Royal Albert Hall South-west Quadrant SW2 7AP

City of Westminster

Archaeological Building Record

September 2020

www.mola.org.uk © MOLA Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 email: [email protected] Museum of London Archaeology is a company limited by guarantee

Registered in England and Wales Company registration number 07751831 Charity registration number 1143574 Registered office Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED

Historic Townscape Record © MOLA 2018 1 P:\WEST\1613\na\Field\SBR\Report\2020\Coversheet_ABR(1.0).docx

Royal Albert Hall South-West Quadrant Kensington Gore London SW7 2AP

Site Code ABL17

National Grid Reference 526573 179556

Planning reference no. 17/00010/ADFULL

A Level 2-3 standing building survey

Sign-off History: Issue No. Date: Prepared by: Checked/ Approved by: Reason for Issue:

1 24/11/2020 Anna Nicola Mike Smith First issue Head of Buildings (Project Manager) Archaeology and Paul McGarrity Project Officer

© MOLA Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 Unit 2, Chineham Point, Crockford Lane, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG24 8NA, Tel: 01256 587320 Email [email protected]

Summary

This report presents the findings of a building survey undertaken by MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) at the Royal Albert Hall, in the City of Westminster. The survey was commissioned by the Royal Albert Hall and was required to satisfy a condition of planning consent (planning reference no. 15/06079/FULL) prior to the construction of a two-storey basement beneath the south-west quadrant and associated external manifestations. The survey took place between January and July 2017, with a post soft-strip follow up visit to the Boiler House in February 2020.

At the time of the site visit the building was in use as a music hall, and its public use was uninterrupted by the works. The site was bounded to the north by Kensington Gore and , to the east by residential mansions, to the west by the Royal College of Art and t the south by and the Royal College of Music.

Royal Albert Hall is Grade I Listed (List Entry No. 1217742) and was designed by Captain Fowke, and completed by Major-General H. Y. D Scott in 1867-71 in a red brick Italian Renaissance style.

2 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Contents

Summary 2

Contents 3

Figures 4

1 Introduction 6

2 Historical background of the site 12

3 Analytical description 37

4 Acknowledgements 62

5 Bibliography 63

6 Oasis 65

7 Appendix 1: archive list 67

8 Appendix 2: Survey drawings 75

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Figures

Fig 1 Site location 11 Fig 2: Rocque’s map of 1746 13 Fig 3:Grove House drawn by the wife of the owner in 1857 (perhaps by this date the Commissioners wife) (BHO, 2020) 14 Fig 4: , date unknown (BHO, 2020) 14 Fig 5: Greenwoods map of 1826 15 Fig 6: Stanford’s map of 1862 16 Fig 7: Marquee erected for the ceremony of laying the foundation stone at the Royal Albert Hall, 20th Mat 1867 by (Royal Albert Hall, 2020) 19 Fig 8: Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore- arrival of the queen at the site of the hall prior to construction. Etching by Mason Jackson, reproduced in the 1867 Illustrated London News (LMA collage no. 312914) 19 Fig 9: Queen Victoria laying the foundation stone at the Royal Albert Hall, 20 May 1867 (Royal Albert Hall, 2020) 20 Fig 10: The roof of Royal Albert Hall under construction in 1869 (Royal Albert Hall, 2020) 21 Fig 11: “The Central Hall of Arts and Science to be erected at Kensington”, Etching by Mason Jackson reproduced in the 1867 Illustrated London News (LMA, Collage 312912) 21 Fig 12: The interior of the Central Hall of Arts and Science to be erected. An etching by Mason Jackson, reproduced in the London Illustrated News in 1867 (LMA Collage 312911) 21 Fig 13: The Royal Albert Hall under construction in 1868, photographed from the top of the to the north (Royal Albert Hall archives) 22 Fig 14: Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5ft:mile map of 1872 (not to scale) 23 Fig 15: Plan of foundations showing the connection of the south porch to the conservatory to the south (on the left) (RAH/2/7/1/35) 24 Fig 16: Section through footings, c. 1868-9 (RAH/2/7/1/56) 24 Fig 17: Footings and basement plan through wing buildings and front of building c.1868-9 (RAH/2/7/1/55) 25 Fig 18: Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 5ft:mile map of 1893 (not to scale) 27 Fig 19: Basement plan of the Royal Albert Hall foundations, dated 1868-69 (RAH/2/7/1/45 27 Fig 20: Plan of the Ground floor showing urinals and steps from conservatory, c.1868-69 (RAH/2/7/1/52) 28 Fig 21: “Covering over boilers, west side” 1 March 1871 (RAH/2/7/1/52) 28 Fig 22: Plan showing heating arrangements for warming c.1897 (RAH/3/5/1/1) 29 Fig 23: The original heating core beneath the arena of the Royal Albert Hall, taken in 1967 30 Fig 24: Ordnance Survey 3rd Edition 25” map of 1915 31 Fig 25: The grade I listed chimney in 1972 (LMA 72/6/05988) 31 Fig 26: Drainage Plan of the Boiler House, dated approximately to 1917 (earlier plan with corrections, North is ↓) 32 Fig 27: Plan of the Boiler House, dated between 1917-1948 (North is ↓) 32 Fig 28: Basement plan of the Royal Albert Hall in 1915 (BHO, 2019) 34 Fig 29: Ground Floor plan of the Royal Albert Hall in 1915 (BHO, 2019) 34 Fig 30: Photograph of the basement in the Royal Albert Hall, 1967 (LMA 67/6/HB/5225) 35 Fig 31: The Boiler House photograph dated 1967 (LMA ref: 67/6/HB/05215)36 Fig 32: Staircase adjacent to door 9, between ground floor and first floor landing. Looking north east 38

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Fig 33: Detail of the balustrades of the staircase adjacent to door 9, looking north 39 Fig 34: View underneath the staircase near door 9, showing the cloak room structure prior to removal. Looking south east 39 Fig 35: The door to the utility cupboard within the storeroom, basement level 1, looking south west. 40 Fig 36: Hinged flap at the bottom of the utility cupboard door. Looking north west 41 Fig 37: Detail of original skirting including a timber buffer, set into a recess in the wall of the store. 41 Fig 38: Change in coving, original to the right of the image. Looking north 42 Fig 39: Top light of doorframe within the Technical store. The top light has been removed and replaced with a heating duct. Looking south 42 Fig 40: Internal structure of partition wall and ceiling in the technical storeroom. 43 Fig 41 Brick partition truncated by a modern heating duct. Looking south west 43 Fig 42 Timber doorframe and partition in technical storeroom, looking south44 Fig 43: Step foundation cut back and exposing red and purple stocks. Looking south west 44 Fig 44: Modern spiral staircase and brick column. Looking north west 45 Fig 45: Top of the brick column within the stairwell with truncated concrete surface on top. Looking north west 46 Fig 46: Blocked archway, possibly associated with drainage. Looking south east 46 Fig 47: Boiler House prior to a soft strip, looking west 47 Fig 48: The Boiler House looking south west 48 Fig 49: The Boiler House, looking north 48 Fig 50: Southeast corner of the Boiler House, looking west 49 Fig 51: North end of the east wall of the Boiler House, looking north east 50 Fig 52: Brick pier at the north end of the east wall of the Boiler House, looking east 50 Fig 53: Bays 1-4 (from right to left), south wall of the Boiler House, looking south 51 Fig 54: Fixtures for a portable ladder beneath the door of Bay 3, looking south 52 Fig 55: Bays 6 (left) and 5 in the Boiler House, looking south 52 Fig 56: North end of the west wall of the Boiler House, looking west 53 Fig 57: Cast iron chute and chimney at the north end of the west wall. Boiler House, looking west 54 Fig 58: Arch on the west wall, corresponding to the previous openings seen on historic mapping. Looking west 54 Fig 59: North wall of Boiler House, looking north 55 Fig 60: East end of the north wall, looking north 55 Fig 61: Fire escape hatch through the north wall. Looking north-north east 56 Fig 62: Jack arches within Blowdown room 57 Fig 63 Patches of repairs within Blowdown room 57 Fig 64 Blocked archway 58 Fig 65: Boiler House escape room 58 Fig 66: Brick corbel within Boiler House escape room 59 Fig 67: Southwest wall 59 Fig 68: makers mark on steel beam 60 Fig 69: Southeast wall 60 Fig 70: Stepped brick foundations, having been chipped back after the lowering of the floor level above 61

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1 Introduction

1.1 Site background

1.1.1 An archaeological building survey was carried out by MOLA at the Royal Albert Hall, South-West Quadrant, Kensington Gore, London SW7 2AP postcode (NGR: 526573/179556: (Fig 1)) between January and July 2017, with a post soft strip site visit undertaken in February 2020 in the Boiler House. 1.1.2 The site is bounded to the northeast by the Royal Albert Hall, to the north by the West Porch, to the south-west by the pavement line to the north-east of Beit Hall (the Imperial College Students’ Union building) and to the east by the South Porch. The site falls within the historic parish of St Margaret, Westminster, and lay within the county of Middlesex prior to being absorbed into the administration of the City of Westminster. 1.1.3 The Grade I listed Royal Albert Hall was a red brick and buff terracotta with a glazed domed roof and was designed in the Italian Renaissance style with an elliptical plan. 1.1.4 A Watching Brief was carried out within the site outline between 2017 and 2018, and is the subject of a separate report (MOLA, 2018).

1.2 Planning Background

1.2.1 An application was made to Westminster City Council for permission for development (Planning reference no. 15/06079/FULL). Permission was granted on the 16th September 2015 for the redevelopment of all the south-west quadrant of the building. The site is being developed to create a two storey extension to the existing basements to the south-west of the Royal Albert Hall, and refurbishment and alterations to the rooms in this quadrant of the existing basement. 1.2.2 The development included Condition No 9. The condition requires: A) No development shall take place until the applicant (or their heirs and successors in title) has secured the implementation of a programme of archaeological investigation and historic building recording in accordance with a Written Scheme of Investigation which has been submitted by the applicant and approved by the local plan authority in writing. B) No development or demolition shall take place other than in accordance with the Written Scheme of Investigation approved under part (A). C) The development shall not be occupied until the investigation and post investigation assessment has been completed in accordance with the programme set out in the Written Scheme of Investigation approved under Part (A), and the provision made for analysis, publication and dissemination of the results and archive deposition has been secured. Reason To avoid damage to any archaeological remains on site as set out in S25 of Westminster’s City Plan: Strategic Policies adopted November 2013 and DES 11 of our Unitary Development Plan that we adopted in January 2007. 1.2.3 In addition to the Planning Condition, GLAAS had stated the need for a programme of archaeological work, including historic building recording to be undertaken in accordance with HE guidance 2016, to Level 2-3.

