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Home , Juan Bautista de Anza, New Spain

Spanish Exploration AND COLONIZATION OF WOOD AND GALLONS OF WATER

SEVEN CITIES OF THE COST

OF A VOYAGE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Spanish_Exploration_Cover.indd 1 2/3/17 4:23 PM 2 Why Did People Explore? Imagine setting out on a trip to a place the unknown with no way to be sure you where nobody you know has ever been. would make it back? By 1530, the of You ’t have a map, a smartphone, or already ruled over a large area of the the Internet. You don’t even know for sure , including what is now . that there is land where you’re headed. But the Spanish wanted to explore the area There could be unknown dangers waiting to the north and lay claim to more land. for you. What could make you set out into Let’s look at some of the reasons why.

u INTHE 1500S, the ships reached on the West Coast Spanish trading the coast of North of . ships carried goods America, they were In such , from Mexico to often damaged. Spanish ships the Sometimes the could dock safely and back. The crew was out of for repairs and trip across the food and water. supplies. Pacific was long The Spanish want- and hard. When ed to find harbors

l EUROPEAN Ocean. But nobody explorers had knew where the heard rumors Strait of Anían about a narrow was, or even if it body of water really existed. The called the Strait Spanish hoped of Anían. It was that by exploring thought to be a the Pacific coast gateway to the of North America, Northwest Passage they might find the from the Pacific strait.

spanish_exploration_sp1.indd 16 2/3/17 4:24 PM 3 l INTHE 1500S, many rich Europeans deco- rated their homes with silk and por- celain, or china, from . They also used spices from Asia for cook- d THE SPANISH ing. These products had taken a great came mainly by deal of gold and ship. To get to Asia, treasures from the European ship in Mexico captains had to sail and the Inca in a long way around Peru. They hoped the tip of Africa to find even more or . treasure in unex- Europeans hoped plored parts of the that there was a Americas. Officials shortcut to Asia there heard rumors through North of a place called America. Many Cibola where there explorers tried to were seven cities find a Northwest of gold. This place Passage that linked was said to be the Atlantic and across the desert Pacific Oceans. to the north.

r THE CATHOLIC that God wanted Church was very them to convert powerful in Spain. the native peo- Church leaders and ple in the places many Spaniards they explored to wanted to spread Christianity. their religion around the world. They believed

spanish_exploration_sp1.indd 17 2/3/17 4:25 PM Chukchi Sea Norwegian Sea Bering ARCTIC Greenland Sea Sea Bering Strait OCEAN

Beaufort Sea Denmark Strait

Baffin Bay

Gulf Davis Strait of

Hudson Strait

Ungava Bay Hudson Bay Labrador Sea

Gulf of St. Lawrence 4 1 Early European Explorers to Alta

Early Point Reyes Bay Explorers ATLANTIC ALTA The early European explorers CALIFORNIA set out for what is now California Point Conception OCEAN Point Mugu with high hopes. They hoped u IN 1535, San Miguel they would find the Northwest Island Channel Bay Cortés sailed to Islands Passage and legendary cities what he believed filled with riches. At the very to be the . He Tubac least, they hoped to find safe hoped to find ports where their ships could gold there. Cortés started a settle- Atlantic anchor. Gulf of California ment there, but it Ocean After facing great hardships did not last long. to reach the California coast, the There was no gold, and the land was Loreto explorers did not find most of very dry. The place what they were looking for. where he landed La Paz They never found the cities of is now called Baja Mazatlán Gulf of California. It is Mexico gold or the Strait of Anían. Their actually a penin- voyages were costly, and many sula, or land with crew members died. water on three Pacific Navidad sides. Baja is the Ocean Mexico Spanish word for City “lower,” meaning “southern.” Sea

2 d CABRILLONEVER mation about the made it home from California coast. It his 1542 voyage. also provided the He died after he first written account fell and broke of the native people a bone. He had of failed to find the meeting Europeans: Northwest Passage Cabrillo met the or any cities filled with riches. But when he landed in Cabrillo’s effort the Channel Islands gave the Spanish – just off the valuable infor- California coast.

u BY THE EARLY and his soldiers 1500s, Spanish defeated the Aztec , or empire in Mexico u IN 1542, discovered San conquerors, had in 1521. The Juan Rodríguez Diego and claimed large areas Spanish destroyed Cabrillo sailed from claimed California of the Americas. the Aztec capital Mexico to explore for Spain. He These lands city of Tenochtitlán. what the Spanish continued up the became known as In its place, they later called Alta coast and probably . A con- built , California. Alta is reached what is quistador named the capital of New the Spanish word today Northern Hernando Cortés Spain. for “upper.” Cabrillo California.

