DOCSLIB.ORG

EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 Encountering the World: Kawai

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 Encountering the World: Kawai EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 Encountering the World: ally unknown to English-language readership, making only sporadic appearances in texts de- Kawai Tsugunosuke’s voted, mainly, to other bakumatsu subjects. 2 1859 Journey to Yokohama Placing Tsugunosuke center-stage in an examina- tion of the debate over the “opening” of Japan in and Nagasaki the mid-nineteenth century means attuning our ears to that minority of voices which advocated a conciliatory position in regards to the issue of © Laura Nenzi, Florida International internationalism; it also means opening our eyes University* to (yet more) evidence that mass hysteria and rampant xenophobia, however prominent, were not the sole and inevitable outcomes of Japan’s encounter with the world. Tsugunosuke’s near- The samurai Kawai Tsugunosuke (1827– total absence from English-language scholarship 1868) is the subject of numerous Japanese- may indeed be attributed, partially, to the sheer language monographs, the protagonist of histori- number of sources dealing with the issue of Ja- cal fiction, the hero of TV dramas and documen- pan’s position vis-à-vis foreign cultures: virtually taries, and the main attraction in a Nagaoka (Nii- 1 everyone, from commoners to the educated elites, gata prefecture) museum. He is, however, virtu- from government diplomats to base-born rural 3 women, had an opinion and a suggestion. In this * I would like to thank Morgan Pitelka, Philip Brown, Gregory Smits, and the three anonymous 2 Harold Bolitho introduces Tsugunosuke in his readers for their encouragement, suggestions, “The Echigo War, 1868,” Monumenta Nipponica, and constructive criticism. Vol. 34, No. 3 (Autumn 1979): 259–277. The A note about dates: throughout the manuscript, article, however, is mostly a piece on military dates are provided using the lunar calendar em- history and Tsugunosuke appears only toward ployed in the early modern period. To facilitate the end. Moreover, Bolitho does not delve into cross-referencing with the western calendar, the Tsugunosuke’s earlier life experiences, focusing corresponding Gregorian dates are indicated in mostly on his actions in the year 1868, before parenthesis. and during the Echigo War. 3 For the sake of conciseness, I have chosen not 1 The foremost historian of Tsugunosuke is Andō to include direct quotations of the various Hideo, whose works include Kawai Tsugunosuke xenophobic voices of mid-nineteenth century (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 1973); Japan, mostly because they are readily available Chiritsubo: Kawai Tsugunosuke nikki (Tokyo: and generally well-known. Some of the works I Heibonsha, 1974); Teihon Kawai Tsugunosuke have in mind when I argue that virtually anyone (Tokyo: Shirakawa Shoin, 1977); Kawai had an opinion include the following: for the Tsugunosuke shashinshū (co-edited with reaction of commoners, M. William Steele’s Yokomura Katsuhiro; Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu “Goemon’s New World View: Popular Ōraisha, 1986); Kawai Tsugunosuke no shōgai Representations of the Opening of Japan” in M. (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha, 1987); Kawai William Steele, Alternative Narratives in Tsugunosuke no subete (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Modern Japanese History (London and NY: Ōraisha, 1997). For historical fiction, see Shiba Routledge Curzon, 2003), pp. 4–18. Studies in Ryōtarō’s novel Tōge (The Pass, 1968). TV the intellectual history of late Tokugawa Japan dramas and documentaries include Saigo no are simply too numerous to cite—see for samurai Kawai Tsugunosuke (1999) and Kawai example Harry D. Harootunian, Toward Tsugunosuke: Kakenuketa sōryū (2005). The Restoration: The Growth of Political museum dedicated to Tsugunosuke is the Kawai Consciousness in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley: Tsugunosuke Kinenkan University of California Press, 1970) and Things (http://www.tsuginosuke.net/). Seen and Unseen: Discourse and Ideology in 68 EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 cacophonous chorus of cries for reform and calls mized Japan’s intellectual openness, ability for for the expulsion of the barbarians, of grandilo- tolerance, and quest for