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1.3 Designated heritage assets

1.3.1 Historic England’s National Heritage List for England (NHLE) is a register of all nationally designated (protected) historic buildings and sites in England, such as scheduled monuments, listed buildings and registered parks and gardens. The List includes the Royal Albert Hall, which is a nationally designated heritage asset and was designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building on 24th February 1958 for its special architectural and historic interest. 1.3.2 The site is within the western part of the Conservation Area, designated by the LPA, characterised by its development from the early-19th century onward with houses set around garden squares and a larger number of individual grand buildings related to cultural institutions. The site is not within an Area of Special Archaeological Priority as defined by the LPA (City of Westminster Strategic Policies map, November 2013). 1.3.3 The following nationally designated heritage assets are located within close proximity to the site: • At the south-eastern and south-western edge of the site are two Grade II Listed cast iron lamp standards, probably early 20th century (NHL ref 1221258 and 1275248), and nine other similar Grade II Listed lamp standards are outside the site to the east and west. • Immediately to the south of the site is the Grade II Listed 1863 memorial of the 1851 Exhibition (NHL ref 1227163). • Opposite the site to the south-east is Albert Court, a Grade II Listed block of mansion flats of c 1900 (NHL ref 1227161). • To the east are the two Grade II Listed blocks of Albert Hall Mansions, built in 1879 (NHL ref 1275268 and 1275249). • Opposite the site to the west are the Grade II Listed 1960s Royal College of Art (NHL ref 1389259). • The Grade II Listed Royal College of Organists of 1895 (NHL ref 1217773) and the Grade II Listed Queen Alexandra’s House, built in 1884 as a student hostel for women (NHL ref 1217740). • Kensington Gore forms the southern edge of Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, both designated Grade I in the Historic England Register of Historic Parks and Gardens (NHL ref 1000340 and 1000814). 1.3.4 All work was carried out in accordance with the Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) (MOLA, 2016) submitted to and approved by the Local Authority to fulfil the Planning Condition.

1.4 Scope of the survey

1.4.1 The scope of the archaeological work was set out in detail in the WSI (MOLA, 2016). 1.4.2 All work was carried out in accordance with Heritage England specifications in Understanding historic buildings: a guide to good recording practice (HE, 2016) and other applicable standards and guidance (e.g. e.g. CIFA Standard and guidance for archaeological investigation of standing buildings or structures, 2014). 1.4.3 As described above, in addition to the overall photographic record, GLAAS (Historic England) have specified that the archaeological building recording should be undertaken in accordance with HE guidance 215, to Level 2-3. The record focused on the areas to be altered or demolished. Plans showing these areas were received 7 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

by MOLA and a summary of the changes to the historic fabric in these areas was as follows: • Plant room: A more detailed recording was required for the plant room depending on the date of the fixtures/fittings/machinery contained therein. • C19th Chimney: The works to the site included plans to repair an external chimney, which linked to the plant room via a horizontal flue, mean that the structure will require a photographic record as part of the HBR programme. • Level 1 Basement: Limited alterations will take place in Dressing Room 8 in order to accommodate an air intake plenum. There will be alterations made to the storage area and stairs near Lift 11. The Show Management Crew room and the Show Technical Storage room will also require monitoring. • West Porch, South Elevation: A new entrance will require a photographic record. This should comprise an overall photographic record and should focus on the areas of the building that are to be altered or demolished. 1.4.4 A Level 2 standing building survey forms a descriptive record of a building, while a Level 3 standing building survey forms an analytical record. After discussion with GLAAS, it is anticipated that the present record will be made to level 2, and this final report presents an account of the building’s origins, development and use. The record will include data from a survey of archive material, upon which the analysis will be based and will include records to illustrate the buildings appearance and structure. 1.4.5 The survey took place between January and July 2017, with a post soft-strip follow up visit to the Boiler House in February 2020. The exterior of the building was photographed, and the areas which formed a part of the site as listed in 1.4.3 were subjected to a more in-depth record.

1.5 Organisation of the report and conventions used

1.5.1 The report is organised in line with the scope of the original WSI, providing a written account and a photographic record. Only a selected number of photographs have been presented in the report. A list of all photographs with their description and archive identifier taken on site is added at the back as Appendix 1 of this report. 1.5.2 The building was circular in plan, with the main entrance facing north. Therefore, it is taken that the building is orientated north-south for simplicity of description in the text of this report. The area of the site is located at the south-west quadrant of the building. 1.5.3 All maps and plans show true north. Measurements may be given in both metric and imperial measurements where appropriate. 1.5.4 A discussion of the phasing and changes to the buildings follows after the description of the buildings.

1.6 Building Survey methodology

1.6.1 In addition to the HE and CIfA guidance mentioned above, the work was carried out in accordance with the Building Recording WSI (MOLA, 2016). 1.6.2 The overall aim of the programme of work was to analyse the fabric of the area of the building which were affected by the works, and secure a record of those aspects of the building that were of architectural, archaeological and historical interest prior to alteration or loss during refurbishment. An overall photographic record was also 8 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

provided. 1.6.3 The work was to provide a detailed record and account of the historical development of the site.

Physical investigation 1.6.4 Physical investigation of the areas building affected by the works was carried out on site, prior to any proposed intervention. This aspect of the investigation aimed at elucidating significant details regarding fabric, function, or the elements, methods/order of construction and development.

Written records 1.6.5 Handwritten descriptive notes were produced on-site to record the findings of the physical investigation of the structure. The notes recorded details such the fabric, form and function of the structure, along with evidence of any alterations and development over time.

Drawn records 1.6.6 The client made available plan and elevation drawings in CAD format which MOLA checked onsite for completeness and accuracy. Any omissions were added to the CAD drawings by MOLA, by hand annotation and measurement. The drawings were annotated conforming to the Historic England guidance for presentation of a historic building survey in CAD (English Heritage, 2005).

Photographic records 1.6.7 A wide-ranging photographic record of the standing building was made during the investigation. Photographs were taken using a 12.1-megapixel high definition digital camera to produce a comprehensive photographic record of the building including general and oblique views to give an overall impression of its appearance and setting. Only a selected number of the photographs taken on-site have been presented in this report. All photographs taken on-site have been archived in the MOLA Oracle database. A list comprising their description and unique archive identifier, along with the digital image file name is appended to this report (Appendix 1).

Documentary research 1.6.8 An appropriate level of documentary archive research was carried out to give an account of the history and development of the site. Documentary sources for the history of the building were consulted to provide evidence for dates of construction and significant modifications, along with any information on the activities undertaken in the building during its use. Along with the London Metropolitan Archives, the Royal Albert Hall Archives were also consulted to enhance the historical record where information was available.

External documentation 1.6.9 The following documentation was consulted as part of this project: • Historic Environment Assessment for the Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore, London SW7 2AP, 2015 (MOLA, 2015) • Watching Brief at The Royal Albert Hall, South-west Quadrant, Kensington Gore, London SW2 2AP (MOLA, 2018) • The Royal Albert Hall, South West Quadrant, Heritage Statement (Alan Baxter Associates, 2015) 9 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

• Various plans and drawings supplied in PDF and DWG by the Royal Albert Hall and surveyed/produced by BDP, in 2016. 1.6.10 Any information which has been used from this report has been referenced as such.

1.7 Site archive

1.7.1 A written and drawn record of features encountered was carried out in accordance with the WSI (MOLA, 2016). 1.7.2 The specific objectives and research aim of the Historic Building Recording were fully defined in the site-specific WSI (MOLA, 2016). The level of recording has been set at a Level 2-3 standard as described in the Historic England guidance document Understanding Historic Buildings (Historic England, 2016). This was to provide an overall descriptive record, with an analytical record in areas where historic plant and machinery were still present, and to provide an in-depth analysis of the buildings historical background. 1.7.3 The archaeological building recording had the following main components: 1.7.4 To undertake a photographic record of the site, including detailed and general shots of the interior and exterior fabric of the structure, where this can be safely done. • To investigate, analyse and describe the fabric of the structure before alteration/demolition, with the aim of elucidating its use and structural history, and record and analyse the resulting evidence for this history using applicable archaeological methods. • To make a detailed record of the existing areas of the building affected by the works, in its present condition, by means of photography, scale drawings, with the use of existing scale drawings to be supplied by the client • To study documentary sources for the history of the structure on the site. • To report the results in suitable form, publish a summary and register the report through the Historic England OASIS form, with the City of Westminster Council Planning Department, and with the Museum of London Archaeological Archive (LAARC).

1.8 Specific objectives and research aims

1.8.1 The objectives of the archaeological building survey set out above addresses the general need for recording and historical analysis to describe the buildings structure, architectural detail, and archaeological evidence.

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[ABL17] Standing Building Survey Report © MOLA 2020

the site

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WEST1613SBR20#01 2 Historical background of the site

Introduction 2.1.1 A Detailed account of the early history and pre-history of the site can be found in the Historic Environment Assessment produced by MOLA (MOLA, 2015) This report only provides a summary of the site’s early history

Prehistoric (c. 70, 0000 BC to AD 43) 2.1.2 There are no known finds dated to the prehistoric period within and around the site area. Evidence for an occupation site was recorded where the Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain now stands, to the northeast of the site. Recovered finds included later Mesolithic flints which suggested a possible short-term occupation site, as well as several residual sherds of Early Iron Age pottery from later contexts. Two cut features were also recorded which were interpreted as being prehistoric in date (MOLA, 2015).

The Roman Period (AD 43-410) 2.1.3 It is thought that Kensington Road and Kensington Gore, immediately to the north of the site marked the course of a secondary Roman road which left Londinium on the line of the Strand 4.5km to the east of the site, and joined the main road 7km west of the site at Chiswick. Archaeological investigations have yet to substantiate this due to disturbances in the areas excavated (MOLA, 2015). 2.1.4 During the Roman period the site may have been part of an agricultural estate adjacent to a road, and possibly subjected to small-scale quarrying for road construction.

Early medieval (Saxon) period (AD 410–1066) 2.1.5 The site probably fell within the manor of Knightsbridge with Westbourne Green, which belonged to Westminster Abbey during the medieval period. 2.1.6 The first documentary reference to the area of Knightsbridge is in a mid-11th century charter of Edward the Confessor which mentions Kyngesbyrig. This took its name from the road bridge over the Westbourne where it left Hyde Park, known originally as the King's bridge and was later corrupted to Knightsbridge. No archaeological evidence of Saxon date has been recorded in the vicinity, and the site was probably open land, possibly used for cultivation or pasture during this period (MOLA, 2015).

Later medieval period (AD 1066–1485) 2.1.7 During the later medieval period the site would probably have remained as open farmland. No archaeological remains of this period have been recorded in the area in or around the site. The land which later became Hyde Park– which also included most of Kensington Gardens – was bequeathed to Westminster Abbey by Geoffrey de Mandeville soon after the Norman Conquest of 1066, when deer, boar and wild bulls could be found there (Weinreb, Keay, & Keay, 2008).

Post-medieval period (AD 1485–present) 2.1.8 During the early part of the post-medieval period the site was open fields, and appeared to remain so until around 1750.

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2.1.9 In 1536, Westminster Abbey was forced by Henry VIII to give up Hyde Park to the north of the site, in compulsory exchange for a priory in Buckinghamshire. Henry enclosed the park in 1540 and used the land to extend the hunting grounds around his Palace of Westminster. Military reviews took place from the time of Elizabeth I and from the early 17th century limited public access was allowed. The Park soon became a fashionable place to visit and features such as ornamental drives were established, such as the lake of the Serpentine which was formed in 1730 by damming the Westbourne (Weinreb, Keay, & Keay, 2008). 2.1.10 At the west end of Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens originated with the purchase by King William III and Queen Mary in 1689 of Nottingham House (later Kensington Palace) from Daniel Finch, Earl of Nottingham. Both William and Mary disliked Whitehall Palace, so the house was enlarged and the grounds remodelled, and the King's private road (now Rotten Row) was made from Kensington, through Hyde Park to Westminster (MOLA, 2015). 2.1.11 On the south side of Kensington Road, the title of the land on which the Royal Albert Hall now stands remained with the Dean and Chapter of Westminster and was held in the mid-17th century by Sir Robert Fenn, a Clerk of the Green Cloth in the household of Charles I. In 1668, one of Fenn’s descendants sold part of the land to Humphrey Tomlinson, a milliner and blacksmith whose family held it until the early 19th century when it passed to the family of barrister John Aldridge. 2.1.12 Much of the land was leased for use as nurseries and market gardens, but by the mid-18th century a number of houses along Gore Lane, running south off Kensington Gore had been built close to the road (Survey of London, 1975) and these can be seen on Rocque’s map of 1746 (Fig 2). Two large houses, Gore House and Grove House, were built shortly after Rocque’s map was drawn, and extended into the northern extent of where the Royal Albert Hall stands, fronting onto Kensington Gore (MOLA, 2016).

