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Matične Celice in Napredno Zdravljenje (Zdravljenje S Celicami, Gensko Zdravljenje in Tkivno Inženirstvo) - Pojmovnik"

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Matične Celice in Napredno Zdravljenje (Zdravljenje S Celicami, Gensko Zdravljenje in Tkivno Inženirstvo) - Pojmovnik "Matične celice in napredno zdravljenje (zdravljenje s celicami, gensko zdravljenje in tkivno inženirstvo) - Pojmovnik". Primož Rožman in Mojca Jež Ljubljana, 20. maj 2010 DCTIS - Društvo za celično in tkivno inženirstvo Slovenije Spletna stran: http://www.dctis.org/drustvo/o_nas.php AVTORJA: Izr.prof. dr. Primož Rožman in Mojca Jež, univ.dipl. biotehnol. Zavod RS za transfuzijsko medicino [email protected]; [email protected] Recenzenti (po abecedi): Doc. dr. Miomir Kneževič, univ.dipl.biol. Zavod RS za transfuzijsko medicino, [email protected] Prof. dr. Tamara Lah Turnšek, univ.dipl.ing.kem. Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo, [email protected] Prof. dr. Gregor Majdič, dr.vet. med. Veterinarska fakulteta, Ljubljana, [email protected] Prof. dr. Rudi Pavlin, dr.med. Medicinska Fakulteta Ljubljana, upokojen Prof. dr. Danijel Petrovič, dr.med. Medicinska Fakulteta Ljubljana, Inštitut za histologijo in embriologijo, [email protected] Doc. dr. Irma Virant Klun, univ.dipl.biol. Ginekološka klinika, UKC Ljubljana, [email protected] 1 Predgovor Biologija matičnih celic je ena najbolj hitro razvijajočih se vej biologije. Njena spoznanja temeljijo na sodelovanju z različnimi bazičnimi in uporabnimi disciplinami, ki se istočasno razvijajo in so kot take stalno izpostavljene pogledu strokovne in laične javnosti. Ker so različne znanstvene vede razvile različno izrazoslovje in uporabljajo različne pojme za iste biološke pojave, prihaja tako pri strokovni kot laični uporabi teh pojmov pogosto do napak, neskladij in celo paradoksov. Že dalj časa opažamo, da je potreben skupen jezik na področju biologije matičnih celic, ki bo hkrati tudi koristno orodje za slovensko biomedicino in bo koristil tako strokovni kot laični javnosti. Pričujoči slovarček je pravzaprav pojmovnik in je bil napravljen z namenom poenotiti različno terminologijo s področja raziskav matičnih celic. Da bi postavili pravilno terminologijo je potrebno poznati tudi biološko ozadje določenih pojmov, zato pojmovnik vsebuje razširjeno razlago določenih gesel. Večina izrazov se v kratki obliki že nahaja v Slovenskem medicinskem slovarju ali pa v Biokemijskem terminološkem slovarju, pojmovnik pa nudi tudi obširnejšo razlago bioloških in medicinskih pojmov, ki se uporabljajo pri raziskavah matičnih celic. Ker te raziskave napredujejo z izjemno hitrostjo, se novi strokovni pojmi in izrazi rojevajo v mednarodni znanstveni literaturi praktično vsak mesec. Od nas terjajo ustrezno poslovenjenje. Ker je pri teh raziskavah potrebno razumeti širše ozadje, od molekularnih celičnih dogajanj do genetike, embriologije in patologije, pojmovnik posega tudi na druga področja in je zato pravzaprav tudi osnoven učbenik s področja biomedicine. Namenjen je dijakom in študentom biomedicinskih usmeritev, zdravnikom, zdravnikom specialistom, raziskovalcem s področja biomedicine in širšemu občinstvu. Uporaben je tako za naravoslovna področja kot so biologija, medicina, veterina, farmacija, biotehnologija