intelligent compromise quent declarations of intents and vitriolic verbal in light of the profound changes and great chal- exchanges, Tsugunosuke’s voice may have been lenges of the mid-nineteenth century. lost, but it was certainly not muted at the time. A poised, genuinely inquisitive, and broadminded Tsugunosuke’s Intellectual Journey participant in the debate over foreign encroach- Kawai Tsugunosuke (rarely read ment, Tsugunosuke used intellectual curiosity as Tsuginosuke) was born and raised in Nagaoka an antidote against irrational fears of the un- domain, Echigo province.4 With an income of known and, as a result, his reactions before the 120 koku, the Kawai family was moderately foreign are characterized by a refreshing degree wealthy and would have placed, as Ōta Osamu of openness and fearlessness. Whereas many of points out, “low among high-ranking samurai, his contemporaries demonized the foreign Other and high among middle-ranking ones.” 5 and prophesized catastrophic scenarios, crying Tsugunosuke’s father, Kawai Daiemon, had foul and plotting heroic actions, Tsugunosuke served the domain and its rulers, the Makino rejected fanaticism in favor of pragmatism. His family, in the Arms Office (obuki yakusho) and intellectual journey emerges more clearly from as Head of Accounting (kanjō gashira); not only the journal of his 1859 trip as well as from the a bureaucrat, he also practiced Zen and the tea letters he exchanged with his family members ceremony, and enjoyed composing Chinese-style while away from home. At a time when, by and poems. He was, like many samurai of the large, that which came from outside of Japan’s Tokugawa period, “a man of letters more than a borders was exorcised by way of mockery, stig- warrior.”6 matized by way of demonization, or exoticized Tsugunosuke received his formal education by way of “Othering,” Tsugunosuke came to em- in the domain’s academy, the Sūtokukan, where brace the foreign and to cherish the prospect of he was first introduced to the Confucian classics; cross-cultural exchanges. He actively investi- he was also trained in sword- and spear-fighting, gated, eagerly asked questions, meticulously archery, horse-riding, and administration. 7 In took notes, thoroughly considered the implica- 1852, at age twenty-six (by Japanese counting), tions of introducing foreign customs, and even- he traveled to Edo to further his education. He tually outlined the benefits of Japan’s encounter began training under Saitō Setsudō (1796–1865), with the world. His writings tell, by example, the whose academy was renowned for its Neo- story of a small group of thinkers who epito- Confucian studies. However, Saitō’s approach did not provide Tsugunosuke with the focus on Tokugawa Nativism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988). More recently, see Susan 4 The yearly income of the domain was 74,000 Burns, Before the Nation: Kokugaku and the koku, which placed Nagaoka among the top three Imagining of Community in Early Modern Japan wealthiest domains in the province. Harold (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003) and Bolitho, “The Echigo War, 1868,” p. 260. Mark McNally, Proving the Way: Conflict and 5 Ōta Osamu, Kawai Tsugunosuke to Meiji ishin Practice in the History of Japanese Nativism (Niigata-shi: Niigata Nippō Jigyōsha, 2003), p. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University 39. Asia Center, 2005). For diplomacy, see Michael 6 Ishihara Kazuaki, Ryōchi no hito Kawai R. Auslin, Negotiating with Imperialism: The Tsugunosuke: gi ni iki gi ni shinan (Tokyo: Ni- Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese hon Keizai Hyōronsha, 1993), p. 2. Diplomacy (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard 7 Inagawa Akio, “Hokuetsu no fūunji Kawai University Press, 2004). Finally, Anne Walthall Tsugunosuke,” Ryōzen rekishikan kiyō, 11 describes the political activities of a peasant (1998): 3–14. Dōmon Fuyuji, “Ore ga ore ga no woman in The Weak Body of a Useless Woman: kenka shitei,” Ushio 4 (April 2005): 222–227. Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration Ishihara Kazuaki, Ryōchi no hito Kawai (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Tsugunosuke, p. 13. 