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Tc Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI BAŞLANGICINDAN BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NA KADAR TÜRK-AMERİKAN İLİŞKİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Ebru GÜHER ELAZIĞ- 2013 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI BAŞLANGICINDAN BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NA KADAR TÜRK-AMERİKAN İLİŞKİLERİ DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Ebru GÜHER Jürimiz 04.10.2013 tarihinde yapılan tez savunması sonunda bu doktora tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı bulmuştur. Jüri Üyeleri 1. Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES 2. Prof. Dr. Rahmi DOĞANAY 3. Prof. Dr. Mesut AYDIN 4. Prof. Dr. Ömer Osman UMAR 5. Yrd. Doç.Dr. Recep DÜNDAR F.Ü Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun………tarih ve ………..sayılı kararıyla bu tezin ……………. onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Enver ÇAKAR Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Başlangıcından Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na Kadar Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri Ebru GÜHER Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Elazığ- 2013, Sayfa: XXII +455 Bu çalışma 18. Yüzyılın sonlarında başlayan ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar olan dönemde Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerini çok yönlü olarak ele almıştır. Ticaretle başlayan ilişkiler; siyasi, askeri, kültürel ve eğitim alanlarında çeşitlenerek iki ülke politikalarına yön vermiştir. ABD bağımsızlığını ilân ettikten sonra gelişip genişleyebilmek için ticarete önem vermiş; bu anlamda iki ülke arasındaki ilk ilişkiler Kuzey Afrika’da “Garp Ocakları”nda başlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ile resmi ticaret anlaşması imzalamak isteyen ABD’ye çeşitli sebeplerinden çok sıcak bakmamıştır. Fakat 1827 yılında Navarin’de Osmanlı donanmasının yakılması, Osmanlı Devleti’ni Amerika’ya yaklaştırmış; neticede 7 Mayıs 1830 tarihli Dostluk ve Ticaret Anlaşması imzalanarak resmi ilişkiler başlamıştır. Adı geçen anlaşma ile ABD’ye “en fazla kayrılan ülke” statüsü verilmiş; böylece gelecekte iki ülke arasında yaşanan birçok sorunların temel kaynağının altyapısını oluşturmuştur. 19. yüzyılda sömürgecilikle beraber gelişen emperyalizm; Osmanlı topraklarında da kendini hissettirmiştir. Bu anlamda batının nüfuz mücadelesine sahne olan bu topraklara ABD kayıtsız kalamamış; Osmanlı Devleti ile siyasi, askeri, ticari, kültürel ilişkilerini geliştirmek istemiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, batıya karşı denge politikası gereğince ABD’ye yaklaşmıştır. ABD Monroe Doktrini gereğince Avrupa işlerine karışamayınca bunu Osmanlı topraklarına gönderdiği misyonerler aracılığıyla yapmak istemiştir. ABD Osmanlı Devleti ile olan ilişkilerini tüccarlarla başlatmış misyonerlerle III devam ettirmiştir. Bu anlamda Misyonerler Protestanlığı yaymanın dışında Amerikan çıkarlarına da hizmet etmiştir. Misyonerler azınlıklara yönelik açmış olduğu kurumlarla özellikle ülke içinde başta Ermeniler olmak üzere diğer azınlıkların ayrılıkçı fikirlerinin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamış; böylece devletin siyasi bütünlüğünü tehlikeye düşürmüştür. Ermeni meselesi ve misyonerlik faaliyetleri iki ülke arasında sorunlara yol açmış; zaman zaman ABD donanmasının Osmanlı sularına tehdit amacıyla gönderdiği donanma ilişkilerin iyice gerginleşmesine sebep olmuştur. Netice itibariyle Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na girmeden önce iki ülke arasında temel problemler; Ermeni meselesi, misyonerlik faaliyetleri, Amerikan vatandaşlarının hakları, Amerikan donanmasının tehditleridir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı Devleti, ABD, Emperyalizm, Kapitülasyon, Ermeni İsyanları. IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Turk-American Relations from Beginning to World War I Ebru GÜHER Firat University Institute of Social Sciences Department of History Department of Turkish Republic History Elazig-2013; Page: XXII+455 This study handles multidirectional Turk-American relations that begin at end of 18th century and last to World War I. Relations beginning with trade is guided by policies of the two countries by diversify political, military, cultural and educational areas. After U.S. declared independence, it cared to develop and expand in and in this sense the first relations in these two countries started in Garp Centers in North America. It has not look so hot to United States who want to sign formal trade agreement with Ottoman Empire because of a variety reasons. Yet the burning of the Ottoman navy in Navarino in 1827 gets close to United States. And so Friendship and Trade Agreement signed on 7 May 1830 began formal relations. Related with this