spanish_exploration_sp2_v4.indd 16 2/3/17 4:29 PM Chukchi Sea Norwegian Sea Bering ARCTIC Greenland Sea Sea Bering Strait OCEAN

Beaufort Sea Denmark Strait

Baffin Bay

Gulf Davis Strait of Alaska

Hudson Strait

Ungava Bay Hudson Bay Labrador Sea

Gulf of St. Lawrence 5 l IN 1595, Early European Explorers to Alta California 4 Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño Cape Mendocino 1 Cortés, 1535 sailed from the Philippines. He was Point Reyes looking for safe 2 Cabrillo, 1542 harbors on the Monterey Bay ATLANTICCalifornia coast. 3 ALTA Drake, 1579 After reaching the CALIFORNIA coast of California, Point Conception 4 Cermeño, 1595 OCEANCermeño’s ship Point Mugu was destroyed in San Miguel 5 Vizcaíno, 1602 a storm. The sur- Island Channel Islands viving crew had to New Spain, build a small boat about 1650 to sail to Mexico. Tubac They would not BAJA CALIFORNIA have survived without help from Atlantic native people along Gulf of California Ocean the way.

r SEBASTIÁN port that could be 5 Loreto Vizcaíno sailed desired.”* north from *Sebastián Vizcaíno. From La Paz Mexico in 1602, Diary of Sebastian Vizcaíno, Mazatlán Gulf of also looking for 1602–1603. American Journeys Collection, Document Mexico safe harbors. No. AJ-002. Wisconsin He made good Historical Society, 2003. charts, or maps, Pacific Navidad of the California Ocean Mexico coast. Vizcaíno City described Monterey Bay Acapulco as “the best

3 r MANYOFTHE people in the Spanish exploration parties were not Spanish. Less than half of the sailors on most Spanish ships were from Spain. The early explorers of California includ- ed many native people from Mexico. People from Africa, the Philippines, and other parts of Asia also took part. Historians believe that most of the u THE SPANISH raid the Spanish Spanish exploration were not the only settlements in the parties included ones exploring Americas. He was African servants or the coast of also looking for the enslaved people. California. In 1577, Northwest Passage. Cortés brought 300 Queen Elizabeth Drake explored the Africans with him I of England sent coast and landed in to Baja California in to Northern California. 1535.

spanish_exploration_sp2_v4.indd 17 2/3/17 4:29 PM 6 Pacific Trade Routes Pacific Routes of the Spanish Galleons

Think about the clothes you’re wearing right now. Do Arctic you know where in the world they were made? Today, N Circle

the things we buy, eat, and use every day come from W E

all over the world. But back in the 1500s, most people 90˚W only used things that were made close to where they S 60˚N lived. Products from far away were rare and expensive. We ASIA ster Travel by sea was the fastest way to go long distanc- W lies es Nor ter th Pac lies ific Drift es, but it could be very dangerous. It could take a ship t fic Drif Paci NORTH orth up to a year to travel to Asia and back. This made prod- N AMERICA C a ent l ucts from Asia, such as silk and spices, very valuable. rr i Gulf of u f n C o pa r Ja n California 30˚N ia The Spanish began shipping goods back and forth C t u en rr ico rr en Mex between New Spain and Asia in the middle 1500s. u t Mexico f of Tropic of C ul n ds s City G Cancer a in s s d p W d nd in a de in i J ra W W W T e de e NE rad ra d T T a Acapulco r NE NE Tr THE SPANISH E N N orth Equator North Equatorial Current used large trading ial Current Philippine ships called galle- Islands ds S S in E E ons to carry goods W Tra Tr e d ad Equator 0˚ d e W e W SOUTH from the Americas ra ind ind T s s E AMERICA to Asia. These N ships took Pacific Ocean and gold from Acapulco in New Spain across the AUSTRALIA Tropic of Capricorn Pacific. They land- ed in Manila, a port Route from New Spain Ocean Current in the Philippines. to the Philippine Islands There, the galleons Wind Pattern were loaded with Route from the Philippine valuable goods Islands to New Spain New Spain around 1650 from Asia. These were things like silk and spices. 120˚E 150˚E 180˚ 150˚W 120˚W 90˚W

l INTHE 1500S, ships didn’t have engines. They relied on winds and currents, or moving streams of water in the ocean. Pilots could steer, but if the wind blew in the right direction, the ships would go faster. When traveling long distances, sailors looked for help from nature: ocean currents and winds that would help them go in the right direction.