69 EARLY MODERN JAPAN 2008 economics he desired, so he eventually dropped ars abound. In truth, many of them could be my out.8 The following year he enrolled in the Edo teachers, inexperienced as I am. But while many academy of Koga Sakei (1816–1884), an have made of learning their profession, those authority in Chinese and Western studies (he [devoted to] practical learning (jitsugaku), those would later become head of the “Institute for the who combine talent and virtue, are few and far Study of Barbarian Books,” or bansho between.”11 In the same letter he expressed his shirabesho). 9 At this stage he also became intention to leave Edo and travel to Matsuyama acquainted with Sakuma Shōzan (1811–1864), domain, in faraway Bitchū province, in order to from whom he received training in western continue his studies under Yamada Hōkoku military science and the use of firearms. (1805–1877), a scholar whose work he “truly During Tsugunosuke’s stint in Edo, admired” (jitsu ni kanshin tsukamatsuri sōrō).12 Commodore Perry paid his first visit, arriving at Hōkoku, a prominent Wang Yangming (Ōyōmei- Uraga on 1853/6/3 (July 8, 1853). On that gaku) expert trained under Satō Issai (1772– occasion Tsugunosuke submitted a memorial on 1859), had opened his private school in 1838. domain reform to his lord, Makino Tadamasa, Paramount to his teachings was an emphasis on who was also serving
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alcock and Harris. Foreign Diplomacy in Bakumatsu Japan Author(S): John Mcmaster Reviewed Work(S): Source: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol
    Alcock and Harris. Foreign Diplomacy in Bakumatsu Japan Author(s): John McMaster Reviewed work(s): Source: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 22, No. 3/4 (1967), pp. 305-367 Published by: Sophia University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2383072 . Accessed: 07/10/2012 12:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Sophia University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Monumenta Nipponica. http://www.jstor.org Alcock and Harris FOREIGN DIPLOMACY IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN by JOHN MCMASTER T W ENTY-ONE timesthe guns shattered the noonday quiet of Edo Bay. As they roared, thered-ball flag ofJapan was hoisted to join what Japanese called the flowery flag of theAmericans. It wasJuly 29th, the year was i858and the warship was acknowl- edgingthat a commercialtreatyhadjust been signed on board. The roar, the smoke and the shudderthroughout the wooden ship was appropriate. The proximatecause of the treaty hadbeen cannon. Although theJapanese then had no ship to match the "Powhattan," the solitaryvessel was notas importantas thenews she had brought from Shanghai. Other foreignvessels were on theway to Japan, not alone but in fleets.A Britishsquadron was to be followedby a French,both fresh from forcing treaties upon China.
    [Show full text]
  • Westernization in Japan: America’S Arrival
    International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-8, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in WESTERNIZATION IN JAPAN: AMERICA’S ARRIVAL TANRIO SOPHIA VIRGINIA English Literature Department BINUS UNIVERSITY Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract- As America arrived with westernization during late Edo period also known as Bakumatsu period, Japan unwelcomed it. The arrival of America in Japan had initiated the ‘wind of change’ to new era towards Japan culture albeit its contribution to Japan proffers other values at all cost. The study aims to emphasize the importance of history in globalization era by learning Japan's process in accepting western culture. By learning historical occurrences, cultural conflicts can be avoided or minimized in global setting. The importance of awareness has accentuated an understanding of forbearance in cultural diversity perspectives and the significance of diplomatic relation for peace. Systematic literature review is applied as the method to analyze the advent of America, forming of treaty, Sakoku Policy, Diplomatic relationship, and Jesuit- Franciscans conflict. The treaty formed between Japan and America served as the bridge for Japan to enter westernization. Keywords- Westernization, Japan, America, Sakoku Policy, Jesuit-Franciscans Conflict, Treaty, Culture, Edo Period. I. INTRODUCTION Analysing from the advent of America leads to Japan’s Sakoku Policy which took roots from a Bakumatsu period or also known as Edo period, dispute caused by westerners when Japan was an specifically in the year of 1854 in Capital of Kyoto, open country. This paper provides educational values Japan, was when the conflict between Pro-Shogunate from historical occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • Nihonbashi: Edo's Contested Center Marcia Yonemoto
