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Nøgler Til SÆKSVAMPE - ASCOMYCOTA (1 Skivesvampe)

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Nøgler Til SÆKSVAMPE - ASCOMYCOTA (1 Skivesvampe) side 1 Nøgler til SÆKSVAMPE - ASCOMYCOTA (1 skivesvampe) af Jan Vesterholt & Jens H. Petersen 2001 side 2 Nøglerne til sæksvampene startede i 1991 som kursusmateriale i Østjysk lokalafdeling af Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme. De blev opdateret til et kursus i 1995 og har siden også været anvendt i forbindelse med Aarhus Universitets kurser. Dette nøgleudkast er udskrevet i maj 2000 i forbindelse med kursus i sæksvampe ved Aarhus- og Københavns universiteter på Mønsted Laboratoriet. Generalnøglen samt nøglerne til bægersvampordenen er skrevet af Jens H. Petersen, nøglen til skivesvampordenen er skrevet af Jan Vesterholt. Sæksvampene er kendetegnet ved at deres sporer dannes i sporesække (asci) hvorfra sporerne i reglen skydes aktivt ud. Sækkene findes normalt i frugtlegemer, enten i et palisadevæv eller (sjældnere) liggende hulter-til-hulter. De sæksvampe, der danner frugtlegemer inddeles traditionelt i fem grupper: skivelaverne (Lecanorales m.fl.), skivesvampene (Discomycetes), kuglesæksvampene (Plectomycetes), kernesvampene (Pyrenomycetes) og tyksæksvampene (Loculoascomycetes). Hos de to første grupper er frugtlegemerne generelt åbne, sådan at det sporedannende væv (hymeniet) kan ses uden at skære svampen i stykker. Frugtlegemerne er oftest skiveformede, bægerformede, „morkelformede“ eller kølleformede. Et frugtlegeme, hvor det sporebærende lag er anlagt udvendigt, kaldes ofte for et apothecie Hos de tre sidste grupper dannes det sporebærende lag inde i et lukket frugtlegeme, der ofte er kuglerundt eller flaskeformet. Hos de fleste arter har frugtlegemet en åbning (en ostiole) i toppen, hvorigennem sporerne kan skydes ud. Sådanne frugtlegemer kaldes ofte for perithecier. Visse grupper danner helt lukkede frugtlegemer, og har ikke aktiv sporespredning. Dette gælder fx hos sæktrøflerne, der er reducerede skivesvampe, samt hos kuglesæksvampene (Plectomycetes). En lang række arter af især skivesvampe lever i symbiose med alger – de er lichenicerede eller lavdannende. Disse ca. 800 arter er endnu ikke medtaget i nøglerne. De formodentlig tusindvis af arter af kernesvampe med bitte små frugtlegemer er heller ikke medtaget i nøglen endnu. Generel litteratur Som en generel indgang til sæksvampene anbefales: Breitenbach, J. & F. Kränzlin (1981): Pilze der Schweitz, Band 1. – Luzern, 313 sider. Dennis, R.W.G. (1978): British Ascomycetes. –Vaduz, 585 sider. Se også internetadressen »www.mycokey.com« for systematiske oversigter mm. Systematik for ikke-lavdannende slægter i klassen skivesvampe (Discomycetes) Slægter medtaget i dette nøglesæt er sat i fed. Discomycetes – skivesvampe Ostropales – barkhulordenen Ostropaceae – barkhulfamilien Barkhul (Karstenia, Stictis m.fl.) Pezizales – bægersvampeordenen JHP – s. 8 Ascobolaceae – prikbægerfamilien JHP – s. 14 Prikbæger (Ascobolus, Saccobolus), Thecotheus Ascodesmiaceae – nøgenbægerfamilien JHP – s. 18 Nøgenbæger (Ascodesmis) Thelebolaceae – småbægerfamilien JHP – s. 19 Småbæger (Ascozonus, Thelebolus, Tricobolus), Pyronemataceae – askebægerfamilien JHP – s. 21 side 3 