Fig 2: Rocque’s map of 1746 13 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

2.1.13 Grove House (Fig 3) stood three storeys high and was occupied by surgeon Sir Caesar Hawkins from 1749 to 1764, and subsequently by Anne Pitt, sister of the Earl of Chatham (Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder). The landowner John Aldridge lived in Grove House from 1846 until 1852, having sold the estate to the Royal Commissioners in 1851. The house was then used for a short while as a commissioner’s office, before being demolished in 1857, along with Gore House which was also acquired by the Royal Commissioners at the same time.

Fig 3:Grove House drawn by the wife of the owner in 1857 (perhaps by this date the Commissioners wife) (BHO, 2020)

Fig 4: Gore House, date unknown (BHO, 2020)

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2.1.14 Gore House (Fig 4) was built in the 1750s, and was also of three storeys. Grove House was occupied by the politician and reformer William Wilberforce between 1808-1828, and subsequently occupied between 1836-1849 by the Countess of Blessington and Count D’Orsay until 1851 when they Left London for Paris (Royal Albert Hall, 2020). 2.1.15 Greenwood’s map of 1826 (Fig 5) is a small scale map that shows the position of the two Houses set further back from the main road, whilst a building that is possibly Gore House lies outside the north-eastern corner of the site. The map shows two ponds to the south, just outside the site. These are possibly flooded quarry pits, or the result of spring lines associated with the edge of the gravel terrace and the impermeable London Clay. The housing along the south side of Kensington Gore, to the northwest of the site appears to have been extended with the addition of a more formalised rear and front garden plots. On the whole, the area remains open fields and fairly rural. The Kensington Workhouse can be seen has having been constructed to the south west of the site.

Fig 5: Greenwoods map of 1826 2.1.16 From the mid-19th century, there was substantial building development across an extensive area just the south of the site, largely the result of the of the Works of Industry of all Nations, an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park between May and October 1851. At the end of 1849, a Royal Commission led by Prince Albert had been appointed, and included politicians and leading figures in architecture and engineering who joined to organise and raise money for an international exhibition of arts, science and manufacturing. Henry Cole, a civil servant who through his membership to the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (later the Royal Society of Arts) had campaigned to improve standards in industrial design, and was a driving force in bringing the scheme to fruition. Cole and Prince Albert wanted to organise an All Nations event which would present the greatest collection of art in industry, ‘for the purpose of exhibition of competition and encouragement’. Initially there was not much interest in the idea by the government of the day; but once they were

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made to realise the event would be self-financing they agreed to set up a Royal Commission to investigate (Historic UK Ltd, 2020). 2.1.17 Eventually the event went ahead in Hyde Park and the profits of the exhibition and the substantial surplus funds raised for the event, together with an amount from Parliament, was used to acquire an estate of 87 acres of largely undeveloped land. The land extended c 1km south from Kensington Gore, and at its widest c 400m east and west of the site from Princes Gardens to Gloucester Road. The complex was dubbed and would include formal gardens, the Central Hall of Arts and Sciences, Imperial College, Royal College of Art, Royal College of Music, Royal Geographical Society, Science Museum, Natural History Museum and Museum. 2.1.18 The Commissioners’ purchase also included the c 8.7ha of the Gore House estate. In 1851 Gore house was opened as the ‘Universal Symposium of All Nations’, a flamboyantly decorated restaurant run by the first , , who planned to cater for the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, with a 400ft-long pavilion in the garden (Royal Albert Hall, 2020). Gore House was used by the schools of the Science and Art Department after this, and for occasional exhibitions, and Grove House briefly became the Commissioners’ office. Both were demolished in 1857s part of the commissioner’s redevelopment. 2.1.19 To the south of the site, the Horticultural Society of London was granted a lease by the 1851 Commissioners, and constructed a large conservatory with elaborate Italianate gardens. The work was supervised by Prince Albert, who opened the Gardens in 1861 and granted the society the name of Royal Horticultural Society. A large pavilion was constructed to the south of the Gardens for the International Exhibition of 1862 (Weinreb, Keay, & Keay, 2008), which can be seen on Stanford’s map of 1862 (Fig 6). The map also shows that the site is open landscaped ground to the north. In 1863 the memorial to the 1851 Exhibition was inaugurated in the garden, just to the south of the site.

Fig 6: Stanford’s map of 1862 16 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

2.1.20 In 1851 the Royal Commissioners agreed to grant a site for the hall and guaranteed a sum of £50,000 towards the preliminary expenses and the cost of its construction (The Builder, 1867-LMA SC/PZ/WE/01/1929). This was on condition that the same amount should be raised in subscriptions prior to the 1st May 1867, to ensure the confidence of the Commissioners Surveyors in the completion of the building, as well as provide for any contingency. In 1866 £112,000 was raised in subscriptions but the Committee had to refrain from raising any more funds because of the Panic of 1866, caused by the collapse of London wholesale discount bank Overund Gurney, which threatened to crash the entire financial system of the UK (John Lewis, 2016). 2.1.21 Prince Albert passed away after suffering from typhoid on the 14th December 1861. Prior to his death he had more than once expressed a wish that the Estate might include a concert hall, and this was taken up by Henry Cole, giving the project a commemorative tone. By this point the conservatory to the south of the site was already constructed and open to the public and can be seen on Fig 14 below. Originally, the conservatory was to be the new hall’s lobby, but the funds were used instead to build the Albert Memorial and the plans for the hall were scaled back (Engineering Timelines, 2020). On the north side of Kensington Gore, an elaborate memorial to the Prince was built in 1862–75 to a design by George Gilbert Scott which was selected by Queen Victoria. 2.1.22 In 1865, Queen Victoria approved a modified proposal submitted by Fowke and Cole, which reduced the ambitious original 30,000 seat venue to a hall with capacity for 7,000 in total, (Engineering Timelines, 2020). The inspiration for the design of the hall came from Fowke’s and Cole’s visits to the Roman arenas at Arles and Nîmes, in France. When Fowke died in 1865, he was replaced by fellow Royal Engineer Major Henry Young Darracott Scott R.E (Engineering Timelines, 2020). The construction of the Royal Albert Hall began in 1867 to designs which were largely the work of Scott, who made some amendments to the original designs of Fowke. 2.1.23 The builders were the Lucas Brothers, who were also responsible for the Covent Garden Opera House constructed in 1858, and later the Alexander Palace in 1873 (Graces Guide, 2020). In July 1867 the Lucas Brothers put forward their proposal to the Provisional Committee who took preliminary steps to proceed with plans to start construction. The designs were approved by a Committee of Advice, and handed to the surveyors who confirmed the building could be completed internally and externally and inclusive of fittings for £199,748 (Builder, 1867). The Provisional Committee accepted the proposal of the Lucas Brothers for the sitting of £38,000 and agreed the contract for completing the hall at ordinary trade prices, on the estimate and valuation of Messrs. Hunt, Stephenson, and Jones, who acted as surveyors to the Commissioners as well as on behalf of the Provisional Committee (Builder, 1867). 2.1.24 The Royal Albert Hall was designed to hold 6000 sittings, with 2000 being proposed for sale at £100 per sitting, and sold a freehold. This meant they were only transferrable by sale or otherwise, and the right of their occupation could be sold for a period or for a single event. The seated area at the very front was designed to seat 1000 members of the orchestra, which could be used by the public when a large orchestra was not needed. Boxes were also conceived as part of the design, the lower tier accommodating 10 people per box which were sold at £1000 each, whilst the upper tier boxes held 5 people and sold for £500 per box. (Builder, 1867) 2.1.25 It was stipulated that the Hall would be managed by a governing body, under royal charter on a 999 year lease at one shilling (5p) per year. This arrangement is still in place today. The Royal charter outlined that the purpose of the Corporation was the building and maintenance of a hall and associated buildings on the Estate of the Commissioners at South Kensington. The charter read that the hall and any

17 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

associated buildings would be used for: “-Congresses, both national and international, for purposes of science and art -Performances of music, including performances on the organ -The distribution of prizes by public bodies and societies -Conversazioni of societies established for the promotion of sciences and art -Agricultural, horticultural, and the like exhibitions -National and international exhibitions of works of art and industry, including industrial exhibitions by the artisan classes -Exhibitions of pictures, sculptures, and other objects of artistic or scientific interest Generally any other purpose connected with science and art, with power for the Corporation to furnish the hall in such manner and with works and objects of scientific and artistic interests as they think fit, and generally to do all such things, whether such acts are things are or are not of the same character or nature as the acts and things before enumerated, as they think conducive to the purposes of the Corporation, or for the benefit of the members thereof, having regard to the purposes of the aforesaid.” (Builder, 1867) 2.1.26 On May 20th, 1867 the foundation stone for the Central Hall for Arts and Sciences was laid by a grieving Queen Victoria, beneath a vast marquee which was especially constructed for the celebratory occasion. The marquee which can be seen in Fig 7 to have been decorated with flags, was designed to accommodate 7,000 people, although almost 10,000 members of the public showed up (Royal Albert Hall, 2020). The Queen herself had arrived with daughters the Princess Beatrice and Louise at Paddington train station and travelled across Hyde Park by carriage (Fig 8) for the ceremony at 11.30am with her son the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VI) in a rare public appearance after the death of her husband Prince Albert. Special guests to the event included the Foreign Ministers wearing their decorations, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen in their robes, the Prime Minister Lord Derby, his successor Mr. Disraeli, amongst other Ministers (The Victorian Web, 2017). 2.1.27 The Prince of Wales addressed the Queen at the ceremony and contemporary reports said she had spoken “indistinctly, slowly and under great emotional strain” (Royal Albert Hall, 2020), and replied: “I thank you for your affectionate and dutiful address. It has been with a struggle that I have nerved myself to a compliance with the wish that I should take part in this day's ceremony; but I have been sustained by the thought that I should assist by my presence in promoting the accomplishment of his great designs, to whose memory the gratitude and affection of the country are now rearing a noble monument, which I trust may yet look down on such a centre of institutions for the promotion of Art and Science as it was his fond hope to establish here, it is my wish that this hall should bear his name, to whom it will have owed its existence, and be called "The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences." 2.1.28 The queen then used an especially-made trowel to lay the polished block of granite (Fig 9), along with a glass time-capsule which contained a collection of gold and silver, and an inscription in gold letters which read: "This stone was laid by her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, May 20, 1867" (The Victorian Web, 2017).