    , East Asian History NUMBERS 17/18· JUNE/DECEMBER 1999 Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University 1 Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Clark Andrew Fraser Helen Hardacre Colin Jeffcott W. ]. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Design and Production Helen Lo Business Manager Marion Weeks Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This double issue of East Asian History, 17/18, was printed in FebrualY 2000. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 26249 3140 Fax +61 26249 5525 email [email protected] Subscription Enquiries to Subscriptions, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Whose Strange Stories? P'u Sung-ling (1640-1715), Herbert Giles (1845- 1935), and the Liao-chai chih-yi John Minford and To ng Man 49 Nihonbashi: Edo's Contested Center Marcia Yonemoto 71 Was Toregene Qatun Ogodei's "Sixth Empress"? 1. de Rachewiltz 77 Photography and Portraiture in Nineteenth-Century China Regine Thiriez 103 Sapajou Richard Rigby 131 Overcoming Risk: a Chinese Mining Company during the Nanjing Decade Ti m Wright 169 Garden and Museum: Shadows of Memory at Peking University Vera Schwarcz iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing M.c�J�n, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover illustration Talisman-"Passport for wandering souls on the way to Hades," from Henri Dore, Researches into Chinese superstitions (Shanghai: T'usewei Printing Press, 1914-38) NIHONBASHI: EDO'S CONTESTED CENTER � Marcia Yonemoto As the Tokugawa 11&)II regime consolidated its military and political conquest Izushi [Pictorial sources from the Edo period] of Japan around the turn of the seventeenth century, it began the enormous (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1975), vol.4; project of remaking Edo rI p as its capital city.
    [Show full text]
  • Meisho Zue and the Mapping of Prosperity in Late Tokugawa Japan
    Meisho Zue and the Mapping of Prosperity in Late Tokugawa Japan Robert Goree, Wellesley College Abstract The cartographic history of Japan is remarkable for the sophistication, variety, and ingenuity of its maps. It is also remarkable for its many modes of spatial representation, which might not immediately seem cartographic but could very well be thought of as such. To understand the alterity of these cartographic modes and write Japanese map history for what it is, rather than what it is not, scholars need to be equipped with capacious definitions of maps not limited by modern Eurocentric expectations. This article explores such classificatory flexibility through an analysis of the mapping function of meisho zue, popular multivolume geographic encyclopedias published in Japan during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The article’s central contention is that the illustrations in meisho zue function as pictorial maps, both as individual compositions and in the aggregate. The main example offered is Miyako meisho zue (1780), which is shown to function like a map on account of its instrumental pictorial representation of landscape, virtual wayfinding capacity, spatial layout as a book, and biased selection of sites that contribute to a vision of prosperity. This last claim about site selection exposes the depiction of meisho as a means by which the editors of meisho zue recorded a version of cultural geography that normalized this vision of prosperity. Keywords: Japan, cartography, Akisato Ritō, meisho zue, illustrated book, map, prosperity Entertaining exhibitions arrayed on the dry bed of the Kamo River distracted throngs of people seeking relief from the summer heat in Tokugawa-era Kyoto.1 By the time Osaka-based ukiyo-e artist Takehara Shunchōsai (fl.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing the New Through the Old: the Essence Of
