .. 6 The Early Christian Church 8 The Middle Ages The Phenomenon of Birth Control 9 Decline in the Birth Rate in France 9 9 The Birth Control Movement 9 Malthusianism Response of the Catholic Church,1879-1930 10 . ..11 Margaret Sanger . .. .......... .. Organized Medicine ... ... ...... .. 11 12 The United Nations ... 13 Women's Rights ... .... _ .... The Teachings of Other Churches 1155 The Catholic Position ..... ........ ... .. .16 The Love Ethic . .. .. .... 17 The Rhythm Method .. ....17 The Pill . .... .. 18 Pope John XXII] ...... .. ..... 19 A Reorientation of Moral Thinking ..20 Vatican Council II . 21 The Papal Birth Control Commission . 21 The Encyclical, 1-/umanae vitae.. ... 22 The Reaction . .... 23 American and Other Theologians . .. 25 Theological Evaluation . 26 Demographic Evaluation 27 Conclusion 29 References been forgotten by the experts, nor by Catholic a tremendous number of people in all walks of life who feel helpless before Perspectives the complexity of the issue. The most obvious solution to the problem of overpopulation versus in- On Population adequatehumanresourceswould seem to be an immediate, drastic cut- Issues back in the number of births on a world scale. But not merely is this an im- practicality since the disproportion be- tween the number of mouths to feed and the distribution of food is a prob- lem now; but itis a practical irnpos- Ey sibility.3 The immediate problem is a Francis X. Murphy, C.SS.R., matter ofdistribution of human re- Holy Redeemer College, sources; and thisfactor introduces Washington, D.C. political, ecenomic, social, ideological, and and religious considerations that Joseph F. Erhart, change the nature of the world's de- University of Rhode Island mographic problem from a simple mat- ter of population control to complica- tions revealed by the confused and The specter of too many people entangledresultsof the UN World over against too little food and too Population Conference in Bucharest in few human resources no longer awak-the summer of 1974 and the UN World ens the fears that inspired the Pad- Food Conference in Rome in Novem- docksFamine-1975! and Ehrlich's ber of that same year.4 The Population Bomb a decade ago."' Most responsible thinkers and world Nevertheless in the last 10 years, lit-organizations today encourage pro- erally millions of people have died as grams for population control. A major the result of malnutrition in the Sahelexception seems to be the Roman of Africa, in Bangladesh, India, Ma-Catholic Church, which officiallyal- laysia, the slums of modern cities, arid though recognizing the dangers of un- the neglected rural areas of developed restricted population growthteaches as well as developing nations.2 Thethat most contraceptiveprocedures enormity of this human disaster hasare contrary to the laws of nature gradually disappeared from the publicestablished by God. This teaching is consciousness.Ithas not, however,traditional and prevailed in all Chris- tian churches, and most societies, 812 most without challenge until the late This Bulletin is the result of research 1800's.5 embodied in two basic studies: Joseph Since 1930, a new attitude has de- F. Erhart's The Birth ,Control Debate inveloped in the Catholic Church that the Roman Catholic Church (Universityhas given rise to a genuine, even fas- of Pittsburgh, 1973, University of Michi- cinating debate within the Church it- gan Xerox Publications) andF.X. self. It has led thus far to a substantive Murphy's "The New Population De- change in the Church's teaching on the bate" in Theological Studies 35 (1974) nature of marriage, which was promul- pp. 20-47. gated by Vatican CouncilII. And by 3 involving the Church more directly infusel to change the Church's tradi- the great debate over the populationtional teaching, wnich he reiterated in phase of the future of mankind, it has his 1968 Encyclical, Humanae vitae brought into new prominence the factDespite the furor caused by that deci- thatthe Catholic Church stillinflu- sion, he has refused to budge on the ences a considerable proportion of the issue. The ensuing controversy within world's thinking. and outside the Church has shed new Although the literature on the Catho- light on the human and ethical dimen- lic Church and birth control is volu-sions of the current demographic sit- minous, many people still have an er-uation. A review of the Church's posi- roneous understanding of the valuestion, including itshistorical perspec- and arguments involved in the currenttive, would thus seem imperative at discussions and debate. Whether lovedthis state of world development. As or despised, as Pope Pius XII told awillbe notedinthisBulletin,the group of historians in 1955, the Churchworld population problem is being re- is still an enormous force for good orconsideredfromnumerous new evilin the world's well-being.If theangles. Not the least important in this developmentalisthypothesisthatreorientation are the positions being economic improvement induces moti-advocated by influential members of vation for small familiesis valid, thethe Catholic Church. Church'scontinuedopposition to In most cultures, sex has always had population control could be a fatal a religious and an ethical dimension. obstacle toeffectivedemographicThough many individuals and people planning. Conversely,ifthe Churchtoday treat sex as a purely personal would give vigorous encouragement to matter,the Catholic Churchisnot responsible parenthood, her influencealone in holding that the use of sex on effective family planning might be must be regulated in view of one's crucial in world development. (Despiterelationship with God, and hence that increased scientific attention to de-guidance from religious leaders is not mographic problems, the exact rea- merely appropriate but necessary. Not sons for population growth and de-everyone attaches the same impor- cline are not clear.) 6 tance to achieving certitudeinreli- To understand the issues involvedgious and ethical judgments as does in this complicated social and religious the Catholic Church; nevertheless, the situation, itis necessary to review
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