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Fig 7: Marquee erected for the ceremony of laying the foundation stone at the Royal Albert Hall, 20th Mat 1867 by Queen Victoria (Royal Albert Hall, 2020)

Fig 8: Royal Albert Hall, Kensington Gore- arrival of the queen at the site of the hall prior to construction. Etching by Mason Jackson, reproduced in the 1867 Illustrated London News (LMA collage no. 312914)

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Fig 9: Queen Victoria laying the foundation stone at the Royal Albert Hall, 20 May 1867 (Royal Albert Hall, 2020) 2.1.29 The ceremony ended with a prayer by the Archbishop of Canterbury, a flourish of trumpets and the distant shot of twenty-one cannons which were stationed in Hyde Park. Finally, the band and chorus delivered the vocal and instrumental music of a composition by Prince Albert, entitled "L'Invocazione all'Armenia", with the solo parts having been sung by Signor Mario with great effect. It was recorded that the Queen, while passing through the building, stopped where he stood, and personally thanked this “sweetest of sweet singers” (The Victorian Web, 2017). 2.1.30 Fowke’s original designs for the hall had semi-circular ends and straight sides, and this was modified by Scott who kept the main proportions, roof form, and the layout of corridors, staircases and exits, but amended the plan to one of a true ellipse and placed offices and ancillary structures within the perimeter (Engineering Timelines, 2020). The previous designs showed the roof was supported by buttresses and ceiled with a plastered flat centre. Scott amended this to a wholly curvilinear roof of wrought iron and glass (Fig 10), and employed, in his own words, a 'wrought iron wall plate of girder shape resting with its web on the wall and supporting the ends of the roof principals' (Engineering Timelines, 2020). Rowland Mason Ordihsh and John William Grover were responsible for carrying out the calculations and designs for the roof, which was made possible through the assistance of two engineers John Fowler, and John Hawkshaw, the latter having constructed the roof at Cannon Street Station which encouraged Scott in his use of trussed girders for the principals (BHO, 2019). The ironworks contractor was engineer William Fairbairn who sat on the advisory committee along with Hawkshaw and Fowler. 2.1.31 Fig 11 and Fig 12 show the proposed exterior and interior of Scott’s design of the hall prior to its construction. The exterior was remodelled with an added frieze and three porticos with arches large enough to accommodate carriages. At the south end, a much smaller porch adjoined Fowke’s conservatory, which by that point had already been constructed. The internal amendments included the introduction of balcony seats above the upper tier of boxes (BHO, 2019).

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Fig 10: The roof of Royal Albert Hall under construction in 1869 (Royal Albert Hall, 2020)

Fig 11: “The Central Hall of Arts and Science to be erected at Kensington”, Etching by Mason Jackson reproduced in the 1867 Illustrated London News (LMA, Collage 312912)

Fig 12: The interior of the Central Hall of Arts and Science to be erected. An etching by Mason Jackson, reproduced in the London Illustrated News in 1867 (LMA Collage 312911)

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2.1.32 Fig 13 shows the Hall under construction in 1868, photographed from the top of the Albert Memorial to the north (Royal Albert Hall Archives). The photograph shows the extent of ground disturbance associated with the construction of the building in the levelling of the natural slope to the south to match street to the north. The area of the south-west quadrant is on the right and contained an open-sided temporary shed further down the natural slope, at the arena level. To the rear of the shed was a very high buttressed wall of the Royal Horticultural Society’s gardens, topped by the walkway with railings, shown on the Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5ft:mile map of 1872 (Fig 14). The conservatory at the top of the wall was approximately level with the Royal Albert Hall ground level, reflecting the extent of the ground works required to form a terrace from the natural slope. On the south side of the massive wall of the Society’s gardens are the East and West Quadrants of the gardens and various pavilions; this area had clearly required building up the natural slope in a series of level terraces. 2.1.33 A slightly later photograph in the collections of the Science Museum (Stamp, 1984) (not reproduced due to poor image quality) showed construction progressed above street level to roughly the same height as the top of the shed in the south-west quadrant, with part of the structure also having extended south-west off the main footprint of the hall towards the corner of the Royal Horticultural Society conservatory to which the Hall was initially connected. A plan held at the Royal Albert Hall Archives shows the link between the Hall and conservatory at basement level (Fig 15). This corresponded in part to the position of the existing basement- level Boiler House. It is likely that ground level around it was subsequently raised to the present level, probably with material from the excavation of the arena, which would have resulted in the c 6m of made ground recorded during geotechnical investigations.

Fig 13: The Royal Albert Hall under construction in 1868, photographed from the top of the Albert Memorial to the north (Royal Albert Hall archives) 22 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 14: Ordnance Survey 1st edition 5ft:mile map of 1872 (not to scale) 2.1.34 Excavations for the central arena reached 5m below ground level (bgl), with a basement 2m bgl under the ground floor of the perimeter corridor, and an additional space to 4m bgl inside the line of the main wall as far as the amphitheatre. The wall foundations were built up of mass concrete bases constructed on the natural gravels, as can be seen in the original plans held by the Royal Albert Hall Archive (Fig 16). The angled hatch lines seen in Fig 16 show the assumed level of the natural gravel, and an annotation (not in view) reads that the footings in all cases, must be excavated to the level of the gravel. This was also confirmed a Watching Brief carried out by MOLA in 2017-18 within the site outline. The Watching Brief recorded no archaeologically significant deposits, and only late 19th-century dumps associated with the construction of the extant building and later services (including sewers and manholes) which had removed all archaeological deposits overlying the natural geology. The deposits observed consisted mostly of silty clay and gravel made ground and this was assumed to have been associated with the original building built between 1867 and 1871. Fig 17 shows the original plans of the footings relating to the wing buildings, the area hatched in pencil according to an annotation represents the area to be constructed (presumably of brick) and filled with a concrete cement. The section drawing on the lower part of Fig 16 also shows that the back wall of the Engine Room which was located at the south end of the Hall’s basement was built up against (or possibly utilised) the back wall of the Conservatory. The basement rooms such as the Boiler House which form the south- west quadrant (and the site itself) are not shown on any of the early plans, which suggest these were a later addition.

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Fig 15: Plan of foundations showing the connection of the south porch to the conservatory to the south (on the left) (RAH/2/7/1/35)

Fig 16: Section through footings, c. 1868-9 (RAH/2/7/1/56)

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Fig 17: Footings and basement plan through wing buildings and front of building c.1868-9 (RAH/2/7/1/55) 2.1.35 The Ordnance Survey Map of 1872 (Fig 14) shows the structure of the Royal Albert Hall which had been opened the year prior. The south porch which formed an earlier entrance link with the conservatory to the south is shown, and this link can be seen on the original plans for the foundations of the Hall (Fig 15). 2.1.36 Until the late-1880s the uphill approach to the Hall from the south could be made via the arcades and conservatory of the Royal Horticultural Society gardens, and the orientation of the Hall can be seen to be aligned with these, rather than with Kensington Gore to the north. The Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 5ft:mile map of 1893 (Fig 18) shows two roadways which have been constructed extending south- west and south-east of the site. These were established in 1884, when some substantial changes to the southwest quadrant were made. During this period the Grade I listed chimney to the southwest of the Hall was built to serve the flues from the Royal Albert Hall, and replaced an earlier chimney which was located further to the south-west. 25 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

2.1.37 A Watching Brief carried out by MOLA between 2017-2018 within the site outline recorded the culvert which was found leading from the internal Boiler House at the south-east corner of the excavations to the detached chimney stack to the south- west of the Hall. The chimney, and therefore the culvert, was constructed in the 1880s to serve the new subterranean boilers. It was formed from handmade, unfrogged, yellow stock bricks and had been executed in an English bond with a cement mortar. The walls of the culvert were 220mm thick and the central void was 1m wide. The area exposed measured just less than 5m in length and ran on a NW- SE line from the Boiler House to the external chimney structure which sat separate to the main hall so as to not ruin the clean lines of the Italianate structure (MOLA, 2018). 2.1.38 A plan of the basement held by the Royal Albert Hall archives and dated c. 1868-69 shows the Boiler House, and the flue leading from the kitchen and Boiler House to the west of the Hall (Fig 19). The drawing of the flue was annotated “flue…to new chimney shaft” and this additional drawing was probably added later when the present chimney was built in 1884 (Royal Albert Hall, 2020), replacing the previous chimney which served the Hall and the Conservatory. However the OS map of 1893 shows the urinal in this area, with a stairway which could be interpreted as leading below ground, and in fact the MOLA HEA interpreted it as just that (MOLA, 2015) and suggested that the urinals were converted into the Boiler House at some point, possibly utilising the wall of the urinal. A second plan dated to c. 1868-69 held at the Royal Albert Hall Archives (Fig 20) shows the urinals on the ground floor plan- note the Orchestra Entrance to the immediate north of the plan (bottom). The structure of the urinals was formed of the south-west orientated wall extending from the Hall which formed the west wall of the south porch entrance and conservatory. An open yard between it and the Hall to the north is present, and an east-west orientated rectangular panel of skylight is seen fronting the external north wall of the urinals which would have provided some lighting to the sub-ground level below. In the yard, steps can be seen leading up to the urinals and W.C’s through the north wall which was windowed, and to the west steps lead into the Conservatory. This plan shows that originally the urinals were clearly a part of the south porch, as seen on Fig 20, with the Boiler House and its associated storerooms below ground level. The OS map probably shows the urinal as still present in 1893 at ground level, fronted by the walled yard, although it may be possible that the urinals were rebuilt, or reduced at the northern extent back south. The chimney can be seen to the west of the site, as can a structure which abutted the chimney to the east. Finally a drawing showing a plan and section through the west side, shows the level of the urinals above that of the boilers (Fig 21).

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Fig 18: Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 5ft:mile map of 1893 (not to scale)

Fig 19: Basement plan of the Royal Albert Hall foundations, dated 1868-69 (RAH/2/7/1/45

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Fig 20: Plan of the Ground floor showing urinals and steps from conservatory, c.1868-69 (RAH/2/7/1/52)

Fig 21: “Covering over boilers, west side” 1 March 1871 (RAH/2/7/1/52) 2.1.39 The OS map of 1893 (Fig 18) shows that the conservatory and arcades have been demolished, and this took place at some point between c. 1889–93 (MOLA, 2015). The southern porch entrance and surrounding area on south of the Hall was reconstructed, with the Memorial to the 1851 Exhibition moved northward to its present position. At about the same time the canopy was added round the outside of the Hall. A wide entrance structure still extended off the south side of the Hall, with the same footprint as the basement below as shown on Fig 22, the west side of which survives as the current Boiler House and annexe. 2.1.40 Plans of the Hall dating to 1897 show that further works to the hall took place at the end of the 19th century. The plans show the heating arrangements at basement level to the arena and ancillary rooms such as the Board Rooms were kept warm through an arrangement of heating channels, a direct heating chamber in the centre and a series of fans and valves (Fig 22). A photograph dated to 1967 (Fig 23) and held by the LMA shows the original heating core beneath the arena of the Royal Albert Hall, which the photograph marked as having been re-used (LMA ref: 67/6/HB/0528).

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Fig 22: Plan showing heating arrangements for warming c.1897 (RAH/3/5/1/1)

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Fig 23: The original heating core beneath the arena of the Royal Albert Hall, taken in 1967 2.1.41 The Ordnance Survey 3rd Edition map of 1915 (Fig 24) shows the area has been further reconstructed at the south of the Hall with the southern entrance porch having been reduced significantly back to match the wings on the north, east and west of the Hall. The roads which extended south east and south west from the east and west corners of the hall have been joined, and extended across between the Hall and the 1851 memorial. The chimney can be seen to the southwest of the Hall, and is abutted on the east by a small unshaded structure, which may represent a building of low significance, such as one associated with services. This building is probably the same as the small single storey brick structure seen on a photograph dated 1972 and held by the LMA (Fig 25).

