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9/27/2021 Geography Optional Expected Topics YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace Examrace Geography Optional Expected Topics YouTube Lecture Handouts Doorsteptutor material for competitive exams is prepared by world's top subject experts: get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of your exam. Geography Optional Expected Topics Agriculture Increasing Farmers Income Historic Farmer Protests Health Geography Reverse Migration Lone Eagle Cities Climate Change & Arctic Permafrost Food & Carbon Footprints Migration-Voluntary, Involuntary; Counterurbanization, Depopulation, Todaro՚s Model Lakes of India: Dal, Wular, Mansar, Bhimtal, Haflong, Tam Dil, Lonar, Ashtamudi, Kolleru|Geography Disease Ecology: Pathology, Transfer, Prevention, Approaches|Human Geography Michael Thomas Sadler: Law of Population: Density Principle|Population Theories|Human Geography Geography of Ladakh: Leh, Kargil - People, Ethnicity, Climate, Minerals, Mountains, Lakes (1 of 2) Ladakh: Leh (Nyoma, Durbok, Khalsi, Karoo, Likir, Nubra) , Kargil (Dras, Zanskar, Chiktan, Sankoo) Agricultural Research: Kurukshetra September 2020|Conservation, Smart & Precision Agriculture Super Absorbent Polymers in Agriculture (SAP, Hydrogels) | Innovations in Agricultural Geography|GS Vanuatu Worst Hit Nations by Climate Change: Coconut Fuel, Mangroves to Pig Farming|Environment Biomimicry, Beaver Dam, HEP Solutions, Natel՚s Turbine: Environment 1 of 2 9/27/2021 Geography Optional Expected Topics YouTube Lecture Handouts- Examrace Whales & Climate Change|Carbon Neutrality - Mechanism - Environment Kjellens to Contemporary Geopolitics (Climate Change, Resource, Trade, Water, Energy) Blob: Heat Waves - Losing Murres! Pacific Waters Turning Deadly|Is it Climate Change? Climate Refugees: Environmental Migration - Immediate Attention National Action Plan on Climate Change (Important) - Dr. Manishika ✍ Manishika Developed by: Mindsprite Solutions 2 of 2.

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Health Geography: Supporting Public Health Policy and Planning
Commentary Public health Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning Trevor J. B. Dummer PhD eography and health are intrinsically linked. Where equalities and polarization, scale, globalization and urbaniza- we are born, live, study and work directly influ- tion,6 are directly related to public health. The scope and breadth G ences our health experiences: the air we breathe, of health geography research is diverse and wide-ranging, and the food we eat, the viruses we are exposed to and the health examples of some common research areas relevant to public services we can access. The social, built and natural environ- health policy are provided in Table 1. These research areas are ments affect our health and well-being in ways that are dir- not mutually exclusive and some of the examples span multiple ectly relevant to health policy. Spatial location (the geo- areas and themes. In the paragraphs that follow, we discuss graphic context of places and the connectedness between these research themes in more detail to provide insight into the places) plays a major role in shaping environmental risks as role of health geography in public health. well as many other health effects.1 For example, locating health care facilities, targeting public health strategies or Spatial scale, globalization and urbanization monitoring disease outbreaks all have a geographic context. Concern with scales of organization is crucial to health ser- vice provision and public health implementation. For in- What is health geography? stance, global issues, such as environmental change, demo- graphic transition and the internationalization of health Health geography is a subdiscipline of human geography, service organization, all have geographic contexts that dir- which deals with the interaction between people and the ectly influence health policy.6 Global patterns in infectious environment.
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Geography of Health What Is the Geography of Health?
Geography of Health What is the geography of health? The geography of health, some)mes called medical geography, uses the tools and approaches of geography to tackle health-related quesons. Geographers focus on the importance of variaons across space, with an emphasis on concepts such as locaon, direc)on, and place. Photo by Helen Hazen In thinking spaally, geographers dis)nguish between space, which is concerned with locang where things are, and place, which refers to the cultural meaning of a par)cular seng. Both these aspects of geography inform health geographers’ work. Spaal ques)ons consider Ques)ons related to how and why things are place consider how distributed or connected in cultural construc)ons the way they are. of a place influence the people who live there. What is the geography of health? Some ques)ons posed by a health geographer could include: How does a par)cular environment influence health? How does human ac)vity affect health in different locaons? How does disease spread across space? How do people’s interac)ons with and feelings about a par)cular place influence their health? 4 Which of these three factors seems Beyond these physical factors, to be the most what else might help explain closely related to the distribuon of malaria? malaria? Elevaon Rainfall Temperatur e Approaches to Health Geography Tradi)onally, health geographers have referred to their sub-discipline as “medical geography.” Recently, a group of cri)cal scholars has argued that this term emphasizes biomedical approaches to health over others. Today, many health geographers use the term “health geography” for their sub-discipline, in recogni)on of its emphasis on social as well as biomedical aspects of health.