    EARLY MODERN JAPAN SPRING 2001 Inventing the New other is the Song scholar Lin Xiyi’s ᨋᏗㅺ2 annotations of the Zhuangzi, which stress that the Through the Old: entire Zhuangzi is a parable. While scholarly The Essence of Haikai opinion differs on which factor or factors played and the Zhuangzi a key role behind the phenomenon, they agree Peipei Qiu that the Danrin’s enthusiasm for the Zhuangzi lies primarily in imitating the gugen in the work.3 Asian Studies Vassar College Introduction meaning, according to Burton Watson, is words put into the mouth of historical or fictional persons to make them more compelling. The Zhuangzi scholars The latter half of the seventeenth century have also used the term to refer to the general writ- witnessed an innovative phenomenon in Japanese ing style of the text. Watson has rendered the haikai େ⺽ (comic linked verse) circles. A meaning of the term into “imported words” in his group of haikai poets who called themselves the translation of the Zhuangzi. The title of Konishi Danrin ⺣ᨋ enthusiastically drew upon the Jin’ichi’s ዊ⷏↟৻ study on Basho and Zhuangzi’s Daoist classic Zhuangzi ⨿ሶ (The works of gugen, “Basho to gugensetsu” ⧊⭈ߣኚ⸒⺑ Master Zhuang), setting off a decade-long trend [Nihon gakushiin kiyo ᣣᧄቇ჻㒮♿ⷐ no. 18 of using the Zhuangzi in haikai composition. In (1960) 2 and 3] is translated into “Basho and assessing the causes and significance of this Chuang-tsu’s Parabolical Phraseology.” The term in phenomenon previous studies give much atten- modern Japanese and Chinese is often translated as tion to the intellectual, philosophical and reli- “fable,” “apologue,” or “parable,” but these transla- gious climates, noting two major factors that in- tions are not suitable to the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quest for Civilization
    The Quest for Civilization <UN> Simon Vissering (1818–1888). Collection of Universiteit Leiden. The Quest for Civilization Encounters with Dutch Jurisprudence, Political Economy, and Statistics at the Dawn of Modern Japan By Ōkubo Takeharu Translated by David Noble LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> Cover illustration: Leyden (Breestraat), ca. 1850, by Bruining, T.C., Bos, G.J. and Trap, P.W.M. Collection of Regionaal Archief Leiden. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takeharu, Okubo. [Kindai Nihon no seiji koso to Oranda. English] The quest for civilization : encounters with Dutch jurisprudence, political economy, and statistics at the dawn of modern Japan / by Okubo Takeharu ; translated by David Noble. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24536-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Political science--Japan--History--19th century. 2. Japan--Civilization--Dutch influences. I. Title. JA84.J3O38713 2014 320.0952’09034--dc23 2014020024 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. isbn 978-90-04-24536-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-24537-2 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1MB)
    THE BANSHO SHIRABESHO: A TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTION IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN by James Mitchell Hommes Bachelor of Arts, Calvin College, 1993 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Interdisciplinary Master of Arts (IDMA) in East Asian Studies University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by James Mitchell Hommes It was defended on December 8, 2004 and approved by Thomas Rimer, Professor, East Asian Languages and Literature David O. Mills, Professor, East Asian Languages and Literature Richard Smethurst, Professor, History ii THE BANSHO SHIRABESHO: A TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTION IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN James M. Hommes, MA University of Pittsburgh, 2004 In the Bakumatsu period (1853-1868), Japan experienced many changes and challenges. One of these challenges was regarding how to learn from the West and how to use that knowledge in the building of Japan. One of the most important institutions for such Western learning was the Bansho Shirabesho, an institution created by the Tokugawa government in 1856 to translate Western materials, provide a school for Japanese scholars, and to censor the translations of Western works. This institution eventually gave language instruction in Dutch, English, French, German, and Russian and it also gave instruction in many other practical subjects such as military science and production. This thesis examines in detail how the Shirabesho was founded, what some of the initial difficulties were and how successful it was in accomplishing the tasks it was given. It also assesses the legacy of the Shirabesho in helping to bridge the transition between the Tokugawa period’s emphasis on feudal rank and the Meiji’s emphasis on merit.