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Fig 24: Ordnance Survey 3rd Edition 25” map of 1915

Fig 25: The grade I listed chimney in 1972 (LMA 72/6/05988) 31 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 26: Drainage Plan of the Boiler House, dated approximately to 1917 (earlier plan with corrections, North is ↓)

Fig 27: Plan of the Boiler House, dated between 1917-1948 (North is ↓)

2.1.42 Fig 19 above shows that the Boiler House was located at the very south end of the present Boiler House. An east-west partition wall can be seen at the south west corner, with further north-south partitions extending north to meet the east-west aligned H-beam which supported the jack arched ceiling above (see below, section 3.4.2 onwards). These partitioned bays were open to the north and presumably held 32 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

plant. 2.1.43 A drainage plan dated to the early half of the 20th century and held by the Royal Albert Hall Archives (Fig 26) shows that by the time this plan was produced, the Blow Out room through the northwest corner of the Boiler House was constructed, though by this date it was used for coal storage. The partition within the north end of the main Boiler House is still present, and the room to the south is marked as ‘STORE’ but corrected in pencil as ‘COAL (STORE) 1917’ suggesting that the plan pre-dated 1917, with corrections dated to 1917. A second coal store is seen to the southeast with a small W.C in the northeast corner. 2.1.44 Entrance to the Boiler House was through the stepped entrance located approximately mid-way on the east wall, which was still present at the time of the site visit, though it had been modernised. A partition to the north of the door joined the west wall and the partition which surrounded the easternmost boiler, and comprised a door on the west with a window to the immediate east. To the north of this was a small open area between the partitions and the curved wall of the main Hall. The window on the north wall still present. A second throughway was seen at the very east of the north wall 2.1.45 A later plan shows modification to the Boiler House accommodate the new boilers (Fig 26). The date of the plan is not known, but dated after the 1917 plan, and earliest than a 1948 map held by the archives which shows the modifications had taken place (not reproduced). 2.1.46 The plan shows that the room to the south of the Boiler House was in use as a Fuel Tank Room, which was accessible via portable ladders through a self-enclosing fireproof door (west end of the wall) on the south wall of the Boiler House. This area was not shown as present on the 1868-9 plan, where it is seen to have been labelled as the coal store and Potting Shed of the conservatories to the south which were demolished and replaced with the cost stores of Fig 26. At the east end of the south wall, an-east-west partition extending west from the east wall was extended further west, with a door and staircase leading down into an Electrical Panel Room, with a Battery Room accessed beneath. To the immediate west of this door and within the main Boiler House, a larger opening was established which was as wide as the easternmost jack arched bay, and led to the new Pump Room to the south. 2.1.47 At the northwest corner the Blowdown Room is now present, and housed the water softening unit. The door on the west wall which can be seen on Fig 19 has been filled in, as has a large window on the east end of the north wall. 2.1.48 It was unclear from the 1868-9 plan (Fig 19) whether the opening at the north end of the east wall was a large window, or a door, though the former seems more probable based on architectural drawing conventions. This is not seen at all on the 1917 map. Fig 27 shows a door, with the notation ’Reposition steps’ suggesting that it was at same point after its initial construction at least, the opening was modified into a door. 2.1.49 At the very north end of the west wall a door has been established which is seen to lead to the corridor above with the new chimney flue was positioned. 2.1.50 Fig 28 and Fig 29 show ground floor and basement plans of the Royal Albert Hall in 1915 (BHO, 2019). The plan of the basement shows it extended to the southern site boundary and included the existing Boiler House and its annexe. A flue is shown connecting with the chimney, and an adjoining chamber forms part of a passage accessible from beneath the Hall.

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Fig 28: Basement plan of the Royal Albert Hall in 1915 (BHO, 2019)

Fig 29: Ground Floor plan of the Royal Albert Hall in 1915 (BHO, 2019) 34 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 30: Photograph of the basement in the Royal Albert Hall, 1967 (LMA 67/6/HB/5225) 2.1.51 A small structure attached to the immediate east of the chimney which can be seen on the OS map of 1916 (Fig 24), is probably the same storage building which appears in a photograph of c 1972 (Fig 25). A copy of a 2003 Conservation Area Consent application (RSK, 2012) refers to a larger refuse compactor store which seems to have replaced the small store, and was itself demolished as part of the development of the new south approach and entrance to the Hall in 2003. As part of this work, the basement to the south of the Boiler House, in the southern edge of the site, was demolished and the area formerly part of the Royal Horticultural Society gardens to the south of the site was dug out in order to build a large underground service entrance and yard off Prince Consort Road. 2.1.52 A small number of photographs dated to 1967 held by the LMA show the site Boiler House was much the same as it was at the time of the 2017 site visit by MOLA buildings archaeologists. Unfortunately, some of the photographs of the basement were difficult to identify, due the number of modifications to the basement area (Fig 30), whilst others showed rooms which were recognisable by the plant within, and the brick jack arches above (Fig 31). 35 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 31: The Boiler House photograph dated 1967 (LMA ref: 67/6/HB/05215)

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3 Analytical description

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 The plan of the building was elliptical and measured approximately 83.5m in length and 73.2m wide, with the long axis aligned approximately north-south and perpendicular to Kensington Gore. The main walls were constructed of brick and external walls of red brick, using in total some six million bricks to construct (Engineering Timelines, 2020). The elevations were enriched with 80,000 buff-tinted terracotta blocks. The magnificent wrought iron and glass roof was a considered a feat of engineering 3.1.2 The outer structure is divided into five stages, with the smaller-diameter top stage rising above the lower stages to support the roof. The full-height outer wall of the fifth stage forms the inner wall of the lower stages. The walls are 6.1m apart and 965mm wide at the top. 3.1.3 Street level entrances are provided in the first stage, between the porticos. Square- headed windows ring the second stage and round-headed windows the third stage. The fourth stage is surrounded by a balcony with doors into the hall. The fifth stage carries the dome. The north, east and west porches are two storeys, the first double height and the second corresponding with the third stage. The balcony extends over the portico roofs. 3.1.4 A frieze of allegorical and historical scenes encircles the outer wall at the top of the fourth stage, 19.8m above ground level, and covers 16 different subjects. It is 243.8m long and 2m high, assembled from 800 panels of terracotta mosaic tiles, each 305mm long. Photographs of the artists’ drawings were projected at actual size onto the panels to act as blueprints for the mosaic work. The frieze took two years to create and cost £4,426 (Engineering Timelines, 2020). 3.1.5 The roof was formed of an elliptical dome which was supported on wrought iron trusses and measured 66.9m by 56.5m and is raised 36.6m above street level. This heavy structure was supported by 30 main trusses, which radiate from a central elliptical ring, to cast iron shoes on an elliptical horizontal-web plate girder sitting on the building's inner wall, transferring the weight load. 3.1.6 The upper members of the trusses were curved, with a vertical radius measuring 34.75m, and 44.2m for the lower members. The central ring was 5.3m deep and matched the maximum depth of the trusses. The ring measured around 13.7m in diameter, with its underside raised 10.7m above the shoes (Engineering Timelines, 2020). 3.1.7 Prior to its construction on site, the ironwork was assembled by Fairbairn’s engineering works in Ardwick, Manchester, the ironworks company responsible for the work. This enormous trial was undertaken to test the parts before being dismantled and re-erected in London. The construction of the ironwork roof took place on a temporary timber centring scaffolded from the auditorium floor which completely filled the auditorium at the time. The wedges were knocked out of the centring in May 1870,and the 338 tonne structure settled just 8mm (Engineering Timelines, 2020). 3.1.8 The dome was clad in two layers of ridge-and-furrow glazing, with a draped calico awning measuring 1,115 sq. in area, installed beneath the glass to reduce the solar glare.

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3.2 Ground Floor

Staircase and landing adjacent to door 9 3.2.1 The staircase adjacent to door 9 consisted of stone treads which had been carpeted, with steel and rubber non-slip nosing (Fig 32). The skirt board on the wall side was of plain wood with single bead moulding, above which was a cast iron plain tubular handrail bracketed to the wall. On the open side, the staircase balustrade was formed of decorative cast iron balustrades with roundels at the upper portion, and plaits above and below a central ‘A’ for Albert set into the middle of the design and gilded in gold (Fig 33). The balustrades were plugged directly into the stone tread below, with no skirt board, and tied into the underside of a moulded timber handrail above. A secondary cast iron tubular handrail with scrolled ends was bolted to the outer side of the cast iron balustrade and extended above the timber handrail, outside of the balustrade. This was seen to elaborately wrap around the cast iron uprights at the landing levels which supporting the stair structure (Fig 32).

Fig 32: Staircase adjacent to door 9, between ground floor and first floor landing. Looking north east

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Fig 33: Detail of the balustrades of the staircase adjacent to door 9, looking north

Fig 34: View underneath the staircase near door 9, showing the cloak room structure prior to removal. Looking south east 3.2.2 Beneath the staircase, at the south end of the lobby into which door 9 leads, there was an inserted timber framed structure which was operated as a cloakroom during performances (Fig 34). 3.2.3 Access to the cloakroom was via a single panel, modern timber door at the eastern side of the structure. The main service hatch through which coats were handed in

39 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

was closed via a steel roller shutter. The main area of the structure was painted dark green to match the lower half of the staircase and the door was also matched with the paint scheme of the surrounding walls, including a paper boarder, so as to cause the doorway to blend into the background. The stairway was predominantly made from stone and adorned with a cast iron banister with a moulded timber handrail. The floor was formed from shuttered, poured concrete (as seen from the excavations which were undertaken near to lift 11 in basements level 2), this was covered in a red carpet which continued up the staircase and was held in place by modern stair nosing. At the internal corner of each turn of the staircase there was a cast iron support column with simple torus and filet moulding running vertically up each corner.

3.3 Basement Level 1

Storeroom to the south of Lift 11 3.3.1 The storeroom was an irregularly shaped quadrilateral, with a diagonal wall forming the south end of the room. In the northeast corner of the room was a utility cupboard with a reused, single panel door with a boarded up single light. The door had a 230mm high, hinged flap at the bottom, which could be held in place using a hook latch. The door appears to have been constructed in this manner in order to allow pipes or wires to run out of the utility cupboard, whilst keeping the door shut (Fig 35 and Fig 36).

Fig 35: The door to the utility cupboard within the storeroom, basement level 1, looking south west.

40 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 36: Hinged flap at the bottom of the utility cupboard door. Looking north west 3.3.2 The walls at the north, east and south side of this room were all later additions. The north wall was associated with the insertion of the lift shaft 11. The partition walls to the east and south appeared to have been inserted specifically to enclose the space to the south of the lift shaft and thus create a small multi-purpose room (although this room was marked on the plan as a store, at the time of recording it was in use as a quick change and massage room for cirque de soleil). The western wall of this room had original timber skirting. This was set into a recess that meant that, apart from the simple beading decoration at the top, the skirting sat flush with the rest of the wall. The skirting board was 215mm high, with the beading accounting for the top 40mm. 130mm from floor level, a timber fender had been affixed to the skirting, this had a square cross section which measured 45mm by 45mm (Fig 37). This feature, which may have been to protect the walls from damage, appears to have been inserted prior to the creation of the storeroom as a separate space as the walls directly to the east also had skirting boards that had been outfitted in the same way, whereas the skirting on the north, east and south sides of the storeroom sat proud of the wall and had no timber fender.

Fig 37: Detail of original skirting including a timber buffer, set into a recess in the wall of the store. 41 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.3.3 Another indicator that the storeroom may have been a later structure was the coving which ran along the west wall. This did not appear on any of the other partitions. There was a coving around the outside of the utility cupboard in the northwest corner of the room. However, at the point at which the two covings met it was observed that the coving around the utility cupboard truncated the original moulding and as such was most likely a later addition made to tie into the existing decoration (Fig 38). Further to this, the original coving was observed continuing into the utility cupboard, where it was truncated by various services.

Fig 38: Change in coving, original to the right of the image. Looking north

Technical Store 3.3.4 At the south end of this room there was a masonry partition wall, with a timber framed doorway to the west, a timber framed hatch in the middle and an opening with no door frame to the east. The timber door frame was painted white and had a top light, which had been removed to allow the installation of a duct (Fig 39).