agreement it has been “most favored nation” status granted to U.S. So this constituted the infrastructure of future of the main source of problems. Imperialism evolving with colonialism in 19th century has begun to be felt in the Ottoman lands. In this sense U.S. has not remained indifferent to this land which is the scene of the struggle for influence in the West and has wanted to develop political, military, commercial, cultural relationships with the Ottoman Empire. In accordance with balance policy against to the West Ottoman Empire has approached to the United States. U.S. in accordance with Monroe Doctrine could not involve in European affairs and has wanted to make this by means of missionaries sent to the Ottoman Empire. U.S. V had started the relations with the Ottoman Empire with merchants and had gone on with missionaries. In this sense Missionaries not only has spreaded Protestantism but also has served American interests. Missionaries have paved the way for the formation of separatist ideas which especially includes Armenians in the country through opened their institutions for minorities and in this way jeopardized the integrity of the state’s political. Armenian issue and missionary activities led to the problems between the two countries and then from time to time U.S. navy which has sent to the waters of Ottoman to threaten has led to tense relations thoroughly. With the result that before the World War I, the main problems between the two countries are Armenian issue, Missionary activities, American citizens’ rights, American naval’s threats. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, U.S. imperialism, capitulation, the Armenian revolts VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI TABLOLAR VE GRAFİKLER LİSTESİ .................................................................. XI ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... XIII KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................... XVI KONU VE KAYNAKLAR ..................................................................................... XVIII GİRİŞ 1. OSMANLI DEVLETİ VE AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NİN DURUMU..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Durumu ........................................................................... 1 1.2. Amerika’nın Kuruluşu ve Birliğini Sağlaması ............................................... 22 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. OSMANLI DEVLETİ İLE AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ ARASINDA İLK İLİŞKİLERİN (GARP OCAKLARI’NDA) BAŞLAMASI .... 30 1.1. Osmanlı Devleti Döneminde Garp Ocakları’nın Yapısı ................................. 30 1.2. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri İle Garp Ocakları Arasındaki İlişkiler (1774-1816) . 35 1.2.1. ABD ile Fas Arasındaki İlişkiler ........................................................................... 39 1.2.2. ABD ile Cezayir Arasındaki İlişkiler .................................................................... 41 1.2.3. ABD ile Trablusgarp Arasındaki İlişkiler ............................................................. 48 1.2.4. ABD ile Tunus Arasındaki İlişkiler ....................................................................... 55 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. OSMANLI DEVLETİ İLE AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ ARASINDA TİCARİ VE ASKERİ İLİŞKİLER ................................................... 61 VII 2.1. Osmanlı Devleti İle ABD Arasında İmzalanan 7 Mayıs 1830 Tarihli Dostluk ve Ticaret Anlaşması................................................................................................................ 61 2.1.1. Osmanlı Devleti ile ABD Arasında Resmi Olmayan Ticari Münasebetler ....................................................................................................... 61 2.1.1.1. İlk Amerikan Ticaretinin İzmir’de Başlaması ................................. 62 2.1.2. Amerika’nın Osmanlı Devleti ile Ticaret Anlaşması Yapma Çabaları ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tutumu .............................................................................. 66 2.1.3. ABD ve Osmanlı Devleti Arasında İmzalanan 7 Mayıs 1830 Tarihli Dostluk ve Ticaret Anlaşması ............................................................................. 76 2.1.4. 7 Mayıs 1830 Tarihli Dostluk ve Ticaret Anlaşması’nın Gizli Maddesi ve Meydana Getirdiği Etkiler ............................................................................. 82 2.2. Osmanlı Devleti İle ABD Arasında İmzalanan 13 Şubat 1862 Tarihli Seyr-i Sefain ve Ticaret Anlaşması ........................................................................................................... 87 2.2.1. Osmanlı Devleti
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