    [Show full text]
  • Obiya Ihei, a Japanese Provincial Publisher^
    OBIYA IHEI, A JAPANESE PROVINCIAL PUBLISHER^ p. F. KORNICKI COMMERCIAL publishing came of age in Japan during the Tokugawa period (1600- 1868). Both at the beginning and at the end of this period there was a vogue for experimenting with movable type, but from the middle of the seventeenth century the burgeoning publishing industry relied almost exclusively on wood-block printing, and it continued to do so until the 1870s. The industry developed to such an extent that there was by the early nineteenth century a national, albeit informal, network of publishers and distributors and a national market for the printed book. So at the time of the opening of Japan in 1854 and the subsequent Meiji Restoration of 1868 there already existed in Japan the means of publishing and communication which could serve to inform the inhabitants of Japan about the world from which they had long been cut off. The first newspapers and magazines were predominantly wood-block publications, but soon after the Meiji Restoration wood-block printing began to lose ground rapidly to printing with movable type, which enjoyed the stimulus of newly imported Western technology. There can be no doubt, however, that the foundations of the Meiji publishing industry were laid in the Tokugawa period. Until recently, studies of the publishing history of the Tokugawa period have concentrated exclusively on the so-called 'three capitals', Kyoto, Osaka, and Edo, the last of which was designated the capital in 1868 and renamed Tokyo, The received opinion is that commercial publishing began in Kyoto and rapidly developed in Kyoto and Osaka in the seventeenth century but that in the course of the eighteenth century Edo gradually assumed ever greater importance, until in the nineteenth century it achieved a dominating position that was further strengthened in the Meiji period, when Tokyo had no serious rivals.
    [Show full text]
  • Adachi, 39 Aizu, 39 Alcock, Sir Rutherford: and Nishu Coin, 22
    77 INDEX Adachi, 39 dorogin, 24, 25, 26, 35, 37.Seealso Aizu, 39 ichibu; Silver Alcock, Sir Rutherford: and nishu coin, doza. See Copper 22;.and coinage exchange problem, Dutch trade, with Japan, 1, 2, 16, 18, 26, 23, 25, 28-32, 34, 35; and paper 29,35,38 currency, 38; on prices, 42 Antiforeignism, 2, 14, 16, 30, 42, 43, East India and China Trading Association, 44 29 . Arbuthnot, Lord, 38, 42; 43, 44 Edo, 4, 29, 31, 41; burning of bakufu Armaments, imports of, 41 castle in, 26, 28; exchange houses in, 27,38,42 Barter, 2, 6 Eldredge, J.C., 13, 14, 15 Bills of exchange, 4 Emperor of Japan, 1, 29, 31, 41 Boyle, J. H., 33 Eskrigge, Thomas, 28 Brass coins, 6, 38 Exchange houses, 4, 32, 38, 42 bu. See Denominational units Exchange rate: negotiations over, 2, 12, Bullion distribution monopolies, 3 13-24, 25, 28-33, 35, 44-45, 46; be­ fore 1842, 8-9 Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London, and China, 32 Feudal attitudes. See Antiforeignism Chinese cash, 6, 13, 25 Fillmore, President Millard, 1, 19 Chinese trade, with Japan, 1, 2, 16, 23, Foreign affairs commissioners, 21, 22, 35 26, 39-40 Formosa,49 chogin. See Denominational units France, 35 City magistrates, 3 Free trade, Western ideas of, 1 Coal, 15, 30, 49 French treaties, 20 Coinage debasement, 6-10, 11, 20, 21, fukiwake-za. See Bullion distribution 30, 33, 35, 36-38, 41, 43, 45. monopolies See also Man'en Currency Reform Fukuzawa Yukichi, 27 Coinage exchange. See Exchange rate Coinage speculation, 25-34, 35, 45 gaiko~u bugyo.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Full Text
    Volume IX Number 1 CONTENTS Spring 2001 Articles ⺰ᢥ Inventing the New Through the Old: The Essence of Haikai and the Zhuangzi Peipei Qiu 2 At Wit’s End: Satirical Verse Contra Formative Ideologies in Bakumatsu and Meiji Japan Dean Anthony Brink 19 Book Reviews ᦠ⹏ James L. McClain and Wakita Osamu, eds. Osaka: The Merchants' Capital of Early Modern Japan Marcia Yonemoto 47 Gerald A. Figal, Civilization and Monsters : Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan Hosea Hirata 51 Document Translation ᢥᦠ⧷⸶ Translation of the Memorial of Imakita Sakubei to the Lord of Tosa, Yamauchi Toyochika Luke Roberts 53 EARLY MODERN JAPAN SPRING 2001 Inventing the New other is the Song scholar Lin Xiyi’s ᨋᏗㅺ2 annotations of the Zhuangzi, which stress that the Through the Old: entire Zhuangzi is a parable. While scholarly The Essence of Haikai opinion differs on which factor or factors played and the Zhuangzi a key role behind the phenomenon, they agree Peipei Qiu that the Danrin’s enthusiasm for the Zhuangzi lies primarily in imitating the gugen in the work.3 Asian Studies Vassar College Introduction meaning, according to Burton Watson, is words put into the mouth of historical or fictional persons to make them more compelling. The Zhuangzi scholars The latter half of the seventeenth century have also used the term to refer to the general writ- witnessed an innovative phenomenon in Japanese ing style of the text. Watson has rendered the haikai େ⺽ (comic linked verse) circles. A meaning of the term into “imported words” in his group of haikai poets who called themselves the translation of the Zhuangzi.