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Geographical and Sustainability Sciences 1
Geographical and Sustainability Sciences 1 systems (GIS) software used to investigate and solve many environmental and social problems. Opportunities for Geographical and graduates with GIS training are growing rapidly in both private and governmental organizations. To gain related knowledge, Sustainability get hands-on experience, and conduct independent research, students have access to the department's state-of-the-art Sciences Geographical Information Systems Instructional Lab (GISIL). For more information, see Facilities [p. 2] in this section of Chair the Catalog. • David A. Bennett The Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences offers Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees. Director, Undergraduate Studies Graduate programs focus on studies that extend • Silvia Secchi understanding of the environmental consequences of human decisions at local, regional, and global scales; processes Director, Graduate Studies that lead to geographic patterns in health and disease; technologies that help capture, represent, visualize, and • Heather A. Sander analyze geographic patterns and processes; and processes Undergraduate majors: geography (B.A., B.S.); that produce ecosystem services and sustainable futures. sustainability science (B.S.) Within this broad domain, the department has strengths Undergraduate minors: geographic information science; in environmental justice, environmental modeling, urban geography ecology, GIScience and GIS, land use/land cover change, and Undergraduate certificate: geographic information science
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The Myth of John Snow in Medical Geography
Social Science & Medicine 50 (2000) 923±935 www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed Our sense of Snow: the myth of John Snow in medical geography Kari S. McLeod* Yale University School of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine, Stirling Hall of Medicine, P.O. Box 208015, New Haven, CT 06520-8015, USA Abstract In 1854, Dr. John Snow identi®ed the Broad Street pump as the source of an intense cholera outbreak by plotting the location of cholera deaths on a dot-map. He had the pump handle removed and the outbreak ended...or so one version of the story goes. In medical geography, the story of Snow and the Broad Street cholera outbreak is a common example of the discipline in action. While authors in other health-related disciplines focus on Snow's ``shoe-leather epidemiology'', his development of a water-borne theory of cholera transmission, and/or his pioneering role in anaesthesia, it is the dot-map that makes him a hero in medical geography. The story forms part of our disciplinary identity. Geographers have helped to shape the Snow narrative: the map has become part of the myth. Many of the published accounts of Snow are accompanied by versions of the map, but which map did Snow use? What happens to the meaning of our story when the determinative use of the map is challenged? In his book On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (2nd ed., John Churchill, London, 1855), Snow did not write that he used a map to identify the source of the outbreak.
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GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: HOW HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT-SOCIETY PROCESSES WORK Sibylle Reinfried
GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: HOW HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT-SOCIETY PROCESSES WORK Sibylle Reinfried University of Teacher Education Central Switzerland Lucerne Philippe Hertig Teacher Training University, State of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland Keywords: Geographical education; geography; geographic literacy; geographical knowledge; geographical skills, values and attitudes; spatial perspective; human-environment-society processes; sustainable development; citizenship education; geography education standards; integrative concepts; systemic conception of knowledge; constructivist approaches in teaching and learning; use of geospatial technologies; understanding processes of globalization; mitigating of impacts; Commission on Geographical Education (CGE); International Charter on Geographical Education; International Declaration on Geographical Education for Cultural Diversity; Lucerne Declaration on Geographical Education for Sustainable Development Contents 1. Introduction 2. How is Geographical Education Relevant to Society and Environment? 3. The Development of Geographical Education 4. Challenges for Geographical Education 5. Future Directions Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Geographical education is a scientific discipline grounded in the domains of geography and education. Geographical education selects and structures geographical content knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable learners to understand the human-environment-society processes in the world and to achieve geographic literacy. Geographic literacy
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Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning
Edited by Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning New powerful technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS), have been evolving and are quickly becoming part of a worldwide emergent digital infrastructure. Spatial analysis is becoming more important than ever because enormous volumes of Spatial Analysis, spatial data are available from different sources, such as social media and mobile phones. When locational information is provided, spatial analysis researchers can use it to calculate statistical and mathematical relationships through time and space. Modelling and Planning This book aims to demonstrate how computer methods of spatial analysis and modeling, integrated in a GIS environment, can be used to better understand reality and give rise to more informed and, thus, improved planning. It provides a comprehensive discussion of Edited by Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório spatial analysis, methods, and approaches related to planning. ISBN 978-1-78984-239-5 Published in London, UK © 2018 IntechOpen © eugenesergeev / iStock SPATIAL ANALYSIS, MODELLING AND PLANNING Edited by Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório SPATIAL ANALYSIS, MODELLING AND PLANNING Edited by Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório Spatial Analysis, Modelling and Planning http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74452 Edited by Jorge Rocha and José António Tenedório Contributors Ana Cristina Gonçalves, Adélia Sousa, Lenwood Hall, Ronald Anderson, Khalid Al-Ahmadi, Andreas Rienow, Frank Thonfeld, Nora Schneevoigt, Diego Montenegro, Ana Da Cunha, Ingrid Machado, Lili Duraes, Stefan Vilges De Oliveira, Marcel Pedroso, Gilberto Gazêta, Reginaldo Brazil, Brooks C Pearson, Brian Ways, Valentina Svalova, Andreas Koch, Hélder Lopes, Paula Remoaldo, Vítor Ribeiro, Toshiaki Ichinose, Norman Schofield, Fred Bidandi, John James Williams, Jorge Rocha, José António Tenedório © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2018 The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Disease and Health Care Geographies: Mapping Trends And
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Medical Geography - D.R
GEOGRAPHY – Vol. II - Medical Geography - D.R. Phillips, M.W. Rosenberg, K.Wilson MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY D.R. Phillips Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong M.W. Rosenberg Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K.Wilson University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Keywords: Medical geography, health geography, disease, medical resources, environment, place, policy, geographic information systems, spatial statistics, spatial modeling. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Medical Geography 2.1. The Geography of Disease 2.2. The Geography of Medical Resources 3. Health Geography 3.1. The Shift to Health Geography 3.2. Linking Health and the Environment 3.3. Linking Health and Place 3.4. Health, Health Care and Public Policy 4. New Ways of Looking at Old Problems 5. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Medical geography is well recognized as a sub-discipline within geography. Its traditional focus is on the geography of diseases and medical resources. In recent years, medical UNESCOgeography has been recast as heal–th geographyEOLSS where the new emphasis is on the geography of health and health care. In this article, we review the major themes of medical and healthSAMPLE geography. Within the section CHAPTERS on medical geography, the emphasis is placed on the role that regional variation, cultural ecology and spatial modeling play in examining the geography of disease and the geography of medical resources. In the section on health geography, the emphasis is on the recasting of medical geography as health geography. In recasting medical geography as health geography, the linkages between health and the environment; health and place; and health, health care and public policy.
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Introduction: Spatial Analysis and Health
Chapter 1 Introduction: Spatial Analysis and Health Eric Delmelle and Pavlos Kanaroglou - 2015 Medical Geography or Spatial Epidemiology is concerned with two fundamental questions: (1) where and when do diseases tend to occur? and (2) why do such patterns exist? The field has experienced substantial growth over the last decade with the widespread recognition that the concept of “place” plays a significant role in our understanding of individual health (Kwan 2012) while advances in geographical modeling techniques have made it easier to conduct spatial analysis at different granularities, both spatially and temporally (Cromley and McLafferty 2011). Several journals (for example Health and Place, Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, International Journal of Health Geographics, Geospatial Health and Environmental Health) have a long tradition to publishing research on topics in Spatial Epidemiology. This introductory chapter reviews some contemporary themes and techniques in medical geography. Specifically, we discuss the nature of epidemiological data and review the best approaches to geocode and map information while maintaining a certain level of privacy. Analytical and visualization methods can inform public health decision makers of the reoccurrence of a disease at a certain place and time. Clustering techniques, for instance, can inform on whether diseases tend to concentrate around specific locations. We examine the role of the environment in explaining spatial variations of disease rates. Next, we address the importance of accessibility models, travel estimation and the optimal location of health centers to reduce spatial inequalities when accessing health services. We also review the increasing contributions of volunteered geographic information and social networks, helping to raise public awareness of the risk posed by certain diseases, especially vector-borne diseases following a disaster.