Fig 39: Top light of doorframe within the Technical store. The top light has been removed and replaced with a heating duct. Looking south

42 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.3.5 An area of damage at the east side of the partition showed that the wall was constructed for rough, yellow London stocks, supported by a frame of cast-iron I- beams. Above the wall was a layer of timber laths, on to which the concrete floor of the room above had been poured. The concrete contained frequent, large, angular aggregate (Fig 40).

Fig 40: Internal structure of partition wall and ceiling in the technical storeroom. 3.3.6 The north side of the partition was covered with timber, possibly in the C20th as part of the rooms use as a technical store. Where this timber abutted the doorframe around the western opening a second set of timber moulding had been affixed, which hid the joint. The wall was 150mm thick, and at the western end it had been heavily truncated by a modern heating duct (Fig 41 and Fig 42).

Fig 41 Brick partition truncated by a modern heating duct. Looking south west 43 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 42 Timber doorframe and partition in technical storeroom, looking south 3.3.7 There was a small, plain skirting on the south face of the partition. It was 90mm high and 15mm thick. The floor was formed from poured concrete with red lino over the top.

Spiral staircase between Basement Level 1 and Basement Level 2 3.3.8 The staircase itself was a late C20th example, made from galvanised steel and bolted into position. At the bottom of the staircase it was clear that the ground level of the basement had been lowered by 0.55m. This had been achieved by cutting the stepped foundation back until it was flush with the wall (Fig 43), a process that was replicated throughout the rest of the Level 2 Basement.

Fig 43: Step foundation cut back and exposing red and purple stocks. Looking south west 44 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.3.9 Above the original floor level, the wall is predominantly formed from yellow London stocks and below the level the bricks were a mix of yellow, red and purple stocks. The reason for this difference in the distribution of the bricks is likely to be purely aesthetic as there is no obvious structural advantage to this form of construction.

Fig 44: Modern spiral staircase and brick column. Looking north west

3.3.10 The room that the staircase was in was orientated along a northwest-southeast line with a door leading into Basement Level 1 in the northwest wall and a door leading to Basement Level 2 in the southwest corner. In the western most corner of the room there was a brick column which stood on a 0.56m high concrete plinth (Fig 44). The brickwork was quite rough, with beds measuring up to 20mm and several areas where the mortar had spilled out, suggesting that it was not in an area where it would be regularly seen by the public or performers. The brickwork of the column and the northeast and southeast walls were covered in a thick layer of white paint, which obscured some of the detail. The concrete floor surface that was supported by the brick column showed evidence of having been cut back and sealed with the addition of several ceramic tiles along the southern face (Fig 45). This most likely occurred when the current spiral staircase was inserted.

45 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 45: Top of the brick column within the stairwell with truncated concrete surface on top. Looking north west 3.3.11 The southeast wall of the room, at the bottom of the staircase, there was a blocked, irregular three pointed arch (Fig 46). This may have been constructed to allow a sewer pipe to pass through the wall, as had been noted elsewhere in the basement.

Fig 46: Blocked archway, possibly associated with drainage. Looking south east 3.3.12 The northwest and southwest walls of the room within Basement Level 2 were later, plasterboard insertions. These were most likely inserted at the same time as the modern spiral staircase in order to create a stairwell. 46 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.4 Basement Level 2

To be read in conjunction with Drawing 1 of Appendix 2

Boiler House 3.4.1 The Boiler House was used to house large boilers serving the Royal Albert Hall, with associated plant and pipes which were seen to be present along the walls, and suspended below a brick jack arch ceiling (Fig 47). An initial site visit was made in January of 2017 whilst the room was still in use as a Boiler House. A second visit was undertaken in February of 2020 after a soft-strip had taken place, which made it possible to view the historic fabric of the Boiler House.

Fig 47: Boiler House prior to a soft strip, looking west 3.4.2 The ceiling was formed of 6 bays of Jack arches which extended from the south wall (Fig 48) to the northernmost iron beam which extended from the east wall, to the north west wall. The jack arches were not present to the north of this beam, where a later staircase and corridor was constructed above along the northern extent (Fig 49); nor were the arches present at the southeast corner of the room which had been filled with concrete slab (Fig 50). Blocked holes which may have been related to services or chutes were seen through the ceilings of bays 1, 3 and 4, fronting the south wall. 3.4.3 The jack arch bays were numbered for the purposes of this report 1-6 from east to west, and were constructed with pink, red and yellow London Stock bricks with bay J3 re-constructed with London Yellow Stock brick across the southern and northern bays, and J5 of London yellow stock brick only on the southern end of the bay.

47 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 48: The Boiler House looking south west

Fig 49: The Boiler House, looking north

48 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 50: Southeast corner of the Boiler House, looking west 3.4.4 The ceiling was supported by an iron riveted H- beam which ran west from the south wall, and terminated approximately 2.4m west of the east wall. The beam corresponded to the 1868-9 partition (Fig 19) prior to the Boiler House remodelling in the late 19th century (Fig 26) and was located around 5.7m north of the south wall (Fig 48). The beam was supported by two stanchions, one at the terminal end to the east, and the second at approximately 6.3m from the west wall. It was noted that the westernmost stanchion was riveted, whilst the eastern wasn’t. Both stanchions were set into a poured concrete floor which was part of the original design of the Boiler House, having been used to keep this high risk area fire-proof. 3.4.5 Between each jack arch the brick was reinforced with an iron beam which can be seen in Fig 48 andFig 50. 3.4.6 A third reinforced concrete stanchion (Fig 49) was erected between 1917 and 1948 as seen in the plan of Fig 26 where it is noted as having been reinforced according to the engineers requirements. 3.4.7 The entrance through the centre of the east wall was still positioned in the same place as seen on Fig 20, although the west wall had been re-constructed with cement block, and the door replaced with a late 20th century double fire door. A concrete pier was located to the immediate north of the door and measured 1m wide, with a depth of 360mm (Fig 51). A second smaller concrete pier measuring 305x305mm was located 260mm to the south of the entrance and supported the ceiling above. At the south and north ends of the wall the cement block had been constructed all the way up to the level above, with the ceiling extending beyond that of the original. This was to accommodate a staircase constructed of cement block and reinforced concrete slab at the north end, the landing of which was visible as the staircase had been partially deconstructed. The south end can be seen on historic mapping to have originally been much higher, the opening having been reinforced with an iron beam (Fig 50).

49 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

t Fig 51: North end of the east wall of the Boiler House, looking north east

Fig 52: Brick pier at the north end of the east wall of the Boiler House, looking east 3.4.8 At the north end of the east wall was a wide brick pier which measured 1.23m wide with a depth of 915mm. The pier was formed of Staffordshire Blue engineering bricks measuring 230x67x65mm and which formed the majority of the pier face from the south, and at the upper four courses across the full width of the pier. The northern edge was formed of smooth red brick which measured 225x50x65. The red brick face may have originally formed the visible portion of the pier through the earlier corridor which was formed through the partitions which enclosed the early 50 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

boilers. The bricks were laid in English bond, with queen closers through the red brick. The mortar was recorded as a white-cream lime based mortar with inclusions of brick, chalk and gravel. At the very top of the pier a grey granite slab supported the northernmost iron beam above, which extended west, then northwest, following the extent of the previous partition. 3.4.9 The south wall was formed of exposed brick constructed with a combination of pink and yellow handmade London stock bricks laid in English bond, and measuring 225x65x110mm. The wall consisted of five recessed bays and one flush bay (Bay 1) which have been numbered Bays 1 to 6 from West to east. The east end (Bay 6) was formerly open to the room seen marked as the ‘Pump Room’ on the 20th century plan of Fig 27, but had been sealed shut with cement block at the time of the site visit. Bay 1 at the very west end of the wall (Fig 53) was angled at the east end, the corner of which returned northeast. This was the only bay not to be recessed. Various filled in holes for earlier pipes were seen, and the northwest facing portion (corner) was seen to have remnants of a cementitious render, along with the south end of the west wall.

Fig 53: Bays 1-4 (from right to left), south wall of the Boiler House, looking south 3.4.10 Brick piers were present between each bay and were formed of London yellow stock bricks, with cream-yellow bull-nosed bricks measuring 220x65x100mm along the outer edges. The piers measured approximately 465mm wide and projected from the south wall at a depth of 115mm. Bay 2 showed a wide and tall blocked opening sealed with late 20th century red brick with an iron header above. This formed an entrance to the room to the south marked as a Fuel Tank Room in the early part of the 20th century. A little confusingly Fig 27 shows the door of this bay as having been accessed by portable ladders, suggesting the ‘self closing’ fire door was higher up the wall. Aside from a small opening above the blocked door seen to be blocked with buff-brick, there is no clear indication on Bay 2 that a door was in fact higher up, as seen on the neighbouring Bay 3 to the west. Here, the full length of the bay is blocked with the same modern red brick, with a concrete lintel and threshold flanking a heavy iron fire door which appears to be early 20th century in date. It is possible, as is suggested by the fact that the full height of Bay 3 was blocked, that a much taller opening was present here, and that the door was in fact previously set within the wall of Bay 2 as seen on the historic plans. This would suggest that the 51 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

door was not in fact too far above the ground level, so portable ladders would have not been too high. 3.4.11 Fig 27 is the earliest instance of a door through Bay 2 showing, and also shows that it was already present by the time of the plan having been drawn up (at some date between 1917 and 1948) as the west end of the opening was to be reduced. The 1948 plan for drainage (not shown) shows that at this date the door was still through Bay 2, and no opening was present through Bay 3. 3.4.12 Access to the room south of the Boiler House was not possible, however the presence of aluminium services running through Bay 2 suggests that plant is present at the other side of the wall, which may explain the reason for moving the door to Bay 3. Fixtures for a portable ladder was still present beneath the door, and set into the cement rendered threshold (Fig 54).

Fig 54: Fixtures for a portable ladder beneath the door of Bay 3, looking south

Fig 55: Bays 6 (left) and 5 in the Boiler House, looking south 52 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.4.13 A recessed opening through the lower portion of the wall of Bay 4 was sealed and covered over with a cement render. The depth of the opening was 130mm and a cement rendered plinth was present at the ground level. Bay 5 consisted of a large and deep opening which was sealed with cement block, with a frame on the underside of the through-arch which was likely for a set of shutters which were no longer present. A second doorway had been opened through the cement block, and the edges between the cement block and brick wall were rendered with cement. An opening does not appear on any of the historic maps for this bay. 3.4.14 A second entrance into the Boiler House was through the north end of the west wall (Fig 56).The door was of a modern 20th century fire door with a concrete threshold. The door appears to have been inserted during the 1917-1948 works where it shows as a modification on the plan of Fig 27. The brick work surrounding the door was of a yellow-pink-red London stock brick, whereas to the immediate south the brick was seen to have been a soft red brick only. This corresponded to an area where a cast iron heavy chute had been inserted, suggesting a possible early reconstruction as this nor the chimney to the immediate north (Fig 57) appear on any of the historic plans. This appears to be confirmed by the fact that the chute and the patch of red brick is within a portion of the west wall which had been constructed with London yellow stock brick. This area corresponds to the previous opening to the west, later known as the Blowdown Room but having been used as coal storage and stores in the past. An arch was present at the very top of the wall, which initially appeared to suggest the entrance was through a tall arch. However as the arch is also constructed of yellow brick it is more likely that the ach was built within the reconstructed wall to provide support (Fig 58).