spanish_exploration_sp3.indd 16 2/3/17 4:31 PM 7 l Pacific Routes of the Spanish Galleons WIND PATTERNS galleons go from to sail across the describe the way Mexico to the northern Pacific. wind blows most Philippines quickly. This took them of the time in a But they had to far north of New certain place. The take a different Spain. That’s Arctic N Circle wind patterns and route on the way why finding ocean currents in back. To find the safe harbors in W E the Pacific Ocean right winds and California was helped Spanish currents, they had very important. 90˚W S 60˚N

W ASIA este rlies We N ste orth P rlie acific s Drift d EA TRAVEL IN THE t S fresh food to eat. If parts of the ocean, fic Drif Paci NORTH orth 1500s was difficult a trip took longer pirates were com- N AMERICA C and dangerous. than expected, a mon. The Spanish t a ren l ur if Gulf of n C o Sailors had to work ship could run out galleons carried pa r Ja n California 30˚N ia hard day and night. of food and water. valuable cargo, C t u en rr ico Many died of dis- A bad storm could or goods, so they rr en Mex u t Mexico f of Tropic of C ul n ds s City G Cancer eases like scurvy, destroy a ship were often targets a in s s d p W d nd in a de in i J ra W W W T e de e because they did or send it far off for pirates. NE rad ra d T T a Acapulco NE NE Tr E not have good, course. In some Manila N N orth Equator North Equatorial Current ial Current Philippine Islands ds S S in E E W Tra Tr e d ad Equator 0˚ d e W e W SOUTH ra ind ind T s s E N AMERICA Pacific Ocean

AUSTRALIA Tropic of Capricorn

Route from New Spain Ocean Current to the Philippine Islands Wind Pattern Route from the Philippine Islands to New Spain New Spain around 1650

120˚E 150˚E 180˚ 150˚W 120˚W 90˚W

l SHIP CAPTAINS take on had trouble finding and people from enough sailors to other parts of fill their crews, Asia. Some sailors because so many were enslaved sailors died on Africans or Asians. the long voyages. Many crew mem- Some crew mem- bers taken on in bers were forced Acapulco were to work on the native people from ships. In Manila, Mexico. captains would

spanish_exploration_sp3.indd 17 2/3/17 4:32 PM 8 Colonization of California In the 1500s, the Spanish explored California looking for treasure and safe harbors. But they decided that the new land didn’t offer the riches that legends had promised. The Spanish gave up on exploring Alta California in 1606. More than 150 years later, they decided to start exploring again. This time, they sent people to colonize, or settle, in Alta California.

CARLOS III, KING OF SPAIN FROM 1759 TO 1788

u WHYDIDTHE Passage. Russia Spanish go back also began send- to Alta California? ing fur traders to In the , Alaska. The king explorers sailing of Spain was wor- for Russia and ried that another Britain searched European country the coast of North would try to claim America looking Alta California. for the Northwest

d GASPAR DE there. A colony is Portolá was the a settlement ruled governor of Baja by another coun- California. The king try. The Spanish of Spain asked thought that having him to protect settlers living in Spain’s claims to Alta California Alta California. would strengthen Portolá wanted to their claim to establish colonies the land.

GASPAR DE PORTOLÁ

spanish_exploration_sp4.indd 16 2/3/17 4:34 PM 9 l PEOPLEIN NEW decided to set up in South America, Spain were not missions to teach Mexico, and the very interested the native people Caribbean. The in moving to Alta of Alta California to Spanish planned California. The trip be loyal Spanish to use the same was difficult, and citizens. A mis- mission system to they would be far sion is a religious settle California. from other Spanish settlement. There settlements. So were already many Mackenzie R. Spanish officials Spanish missions

Yukon R. Gulf of Alaska l l IN 1769, PORTOLÁMackenzie R. HIMSELF Portolá led an led one of the expedition, or trip, groups traveling by to Alta California. land. With him was The purpose was to Junípero Serra, a Hudson Bay set up the first mis- priest who wasPeace River sions in San Diego in charge of the and Monterey. church’s mission- The expedition aries. A missionary included soldiers, is a person who Churchill R Nelson River scouts, engineers, teachesAthabasca religion River to drivers, and others. A soldier, priests and native Captain Fernando Saskatchewan River people from the Rivera y Moncada, Baja California led the other group

missions. They also travelingColumbia R. by land. brought livestock This group includ- and supplies. The ed a priest named

expedition split up Columbia R. , who R. into three groups. kept a diary of One would travel the trip. JUAN CRESPÍ Snake R. by sea. The other St Lawrence R.