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Baixo Alentejo - Portugal Arti Cle a Acessibilidade Aos Cuidados De Saúde Primários Em Regiões De Baixa Densidade
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021266.1.40892020 2497 Accessibility to primary health care in low-density regions. A case arti study: NUTS III - Baixo Alentejo - Portugal GO arti A acessibilidade aos cuidados de saúde primários em regiões de baixa densidade. Caso de estudo: NUTS III - Baixo Alentejo - Portugal CLE Carlos Freitas (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-137X)1 Nuno Marques da Costa (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-9668) 1 Abstract This study diagnosed the situation re- Resumo Decidiu-se realizar o diagnóstico de garding the physical accessibility of the resident situação sobre a acessibilidade física da popula- population to primary health care, based on the ção residente aos cuidados de saúde primários, characteristics of the population served, their spa- baseada nas características da população servi- tial distribution in the territory, based on space- da, na sua distribuição espacial, tendo por base time analysis. Thus, bearing the different means uma análise espaço/tempo, permitindo avaliar of transport available and the specific features essa mesma acessibilidade. Deste modo, e tendo of a low-density territory, we considered several em consideração os diversos modos de transporte mobility profiles under analysis, and selected the disponíveis, bem como as características especí- Baixo Alentejo as the study area. In methodolog- ficas de um território de baixa densidade, foram ical terms, besides using the location of primary considerados diversos perfis de mobilidade, sendo health facilities and their areas of influence, the a área de estudo escolhida o Baixo Alentejo. Em use of the road network and its restrictions, we termos metodológicos, além da utilização da lo- selected the use the new 1x1 km grid, recently im- calização dos equipamentos de saúde primários e plemented throughout the EU (European Union), das suas áreas de influência, da utilização da rede instead of using the statistical units or administra- viária e das suas restrições, optou-se pela utiliza- tive boundaries.
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Predicting High Risk Areas for West Nile Infection in the Us
A GLOBAL APPROACH TO DISEASE PREVENTION: PREDICTING HIGH RISK AREAS FOR WEST NILE INFECTION IN THE US KRISTIN LEE DALLAPIAZZA Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOGRAPHY Korine N. Kolivras, Committee Chair Laurence W. Carstensen Jr. Lynn M. Resler May 4, 2009 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: West Nile virus, mosquito-borne, disease prevention, medical geography, GIS © 2009, Kristin Lee DallaPiazza A GLOBAL APPROACH TO DISEASE PREVENTION: PREDICTING HIGH RISK AREAS FOR WEST NILE INFECTION IN THE US KRISTIN LEE DALLAPIAZZA ABSTRACT First identified in 1937, West Nile (WN) virus has affected birds, equine, and humans throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. Its 1999 appearance in New York shows the ability of the virus to cross barriers and travel great distances emerging into new territories previously free of infection; and spreading much faster than expected, WN virus has infected thousands of birds, equine, and humans throughout the conterminous United States (US). Case and serological studies performed in the Eastern hemisphere prior to 1999 offer detailed descriptions of endemic and epidemic locations in regards to geography, land cover, land use, population, climate, and weather patterns. The patterns and values associated with these environmental factors associated with WN virus activity can identify the landscape of the disease and contribute to the development of a model of risk to identify US counties of high risk for WN infection. State and county public health officials can use this model as a decision making tool to allocate funding for disease prevention and control.
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Perspectives on Health Geography Why Geography and Health?
GIS and Health Geography Perspectives on health geography Why Geography and Health? As Dr. Trevor Dummer (2008) stated: Geography and health are intrinsically linked. Where we are born, live, study and work directly influences our health experiences: the air we breathe, the food we eat, the viruses we are exposed to and the health services we can access. The social, built and natural environments affect our health and well- being in ways that are directly relevant to health policy. Spatial location (the geographic context of places and the connectedness between places) plays a major role in shaping environmental risks as well as many other health effects. (CMAJ April 22, 2008 vol. 178 no. 9) Geography and health ‘Early studies [Greeks, Romans] identified the differences in diseases experienced by people living at high versus low elevation. It was easily recognized that those at living low elevations near waterways were more prone to malaria than those at higher elevations or in drier, less humid areas. Though the reasons for these variations were not fully understood at the time, the study of this spatial distribution of disease is the beginnings of medical geography.’ (From About.com’s description of Medical Geography) Another example—flouride in Colorado. Geography and health Exploratory spatial analysis of children's eating habits in Liverpool, United Kingdom. The use of a geographic approach for analyzing, mapping and integrating different data sets allows data to be explored in a novel way (i.e., GIS has changed the way we can look at data). This is an example of a small area analysis.
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