Fig 56: North end of the west wall of the Boiler House, looking west

53 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 57: Cast iron chute and chimney at the north end of the west wall. Boiler House, looking west

Fig 58: Arch on the west wall, corresponding to the previous openings seen on historic mapping. Looking west 54 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.4.15 The entrance to the Blowdown Room was blocked with cement block at the time of the second site visit which took place after the soft strip. 3.4.16 The north wall was slightly curved as it formed the rear wall of the main elliptical hall, and was seen to be constructed of a combination of red-brown stocks and yellow stock brick for patch repairs (Fig 59). The historic plans show that one single window was originally present at the east end of the wall, which was at some date between 1917 and 1948 converted into a door, before finally being sealed at some date after 1948.

Fig 59: North wall of Boiler House, looking north

Fig 60: East end of the north wall, looking north 55 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.4.17 The wall to the immediate west of the door was heavily worn, as can be seen in Fig 60. The new Boiler House which was established at some date in the early mid-20th century (Fig 27) shows that the easternmost boiler had fixtures which extended north to the approximate location of the wear in the wall, to which it was attached. It is not possible to ascertain whether the wear was caused by the plant itself, or purposely worn by workers to enable the fitting of the fixtures. 3.4.18 A second opening was present at the west end of the north wall which was seen to be a small fire escape hatch formed of a square opening 530mm above ground level and measuring approximately 1m high, 760mm wide and with a depth of 1.1m (Fig 61). The opening had a concrete lintel and the underside was steel framed.

Fig 61: Fire escape hatch through the north wall. Looking north-north east

Blowdown Room 3.4.19 Above the gas boosters, within the blowdown room, there were 4 jack arches forming the roof (Fig 62). These were supported by cast iron I-beams, held together with round headed rivets. The arches were made from oversized, unfrogged red bricks.

56 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 62: Jack arches within Blowdown room

3.4.20 The brickwork was predominantly formed from yellow London stock bricks in an English bond. There was a substantial red brick repair in the west wall of the room, which appeared to be associated with a change in the plant.

Fig 63 Patches of repairs within Blowdown room 3.4.1 In the south wall there was a large, blocked, segmental arch opening (Fig 64). The apex of the arch was 2.78m above floor level and 1.83m wide. The current floor plan does not show any room beyond the blocked entrance, suggesting a major redevelopment which entirely remodelled the Boiler House.

57 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 64 Blocked archway 3.4.1 The floor was formed from poured concrete, with two steps leading down towards the entrance in the east wall. This entrance had three cast iron I-beam lintels with a poured concrete infill above, which may indicate that the doorway may have been altered. 3.4.2 At the time of the site visit undertaken after a soft strip of the Boiler House in 2020 the entrance to the Blowdown Room was sealed over with cement brick.

Boiler House escape 3.4.3 The ceiling of this room was formed from a low, segmental arch (Fig 65). The walls in the main body of the room had been rendered and painted white. However, the narrow, east-west running corridor which led to an escape hatch, had bare English bond brickwork. There was a rough, three step corbels on the internal corner of the room (Fig 66) and a concrete floor.

Fig 65: Boiler House escape room 58 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 66: Brick corbel within Boiler House escape room

Plant area/Fire escape 3.4.4 This room was orientated on a northeast-southwest line. The southwest wall was a later insertion, with an irregular bond and a steel hatch towards the bottom (Fig 67). The hatch was 0.66m wide and .084m high. In the western most corner there where two steel I-beams which appeared to have been inserted to provide structural support to the ceiling. The two beams where held together with round headed rivets and a stamp identified that they had been produced by Dorman Long in Middlesbrough (Fig 68).

Fig 67: Southwest wall 59 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Fig 68: makers mark on steel beam 3.4.1 The entrance to this space from the main Boiler House, through the southeast wall, was a later alteration. The broken brickwork on either of the modern fire door indicated that this opening had been cut through an existing wall (Fig 69). To the southwest of this entranceway there was a fletton brick corbel, which had been built to support the ceiling over a later opening; this opening had in turn been blocked.

Fig 69: Southeast wall 3.4.1 Towards the northeast end of the room there were two further inserted partitions. The first partition was formed from concrete cement blocks and included a modern aluminium fire door. The second inserted wall, further to the northeast, was a single brick wide and extended from the northern most wall by 0.56m.

60 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

3.5 Basement Level 3

3.5.1 In the excavations for the new lift shaft, to the north of lift 11, it was possible to see the foundations of the building. As with elsewhere in the basements, the stepped brick foundations had been chipped back when the floor level had been lowered (Fig 70). Based on the damaged brick work, there appeared to be eight stepped courses at the bottom of the foundations prior to this action being taken. Below the brickwork was a poured concrete base. For the external walls this concrete was 1.3m thick and slightly shallower for the internal walls. The concrete was rather rough, with frequent, large, irregular aggregate.

Fig 70: Stepped brick foundations, having been chipped back after the lowering of the floor level above

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4 Acknowledgements

4.1.1 Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) would like to thank the Royal Albert Hall for commissioning this report, and their patience. In addition, MOLA would like to thank Matthew Mann, Project manager at the Royal Albert Hall for his assistance on site and for providing drawings, photographs, and other useful information; as well as enabling a smooth and safe site visit during both the 2017 and 2020 survey dates.

62 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

5 Bibliography

ACAO. (1993). Model briefs and specifications for archaeological assessments and field evaluations. Association of County Archaeological Officers. Alan Baxter Associates. (2015). The Royal Albert Hall, South West Quadrant, Heritage Statement June . London: Alan Baxter Associates. Archaeological Archive Forum. (2011). Archaeological Archives: a guide to best practice in creation, compilation transfer and curation. BADLG. (1991). Code of Practice. British Archaeologists and Developers Liaison Group. BBC. (2011, February 25th). Skylon, Festival of Britain centrepiece, and Hereford. Retrieved July 22nd, 2019, from BBC : http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/herefordandworcester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsi d_9407000/9407405.stm BHO. (2019). 'Royal Albert Hall', in Survey of London: Volume 38, South Kensington Museums Area, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1975), pp. 177-195. Retrieved 13 May, 2020, from British History Online: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey- london/vol38/pp177-195 BHO. (2020, May 11th). 'Estates and houses before 1851: The Gore House Estate', in Survey of London: Volume 38, South Kensington Museums Area, (London, 1975), pp. 11-13. British History. Retrieved from British History Online : https://www.british- history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol38/pp11-13#h3-0002 Builder. (1867). The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences 25th May 1867. Builder. CIFA. (2014, December). Standards and guidance For the archaeological investigation and recording of standing buildings or structures. Chartered Institute for Archaeologist. CIFA. (2014, December). Standards and Policy Statements of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, Standard and guidance: the creation, compilation deposition and transfer of archaeological archives. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. DCLG. (2012, March). National Planning Policy Framework. Department of Communities and Local Government. Department of the Environment (DoE). (2010). Planning Policy Statement 5: planning, building and the environment. Engineering Timelines. (2020). Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved May 13, 2020, from Engineering Timelines: http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=109 English Heritage. (1991). Management of Archaeological Projects. Second Edition: English Heritage. English Heritage. (1991). Management of Archaeological Projects (MAP2) . English Heritage. (2005). The presentation of historic building survey in CAD. London: English Heritage. English Heritage. (2008). Conservation principles, policies and guidance . English Heritage. English Heritage. (2010). PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide superseded by the NPPF. Graces Guide. (2020). Lucas Brothers. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from Graces Guide: https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Lucas_Brothers HE. (2017). City of Westminster Archaeological Priority Areas Apraisal, March 2017. Historic England. Historic England. (2016). Understanding Historic Buildings: A guide to good recording practice. London: Historic England. Historic UK Ltd. (2020). Great Exhibition of 1851. Retrieved May 11th, 2020, from Historic: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Great-Exhibition-of-1851/ John Lewis. (2016, December 21). Unto us a lender of last resort is born: Overend Gurney goes bust in 1866. Retrieved from bank Underground:

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https://bankunderground.co.uk/2016/12/21/unto-us-a-lender-of-last-resort-is-born- overend-gurney-goes-bust-in-1866/ MOLA. (2015). Historic Environment Assessment at the Royal ALbert Hall, Kensington Gore, London SW7 2AP. London: MOLA. MOLA. (2016). Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Watching Brief and Standing Building Record at the Royal Albert Hall, South-West Quadrant, kensington Gore, London SW7 2AP. London: MOLA. MOLA. (2018). Watching Brief at The Royal Albert Hall, South-west Quadrant, Kensington Gore, London SW2 2AP. London: MOLA. Museums and Galleries Commission’s. (1992). Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections. RIBA. (1872). ‘On the Construction of the Albert Hall’: a paper presented by Major General Scott, CB on the 22nd of January 1872. Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects 1871–2, 83-102. RNDRD. (2019). R, Buckmincter Fuller. Architectural Forum May 1952, 141. Retrieved July 22nd, 2019, from RNDRD A partial index of published architectural rendering: https://rndrd.com/n/1888#c Royal Albert Hall. (2020). 20 May 1867 Queen Victoria lays the Halls Foundation Stone. Retrieved May 11th, 2020, from Royal Albert Hall: https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2014/may/20-may-1867-queen- victoria-lays-the-halls-foundation-stone/ Royal Albert Hall. (2020). Chimney. Retrieved May 15, 2020, from Royal Albert Hall: https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/our-history/explore-our- history/building/chimney/ Royal Albert Hall. (2020). Pre-opening: Find out more about the origins of the Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved May 11th, 2020, from Royal Albert Hall: https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/our-history/explore-our-history/time- machine/pre-opening/ Royal Albert Hall. (2020). Why was the Royal Albert Hall built? Retrieved 13 May, 2020, from Royal Albert Hall: https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the- hall/news/2012/march/why-was-the-hall-built/ RSK. (2012). Geo-Environmental Site Assessment: The Royal Albert Hall, Southwest Basement Extension, London SW7 2AZ. . RSK Environmental Ltd. Stamp, G. (1984). The Changing Metropolis : Earliest photographs of London 1839–1879. London: Viking. Survey of London. (1975). Survey of London volume 38: South Kensington Museums Area. London: Macmillan. The Victorian Web. (2017, October 7). The Queen Laying the Foundation Stone of the Royal Albert Hall. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from The Victorian Web: http://www.victorianweb.org/history/victoria/17.html Weinreb, B. H., Keay, J., & Keay, J. (2008). The London Encylclopaedia . London: Macmillan.