    [Show full text]
  • Aa 2010/2011
    Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, Culture e Società Scuola di Dottorato in Lingue, Culture e Società XXVI Ciclo (A.A. 2010/2011―A.A. 2012/2013) The termination of the Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: an investigation of the bakumatsu period through the lens of a tripartite power relationship and its world SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA:[L-OR/23] Tesi di Dottorato di Tinello Marco, 955866 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. SQUARCINI Federico Prof. CAROLI Rosa Co-tutore del Dottorando Prof. SMITS Gregory 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction Chapter 1-The Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: history of a three partners’ power relation in the context of the taikun diplomacy 31 1.1. Foundation of the taikun diplomacy and the beginning of the Ryukyuan embassies 34 1.2. The Ryukyuan embassies of the Hōei and Shōtoku eras 63 1.3. Ryukyuan embassies in the nineteenth century 90 Chapter 2-Changes in East Asia and Ryukyu in the first half of the nineteenth century: counter-measures of Shuri, Kagoshima and Edo to the pressures on Ryukyu by the Western powers 117 2.1. Western powers in Ryukyu after the Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 119 2.2. Countermeasures of the Shuri government to the Gaikantorai jiken 137 2.3. Countermeasures of Kagoshima and Edo after the arrival of Westerners in Ryukyu 152 Chapter 3-Responses of Edo, Kagoshima and Shuri to the conclusion of international treaties: were Ryukyuan embassies compatible with the stipulations of the treaties? 177 3.1. Responses of Edo and Kagoshima to the Ansei Treaties 179 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Hashimoto Sanai: a Japanese
    HASHIMOTO SANAI: A JAPANESE Frederick Welden, a Rutgers graduate of the class of iç34> taught in the Oita College of Commerce in Japan during the years IQ36 to içjç and is now a graduate student in the Department of Chinese and Japanese at Columbia University. He has been given a grant from the American Council of Learned Societies to catalogue the Far Eastern Section of the Griffis collection in the Rutgers Library. In the following article he discusses a Japanese manuscript in the possession of the Library and gives a translation of parts of it which have an interesting bearing on the rise of modern Japan. IS commonly known, the modernization of Japan and her subsequent rise as a world power have been com- paratively recent developments. From 1603 until 1868, the so-called Tokugawa period, the political, social, and eco- nomic structure of that country was of a distinctly feudal nature, and during most of this era all intercourse with West- ern traders, missionaries, and governments was repeatedly forbidden by Japanese law. Dutch traders alone—more spe- cifically, traders in the employ of the Dutch East India Com- pany—were exempted, but only under such numerous and unfair conditions as to leave them with little or no voice in the actual conduct and control of trade. During these two and a half centuries government took the form of an hereditary military dictatorship dominated by the powerful Tokugawa clan, whose headquarters was in Edo, site of the present-day Tokyo.1 The imperial family, dwelling in the ancient capital of Kyoto in central Japan, retained certain traditional functions of minor importance, but was to all intents and purposes at the mercy of the Tokugawa.
    [Show full text]