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4 Systems and Ecosystems Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human 4 Systems and Ecosystems Coordinating Lead Authors: John Handmer (Australia), Yasushi Honda (Japan), Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz (Poland/Germany) Lead Authors: Nigel Arnell (UK), Gerardo Benito (Spain), Jerry Hatfield (USA), Ismail Fadl Mohamed (Sudan), Pascal Peduzzi (Switzerland), Shaohong Wu (China), Boris Sherstyukov (Russia), Kiyoshi Takahashi (Japan), Zheng Yan (China) Review Editors: Sebastian Vicuna (Chile), Avelino Suarez (Cuba) Contributing Authors: Amjad Abdulla (Maldives), Laurens M. Bouwer (Netherlands), John Campbell (New Zealand), Masahiro Hashizume (Japan), Fred Hattermann (Germany), Robert Heilmayr (USA), Adriana Keating (Australia), Monique Ladds (Australia), Katharine J. Mach (USA), Michael D. Mastrandrea (USA), Reinhard Mechler (Germany), Carlos Nobre (Brazil), Apurva Sanghi (World Bank), James Screen (Australia), Joel Smith (USA), Adonis Velegrakis (Greece), Walter Vergara (World Bank), Anya M. Waite (Australia), Jason Westrich (USA), Joshua Whittaker (Australia), Yin Yunhe (China), Hiroya Yamano (Japan) This chapter should be cited as: Handmer, J., Y. Honda, Z.W. Kundzewicz, N. Arnell, G. Benito, J. Hatfield, I.F. Mohamed, P. Peduzzi, S. Wu, B. Sherstyukov, K. Takahashi, and Z. Yan, 2012: Changes in impacts of climate extremes: human systems and ecosystems. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 231-290. 231 Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and Ecosystems Chapter 4 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................234 4.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................237 4.2. Climatic Extremes in Natural and Socioeconomic Systems.....................................................237 4.2.1. How Do Climate Extremes Impact on Humans and Ecosystems?....................................................................................237 4.2.2. Complex Interactions among Climate Events, Exposure, and Vulnerability ....................................................................238 4.3. System- and Sector-Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts...........................239 4.3.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................239 4.3.2. Water................................................................................................................................................................................241 4.3.3. Ecosystems .......................................................................................................................................................................244 4.3.3.1. Heat Waves.......................................................................................................................................................................................244 4.3.3.2. Drought ............................................................................................................................................................................................246 4.3.3.3. Floods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................246 4.3.3.4. Other Events.....................................................................................................................................................................................246 4.3.4. Food Systems and Food Security .....................................................................................................................................246 4.3.5. Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Tourism.............................................................................................................247 4.3.5.1. Human Settlements ..........................................................................................................................................................................247 4.3.5.2. Infrastructure....................................................................................................................................................................................248 4.3.5.3. Tourism.............................................................................................................................................................................................250 4.3.6. Human Health, Well-Being, and Security..........................................................................................................................251 4.4. Regionally Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts.........................................252 4.4.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................252 4.4.2 Africa................................................................................................................................................................................253 4.4.2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................253 4.4.2.2. Droughts and Heat Waves ................................................................................................................................................................253 4.4.2.3. Extreme Rainfall Events and Floods..................................................................................................................................................253 4.4.2.4. Dust Storms ......................................................................................................................................................................................254 4.4.3. Asia...................................................................................................................................................................................254 4.4.3.1. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons or Hurricanes)......................................................................................................................................254 4.4.3.2. Flooding............................................................................................................................................................................................254 4.4.3.3. Temperature Extremes ......................................................................................................................................................................255 4.4.3.4. Droughts...........................................................................................................................................................................................255 4.4.3.5. Wildfires ...........................................................................................................................................................................................255 4.4.4. Central and South America ..............................................................................................................................................255 4.4.4.1. Extreme Rainfalls in South America..................................................................................................................................................255 4.4.4.2. Wildfires ...........................................................................................................................................................................................255 4.4.4.3. Regional Costs..................................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5. Europe ..............................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5.2. Heat Waves.......................................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5.3. Droughts and Wildfires .....................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5.4. Coastal Flooding...............................................................................................................................................................................256 4.4.5.5. Gale Winds .......................................................................................................................................................................................257
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