in biokemija, kot tudi za družboslovje in tehniške vede. Primož Rožman Ljubljana, 15. marec 2010 2 IZRAZ ANGL. SLOVENSKI OPIS - KOMENTAR IZRAZ MEDICINSKI SLOVAR 1. Adherenten Adherent adherénten -tna -o sprijet, zrasel, Celice, ki se pri gojenju pritrdijo na podlago oz. dno gojilne posode. (celice) zraščen; sin. adhaerens: ~a fascija, ~a placenta 2. Adipocit Adipocyte adipocít -a m celica maščevja Maščobna celica. Specializirana celica za hranjenje energije v obliki maščobe. Maščobne celice nastanejo verjetno z diferenciacijo iz mezenhimske matične celice in tvorijo maščobno tkivo. Bele maščobne celice so bolj okrogle in vsebujejo veliko kapljico maščob, ponavadi so to trigliceridi in holesterolni estri. Rjave maščobne celice so bolj podolgovate, imajo več citoplazme s stevilnimi mitohondriji in so specializirane za proizvodnjo toplote. Odrasel človek ima okrog 30 miljard maščobnih celic. 3. Akrosom Acrosome akrosóm -a m z membrano obdan, Akrosom je celični organel na vrhu glave semenčice, ki med dozorevanjem semenčice kapici podoben mešiček na vrhu nastane v Golgijevem aparatu. Pri živorodnih živalih vsebuje razgradne encime, kot sta glavice semenčice, z lizosomskimi hialuronidaza in akrozin, ki razgradijo zunanjo membrano jačeca (zono pelucido) in encimi, ki lajšajo vdor spermijevega omogočijo, da se semenčica združi s haploidnim jedrom jačeca. Slika: jedra v jajčno celico http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/cgametogen/spermato05.html 4. Aktivin Activin Aktivin in inhibin sta dva ozko povezana proteinska kompleksa z nasprotnim biološkim delovanjem. Aktivin ojača sintezo in izločanje hormona FSH (flolikle stimulirajoči hormon) in urejuje menstrualni cikel, ojačuje spermatogenezo, vpliva na celično proliferacijo, diferenciacijo, apoptozo, metabolizem, homeostazo, imunski odgovor, celjenje kožnih ran in endokrine funkcije. Inhibin deluje ravno obratno in zmanjšuje sintezo in izločanje FSH. Oba proteina spadata skupaj s sorodnimi proteini AMH (anti- Müllerian hormone), BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) in GDF (growth differentiation factor) v proteinsko naddružino TGFß. 5. Alantois Allantois alántois -a m vrečasta izboklina Alantois je izrastek v obliki vreče na ventralni strani zadnjega črevesa zarodka pri embrionalnega zadnjega črevesa plazilcih, ptičih in sesalcih. Predstavlja zametek za razvoj kasnejšega sečnega mehurja. amniotov v ekstraembrionalnem Njegova vloga pri razvoju zarodka je izmenjava plinov in skladiščenje odpadnih snovi. Pri celomu z dihalno funkcijo (njegove živalih, ki imajo placento, se alantois vgradi v popkovnico. Slike: žile se podaljšajo in razvijejo v http://www.embryology.ch/indexen.html umbilikalne žile) 6. Alogenski Allogenic alogénski -a -o → homologen (2): ~ Tkivo, celice ali organ drugega osebka iste biološke vrste, ki pa je genetsko različen in (sin. homologen) presadek, ~o tkivo, ~ transplantat, zato tudi imunsko neskladen. »Alogenska uporaba« je uporaba tkiv in celic, odvzetih eni homológen -gna –o. 1. ustrezen po osebi in uporabljenih za zdravljenje pri drugi osebi. izvoru, obliki, strukturi, položaju, funkciji; prim. analogen (1): ~a himera, ~i kromosom, ~i organ, ~a spojina, ~o zaporedje 2. ki izvira iz osebkov iste vrste; sin. alogenski, istovrsten (2); prim. heterologen . 