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6 Oasis

1 OASIS ID: molas1-393727

Project details Project name A Standing Building Survey at the Royal Albert Hall, London Short description of A Level 2 Standing Building Record was undertaken at the site of the the project South-West quadrant of the Royal Albert Hall, London. The survey was undertaken in January 2017, with a watching brief in June 2017, and a post soft strip visit in February 2020. The record was focused in the LG basement, Boiler Room, and the South-West Entrance Porch including the external facade of the entrance. Project dates Start: 30-01-2017 End: 07-05-2020 Previous/future Yes / No work Any associated ABL17 - Sitecode project reference codes Type of project Building Recording Monument type MUSIC HALL Post Medieval Significant Finds NONE None Methods & ''Annotated Sketch'',''Photographic Survey'',''Survey/Recording Of techniques Fabric/Structure'' Prompt Planning condition

Project location Country England Site location GREATER LONDON CITY OF WESTMINSTER CITY OF WESTMINSTER The Royal Albert Hall, South-West Quadrant Postcode SW7 2AP Site coordinates TQ 26573 79556 51.5002542395 -0.176261076992 51 30 00 N 000 10 34 W Point

Project creators Name of MOLA Organisation Project brief The Royal Albert Hall originator Project design The Royal Albert Hall originator Project Mike Smith director/manager Project supervisor Anna Nicola Project supervisor Paul McGarrity 65 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

Type of The Royal Albert Hall sponsor/funding body Name of The Royal Albert Hall sponsor/funding body

Project archives Physical Archive No Exists? Digital Archive LAARC recipient Digital Media ''GIS'',''Images raster / digital photography'',''Survey'',''Text'' available Paper Archive Light Box, Woking recipient Paper Media ''Drawing'',''Notebook - Excavation',' Research',' General available Notes'',''Report'',''Survey ''

Entered by Anna Nicola ([email protected]) Entered on 7 May 2020

66 Royal Albert Hall, Archaeological Building Record 2020

7 Appendix 1: archive list

Table 1 list of photographs of the Royal Albert Hall

Archive number Direction Comments Original filename

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. VIEW ACROSS FIRST FLOOR 010817001 SE LANDING, SHOWING STAIRCASE P1030076

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. FIRST FLOOR LANDING OF 010817002 S STAIRCASE, NEAR DOOR NINE P1030082

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. FIRST FLOOR LANDING OF 010817003 S STAIRCASE, NEAR DOOR NINE P1030084

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. HALF LANDING BETWEEN GROUND AND FIRST FLOOR, SHOWING CAST 010817004 NE IRON COLUMN P1030089

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF 010817005 S MONOGRAPHED CAST IRON BANISTER P1030093

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE BOTTOM 010817006 S OF THE CAST IRON BANNISTER P1030094

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW OF GROUND FLOOR LANDING SHOWING THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OF THE CLOAK ROOM 010817007 S NEAR TO DOOR NINE P1030101

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OF THE CLOAK ROOM 010817008 SE NEAR TO DOOR NINE P1030102

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE TEMPORARY STRUCTURE OF THE CLOAK ROOM 010817009 S NEAR TO DOOR NINE P1030103

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. VIEW ACROSS THE TOP OF THE CLOAKROOM UNDERNEATH THE STAIRCASE 010817010 E NEAR DOOR NNE P1030104

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ROYAL ALBERT HALL. UTILITY CUPBOARD IN THE 010817011 W STORE ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030106

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. UTILITY CUPBOARD WITH 010817012 W DOOR CLOSE. STORE ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030107

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW OF STORE 010817013 SW ROOM WITHIN BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030110

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW OF STORE 010817014 NW ROOM WITHIN BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030113

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW OF STORE 010817015 NE ROOM WITHIN BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030114

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ORIGINAL 010817016 S COVING IN STORE ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030126 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ORIGINAL AND LATER COVING IN STORE ROOM, BASEMENT 010817017 NW LAVEL 1 P1030128

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ORIGINAL COVING WITHIN THE UTILITY CUPBOARD IN THE 010817018 SW STORE ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030130

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. UTILITY CUPBOARD 010817019 NW WITHIN STORE ROOM IN BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030134

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF REUSED DOOR ON UTILITY CUPBOARD, STORE ROOM, 010817020 W BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030135

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE BOTTOM OF THE DOOR ON UTILITY CUPBOARD, STORE 010817021 SW ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030137

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE BOTTOM OF THE DOOR ON UTILITY CUPBOARD, STORE 010817022 N ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030145 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ORIGINAL SKIRTING WITH FENDER, STORE ROOM, 010817023 SW BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030149

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ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF REPURPOSED TOP LIGHT, TECHNICAL STORE, BASEMENT LEVEL 010817024 N 1 P1030152

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. MASONRY PARTITION TRUNCATED BY HEATING DUCTS, TECHNICAL 010817025 W STORE, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030153 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. MOULDED TIMBER DOORFRAME, TECHNICAL STORE, BASEMENT 010817026 S LEVEL 1 P1030155

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MASONRY PARTITION AND CEILING, 010817027 W TECHNICAL STORE, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030163

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BRICK COLUMN, 010817028 SW STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030175

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BRICK COLUMN AND CONCRETE PAD, STAIRWELL, BASEMENT 010817029 W LEVEL 2 P1030176

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BRICK COLUMN, 010817030 NW STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030179

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BLOCKED ARCH, 010817031 SE STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030181

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF CUT BACK STEP 010817032 SE FOUNDATION, STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030182

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BRICK COLUMN AND CUT BACK CONCRETE SURFACE, 010817033 SW STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030184

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW OF ROOM 010817034 SW AND STAIRCASE, STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030186

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. TOP OF STAIRCASE, 010817035 NE STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030188

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF CUT BACK STEP 010817036 SW FOUNDATION, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030195

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ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF JACK ARCHES, 010817037 S BLOWDOWN ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030198

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF JACK ARCHES, 010817038 W BLOWDOWN ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030199

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF JACK ARCHES, 010817039 E BLOWDOWN ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030200

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BLOCKED ARCH, 010817040 SE BLOWDOWN ROOM, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030202 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. ENTRANCE TO BLOWDOWN ROOM, BLOWDOWN ROOM, 010817041 E BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030203

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF BRICKWORK PATCHES, BLOWDOWN ROOM, BASEMENT 010817042 W LEVEL 2 P1030205

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, BOILER 010817043 E HOUSE ESCAPE, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030211 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ROUGH BRICK CORBEL, BOILER HOUSE ESCAPE, BASEMENT 010817044 SE LEVEL 2 P1030215

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, BOILER 010817045 W HOUSE ESCAPE, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030218

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF ORNAMENTAL 010817046 S GRATE, BOILER HOUSE, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030227

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, PLANT 010817047 SW AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030229

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, PLANT 010817048 SW AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030230

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, PLANT 010817049 NW AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030232

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, PLANT 010817050 NE AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030233

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ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL VIEW, PLANT 010817051 NE AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030234

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. PARTIAL BRICK PARTITION, 010817052 NE PLANT AREA, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030241

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DETAIL OF MAKERS STAMP ON STEEL UPRIGHTS, PLANT AREA, BASEMENT 010817053 W LEVEL 2 P1030242

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. BRICK COLUMN WITH BULLNOSED BRICKS ON THE CORNER, BOILER 010817054 E HOUSE, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030272 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. JACK ARCHES, BOILER 010817055 N HOUSE, BASEMENT LEVEL 2 P1030284

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. DOOR LEADING TO 010817056 E STAIRWELL, BASEMENT LEVEL 1 P1030294

ROYAL ALBERT HALL. IN BUILT BRICK LADDER, 010817057 S BASEMENT LEVEL 3 EXCAVATIONS P1030313 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL SHOT OF FOUNDATIONS, BASEMENT LEVEL 3 010817058 S EXCAVATIONS P1030331 ROYAL ALBERT HALL. GENERAL SHOT OF FOUNDATION, BASEMENT LEVEL 3 010817059 N EXCAVATIONS P1030334

010817060

022220001 SE SOUTH EAST CORNER OF THE BOILER ROOM P1330834 CEILING AT THE EAST END, EASTERNMOST 022220002 S STANCHON P1330836

022220003 SW SOUTH WALL OF BOILER HOUSE P1330839 EAST END OF THE SOUTH WALL OF BOILER 022220004 S ROOM P1330840

022220005 SW SOUTH WALL OF BOILER ROOM P1330844

022220006 W BOILER ROOM P1330845

022220007 W WEST WALL OF BOILER ROOM P1330846

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BLOCKED DOOR TO BLOW OUT ROOM ON WEST 022220008 W WALL P1330847

022220009 SW SOUTHWEST CORNER OF BOILER HOUSE P1330848 BAYS 1-4 (FROM RIGHT TO LEFT) OF SOUTH 022220010 S WALL, BOILER HOUSE P1330849 BAYS 3-5 (RIGHT TO LEFT) OF SOUTH WALL, 022220011 SE BOILER HOUSE P1330851

022220012 E VIEW OF BOILER HOUSE P1330852

022220013 NE VIEW OF BOILER HOUSE P1330854 VIEW OF BOILER HOUSE, WEST END OF NORTH 022220014 N WALL P1330855

022220015 NW NORTH WEST CORNER OF BOILER HOUSE P1330856

022220016 N WEST END OF NORTH WALL BOILER HOUSE P1330857

022220017 W EAST END OF NORTH WALL, BOILER HOUSE P1330858

022220018 E CEILING ABOVE BAY 6 P1330859

VOID ABOVE REDUNDANT STAIRCASE ABOVE 022220019 N NORTHEAST CORNER OF BOILER HOUSE P1330863 BRICK PIER AT THE NORTH END OF TEH EAST 022220020 E WALL OF BOILER HOUSE P1330866

BLOCKED DOOR, PREVIOUS WINDOW, AT THE 022220021 N EAST END OF THE NORTH WALL P1330868

WEAR TO THE IMMEDIATE WEST OF THE BLOCKED DOOR/PREVIOUS WINDOW, ON THE 022220022 N EAST END OF TEH NORTH WALL (BOILER HOUSE) P1330871 CONCRETE REINFOCED STANCHION IN THE 022220023 W BOILER HOUSE P1330877 FIRE HATCH THROUGH THE NORTH WALL OF 022220024 N THE BOILER HOUSE P1330880

022220025 N VIEW OF BOILER HOUSE P1330885

022220026 W NORTH END OF WEST WALL, BOILER HOUSE P1330889 CHUTE/FLUE ON THE WEST WALL OF TEH 022220027 W BOILER HOUSE P1330890

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022220028 W CAST IRON CHUTE ON WEST WALL P1330892

022220029 W SOUTH END OF WEST WALL, BOILER HOUSE P1330894

022220030 SW SOUTHWEST CORNER OF BOILER HOUSE P1330896 NLOCKED DOOR OF BAY 2, SOUTH WALL OF 022220031 S BOILER HOUSE P1330897

FIRE DOOR AMD BLOCKED OPENING OF BAY 3, 022220032 S SOUTH WALL OF BOILER HOUSE P1330900

022220033 S BAY 4 OF BOILER SHOUSE, SOUTH WALL P1330901

022220034 S BAY 5 (RIGHT) AND 6 OF THE BOILER HOUSE P1330906

022220035 SW WEST PIER OF BAY 5 OF BOILER HOUSE P1330913

BLOCKED OPENING ON THE LOWER PORTION OF 022220036 S BAY 4 OF THE BOILER HOUSE P1330921

PORTABLE LADDER FIXTURES BENEATH DOOR 022220037 S ON BAY 3 OF BOILER HOUSE P1330925 OPENING THROUGH THE CEILING OF BAY 1, 022220038 SW BOILER HOUSE P1330927

BLOCKED DOOR TO BLOWDOWN ROOM ON THE 022220039 W WEST WALL OF BOILER ROOM P1330928

BLOCKED DOOR WITHIN TALL YSB ARCH, WITH 022220040 W CHUTE AND FLUE TO RIGHT P1330931

022220041 W BLOCKED ARCH AT TOP OF WEST WALL P1330934

022220042 W DETAIL OF FLUE EDGE ON WEST WALL P1330936

022220043 W FIXTURE FOR PLANT ON WEST WALL BY FLUE P1330940 MANHOLE COVER IN BOILER HOUSE BY WEST 022220044 W WALL P1330941

022220045 W GULLEY IN BOILER HOUSE BY WEST WALL P1330943 DRAIN COVER IN BOILER HOUSE BY SOUTH 022220046 S WALL P1330948 CONCRETE PLYNTHS TO CARRY BOILERS IN 022220047 W BOILER HOUSE P1330950

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SCARS ON THE CONCRETE FLOOR TO CARRY 022220048 W BOILERS, PLUS ASSOCIATED DRAINAGE P1330958

CAST IRON GULLER COVERS IN BOILER HOUSE 022220049 W AT NORTH WEST CORNER P1330960 7.1.1

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8 Appendix 2: Survey drawings

Drawing 1: Plan of the Boiler House

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