Askebæger (Pyronema), klatbæger (Coprotus) Otideaceae – ørebægerfamilien JHP – s. 22 Børstebæger (Humaria, Parascutellinea, Sphaerosporella, Tricharina, Trichophaeopsis), hjortebæger (Byssonectria), hvidbæger (Leucoscypha), hårbæger (Cheilymenia), ildbæger (Anthracobia), jadebæger (Caloscypha), jordbæger (Geopora), kulbæger (Geopyxis), mosbæger (Kotalbae, Neottiella, Octospora), mosebæger (Chalazion, møgbæger (Coprobia), orangebæger (Aleuria), pokalbæger (Tarzetta), pudebæger (Pulvinula), purpurbæger (Jafneadelphus), Ramsbottomia, randbæger (Pseudombrophila), rodbæger (Sowerbyella), rosabæger (Rhodotarzetta), rødbæger (Melastiza), skjoldbæger (Scutellinea), vandbæger (Miladina), violbæger (Pulparia), øjebæger (Lasiobolus), ørebæger (Otidea). Sarcosomataceae – vårbægerfamilien JHP – s. 43 Nålebæger (Desmazierella), rustbæger (Plectania), sortbæger (Pseudoplectania). Sarcoscyphaceae – pragtbægerfamilien JHP – s. 43 Dukatbæger (Pithya), knippebæger (Microstoma), pragtbæger (Sarcoscypha). Pezizaceae – bægersvampfamilien JHP – s. 45 Bulebæger (Iodophanus), bægersvamp (Peziza, Plicaria, Scabropezia), Sejbæger (Pachyella), stjernebæger (Sarcocphaera), Åbæger (Boudiera). Helvellaceae – foldhatfamilien JHP – s. 54 Foldhat (Helvella), rodmorkel (Rhizina), stenmorkel (Discina). Morchellaceae – morkelfamilien JHP – s. 59 Bægermorkel (Disciotis), klokkemorkel (Verpa), morkel (Morchella), rynkemorkel (Ptyhoverpa. Geneaceae – halvtrøffelfamilien Tuberaceae – trøffelfamilien Elaphomycetales Elaphomycetaceae Helotiales – skivesvampeordenen JV – s. 61 Geoglossaceae – jordtungefamilien JV – s. 64 Jordtunge (Geoglossum, Microglossum, Trichoglossum), nøkketunge (Mitrula), spatelsvamp (Spathularia) Sclerotiniaceae – knoldskivefamilien JV – s. 67 Knoldskive (Ciboria, Dumontinia, Gloeotinia, Lanzia, Monilinia, Myriosclerotinia, Rutstroemia Sclerotinia, Stromatinia, Verpatinia) Helotiaceae – ravsvampfamilien JV – s. 76 Bækskive (Apostemidium, Vibrissea), bævreskive (Ascotremella, Neobulgaria), drilleskive (Discinella), dyndskive (Cudoniella), grønskive (Chlorociboria, Chlorencoelia), gulskive (Bisporella), harpiksskive (Sarea), hjelmmorkel (Cudonia), linseskive (Bulgariella, Claussenomyces, Durella, Gongoniopsis, Patinellaria), læderskive (Cenangium, Dencoeliopsis, Encoelia, Godronia, Heterosphaeria, Holmidiscus, Holwaya, Ionomidotus, Tympanis, Velutaria), løvskive (Calycellina), moskive (Mniacea), ravsvamp (Leotia) sandravsvamp (Sarcoleotia), sejskive (Ascocoryne), sortskive (Durella), stilkskive (Allophylaria, Byroscyphus, Crocicreas, Hymenoscyphus, Pezizella, Phaeohelotium, Pseudohelotium, Stamnaria), sækhue (Heyderia), topsvamp (Bulgaria) Hyaloscyphaceae – frynseskivefamilien JV – s. 102 Dunskive (Polydesmia), frynseskive (Albotricha, Dasyscyphella, Fuscolachnum, Lachnellula, Lachnum, Lasiobelonium, Neodasyscypha, Perrotia, Proliferodiscus, Trichopeziza), hårskive (Ciliolarina, Cistella, Dematioscypha, Incrupila, Phialina, Psilachnum, Psilocictella), klarskive (Hyaloscypha, Haamtocanthoscypha), kugleskive (Hyalopeziza, Microscypha, Unguicularia, Unguiculella, Unguiculariopsis, Urceolella), spindskive (Arachnopeziza, Eriopeziza) Orbiliaceae – voksskivefamilien JV – s. 131 Voksskive ( Hyalinia, Orbilia) Dermateaceae – gråskivefamilien JV – s. 134 Bladskive (Leptotrochila, Pseudopeziza), gråskive (Belonium, Belonopsis, Ephelina, Hysteropezizella, Mollisia, Pirottaea, Pyrenopeziza, Tapesia), klyngeskive (Dermea, Pezicula), lågskive (Trochila), olivenskive (Catinella), orangeskive (Calloria, Duebenia, Laetinaevia), pragthårskive (Diplocarpa), randskive (Ocellaria), vinskive (Patellariopsis) Rhytismataceae – rynkepletfamilien & Phacidiaceae – nåleskivefamilien JV – s. 154 Bregneplet (Cryptomycina), fureplet (Hypoderma, Lirula, Lophodermella, Lophodermium), side 4 nåleskive (Cyclaneusma, Rhabdocline), rynkeplet (Rhytisma), sprækkeskive (Colpoma, Sporomega), tandskive (Coccomyces, Mellitosporium, Phacidium, Pseudophacidium, Therrya), vedsprængerskive (Propolomyces) Cryptomycetaceae – sækskorpefamilien JV – s. 162 Sækskorpe (Cryptomyces) Ascocorticiacea – hindeskivefamilien JV – s. 162 Sækhinde (Ascocorticiellum, Ascocorticium) side 5 Oversigt efter frugtlegemtype Frugtlegemer skive-, bæger-, pude-, top- eller morkelformede voksende på urtestængler eller ved; frugtlegemer 0,1 - 5 mm brede; [asci uden låg]: prøv skivesvampordenen (Leotiales) side 61 voksende på jord eller ekskrementer; 0,1 - 200 mm brede; [asci med låg]: prøv bægersvampordenen (Pezizales) side 8 Frugtlegemer kugleformede, < 2 mm store lukkede: prøv kuglesæksvampe (Plectomycetes) i nøglen til coprofile svampe (pdf) side 47 med munding, hvorfra sporene kan udskydes mørkebrune til sorte: prøv kernesvampe (Pyrenomycetes) i Munk 1953: Dansk Bot. Arkiv 17 hvidlige eller kulørte: prøv kødkernesvampordenen (Hypocreales) i Nordic Macromycetes bind 1 Frugtlegemer pære- til flaskeformede, < 2 mm store mørkebrune til sorte: prøv kernesvampe (Pyrenomycetes) i Munk 1953: Dansk Bot. Arkiv 17 hvidlige eller kulørte: prøv kødkernesvampordenen (Hypocreales) i Nordic Macromycetes bind 1 Frugtlegemer (evt. stromaer) halvkugle- til kølleformede, > 2 mm store med indsænkede perithecier: prøv kernesvampe (Pyrenomycetes) i Munk 1953: Dansk Bot. Arkiv 17 med hymenie på ydersiden: prøv skivesvampordenen (Leotiales) side 61 Frugtlegemer muslinge-, økse-, læbe- til bådformede lukkede: kuløkser og kulmuslinge med eksponeret hymenie: prøv rynkepletfamilien, side 159 side 6 Hovednøgle 1. Sporebærende lag bæres udvendigt på frugtlegemet (et apothecie) fi 2 Sporebærende lag findes inde i frugtlegemet, fx indvendigt i et kugle-, pude-, kegle-, flaske-, musling- eller stregformet frugtlegeme fi 10 2. Lavdannende (levende i symbiose med alger eller cyanobakterier). Skivelavordenen (Lecanorales), hundelavordenen (Peltigerales) m.fl. Ikke lavdannende fi 3 3. „Frugtlegemet“ ses som en dugget belægning på levende grene, blade eller frugter, der deformeres; [sporesækkene bryder frem mellem værtens celler]. Sækdugordenen (Taphrinales) Dannende et egentligt frugtlegeme, der næppe deformerer værten; [sporesække anlægges i et hymenium på eller i et frugtlegeme] fi 4 4. Frugtlegeme anlægges indvendigt i blade, nåle, stængler, kviste og grene, hvorfra det bryder frem ved modenhed fi 5 Frugtlegeme anderledes fi 8 5. Frugtlegeme kølle- til topformet med det sporebærende lag placeret på en affladet skive i spidsen, sjældnere bægerformet, ofte frembrydende i knipper, der rager ud af substratet. Ravsvampfamilien (Helotiaceae) –
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