7. Alkalna fosfataza Alkaline alkálen -lna -o → bazičen (1): ~a Alkalna fosfataza je encim, ki lahko odstrani fosfatno skupino iz različnih molekul kot so 3 phosphatase raztopina, izoencim ~e fosfataze; ~a beljakovine, nukleotidi, alkaloidi, itd. Ta proces imenujemo defosforilacija. Najbolj (ALP) fosfataza, ~a peptonska voda, ~a učinkovita je v alkalnem okolju. Tako je optimalni pH za aktivnost tega encima bakterije plima, ~a reakcija, ~a rezerva E. coli 8,0, optimum govejega encima pa je pri pH 8,5. Pri bakterijah ima alkalna fosfataza nalogo defosforiliranja organskih snovi, ki vstopijo v bakterijo. Pri človeku je alkalna fosfataza prisotna v različnih celicah in izločkih. Pomembna je tudi njena vloga v matičnih celicah. Vse pluripotentne matične celice primatov močno izražajo alkalno fosfatazo, zato nam služi kot marker pluripotentnosti oz. marker embrionalnih matičnih celic. Človek ima 4 različne vrste tega encima. Razpoložljivi reagenti ne ločujejo med temi vrstami, zato njihov pomen še ni raziskan. 8. AMH (anti- AMH Anti-Müllerjev hormon (AMH) je protein, ki inhibira nastanek Müllerjevih vodov v Müllerjev hormon) (anti-Müllerian moškem zarodku. Ti bi se sicer razvili v maternico in sorodna tkiva. Najdemo ga pri hormone) ribah, plazilcih, ptičih in sesalcih. Izločajo ga Sertolijeve celice testisa med embriogenezo moškega osebka. Strukturno je podoben aktivinu/inhibinu in je član družine TGF-ß. Pri človeku deluje predvsem med prvimi 8 tedni gestacije. Če tega hormona ni, se razvijejo Müllerjevi vodi, Wolfovi vodi, ki so odgovorni za razvoj moških reproduktivnih vodov, pa propadejo. Ta hormon torej povzroča specifično apoptozo fetalnih Mullerjevih vodov. Če ga je premalo, lahko pri moških pride do retence testisov ali obstoja rudimentarne maternice in dvojnih genitalij. 9. Amnion Amnion sin. amnij ámnij -a m pri amniotih Amnion je najbolj notranja ekstraembrionalna membrana, ki obdaja plod. Razvit je pri ekstraembrionalna ovojnica, ki obdaja plazilcih, ptičih in sesalcih (amnioti), ne pa pri dvoživkah in ribah. Pri človeku je amnion s plodovnico napolnjeno votlino, v najprej v stiku z embrijem, nato se v četrtem tednu v amnionu začne nabirati amnijska kateri plava plod; sin. amnijska tekočina. Nabiranje tekočine povzroči raztezanje amnijske ovojnice, ki se na koncu ovojnica, amnion, plodnik dotakne horiona. Ob koncu nosečnosti vsebuje amnion približno 1 liter amnijske tekočine, ki zarodku omogoča prosto gibanje in ga ščiti pred poškodbami. Tekočina vsebuje manj kot 2% suhe snovi (urea in drugi izločki, anorganske soli, nekaj proteinov in sledi sladkorja). Slike: http://www.embryology.ch/indexen.html 10. Amniot Amniote amniót -a m predstavnik iz skupine Amnioti so skupina štirinogih vretenčarjev, v katero spadajo sesalci, ptiči in plazilci. Amniota; prim. anamniot Zarodek (embrij) amniotov obdaja več membran, ne glede na to ali se nahajajo v obliki jajc ali pa če jih nosijo samice. Pri človeku predstavlja to membrano amnijska vrečka, ki obkroža plod. Embrionalna membrana in odsotnost stanja ličinke razlikuje amniote od štironožnih dvoživk. 11. Angioblast Angioblast angioblást -a m iz mezoderma Celica, ki se lahko razvije v krvne žile in kapilare. Te najprej nastanejo izven telesa izvirajoča matična celica, iz katere se zarodka v rumenjakovi vrečki iz mezoderma.
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