two would travel by land. Routes to Alta California, 1769–1776

s e g n a R t s a o C Sacramento River N aevd r ae r S i San Francisco Platte River Bay r TRAVEL TO ALTA Monterey Bay California by land Monterey or sea was diffi- San Ohio R. Joaquin r R. cult. The land was ive River o R ad Missouri R. Mojave lor rough and hilly. The Desert Co two groups mostly ALTA e Arkansas R. followed paths San CALIFORNIA d San n a Diego Jacinto r made by Native Mts. G G ila o San Diego Bay River i Californians. They R Mississippi R. N Sonoran had to find new River u Desert AFTERTHE hard and winding routes in some BAJA CALIFORNIA Tubac expedition reached journey, Portolá places. There was W E

San Diego, Serra reached Monterey, little water or food S stayed there to where his sol- for the livestock. Gulf of California Pacific MEXICO found the first diers built a fort. Still, both land par- Ocean mission in Alta That same year, ties made it safely G u l f Loreto California. It was Serra traveled to to San Diego Bay. called San Diego Monterey to start Only two of the o f Portolá, La Paz de Alcalá. Portolá a mission. From three ships made 1769–1770 continued on to Monterey, Serra it, however. Most Sailing route, M e x i c o look for a land worked on expand- of the sailors were 1769–1770 Anza, route to Monterey ing the mission very sick when 1775–1776 Bay. After a very system. they arrived.

Caribbean Sea

spanish_exploration_sp4.indd 17 2/3/17 4:33 PM

Rio Magdalena spanish_exploration_sp5.indd 16 2/3/17 4:35 PM Inside a California Mission Mission San Diego de Alcalá was the first mission founded in Alta California. Catholic priests started 21 missions in Alta California between 1769 and 1823. You can visit many of the missions today. Some have museums where you can learn more about mission life.

spanish_exploration_sp5.indd 17 2/3/17 4:35 PM 12 What happens when new people arrive in a place? A New Things change. The Spanish started to change California as soon as they began exploring in the Overland Route 1500s. They influenced native cultures and

r IN 1775, ANZA led a group of 240 settlers from Mexico to establish a colony at San Francisco. The settlers included people of Mexican Indian, European, and African heri- tage. Extra soldiers, guides, and mule drivers came along to help. The group brought more than 1,000 horses, , and cattle. They reached San Francisco safely in June 1776.

u THE SPANISH to look for one. Sebastián Tarabal, It went through the wanted a better Anza had been Anza reached land route to the born to Spanish the mission in and over the San 1521: 1535: Alta California parents in New Monterey. The Jacinto Mountains. New Spain is Cortés reaches missions. So Spain. With the new route started founded. Baja California. they sent Juan help of a Mexican in what is now Bautista de Anza Indian named southern .

spanish_exploration_sp6.indd 16 2/3/17 4:51 PM 13

introduced new diseases that killed many native BY 1774, SPAIN people. Later, the Spanish began to colonize Alta had already begun California. This brought a whole new level of change, five missions in Alta California, including both for the landscape and for native peoples. one at Monterey. Reaching these settlements by sea was dangerous. Travel by land was even more difficult. To reach the mis- sions from Mexico, travelers had to cross deserts and mountains. Some California Indians defended their lands by attacking the Spanish settlers.

Can You Tell? • How many years u ONBOTH gerous Colorado passed between expeditions, Anza River. Other native Vizcaíno’s exploration made it across the people provided of San Diego Bay and deserts and moun- food and water. the founding of the tains of California Despite Anza’s mission there? because he got new route, travel along well with the to Alta California • Which explorer visited native people. The by land remained California first: Vizcaíno Yuma (or ) difficult. So, most or Cermeño? Indians helped him supplies were still cross the dan- sent by sea.

1542: 1579: 1595: 1602: 1769: 1776: Cabrillo enters Drake claims Cermeño searches Vizcaíno explores First mission and Anza leads settlers San Diego Bay. California for for harbors on San Diego and (fort) in Alta to start a colony in England. California coast. Monterey Bays. California are found- San Francisco. ed in San Diego.

spanish_exploration_sp6.indd 17 2/3/17 4:51 PM Mackenzie R.

Yukon R.

Gulf of Alaska

Mackenzie R.

Hudson Bay Peace River

Churchill R Nelson River Athabasca River

Saskatchewan River

Columbia R.

Columbia R. Missouri R. 14

St Lawrence R. San Francisco Solano Mississippi San Rafael The Mission System San Francisco San Francisco de Asis Bay San José de Guadalupe S a Have you ever done something you thought Santa n J Santa Cruz o Clara a q was good, but later you found out that it u Ohio R. Monterey Bay in R iv Missouri R. hurt someone else? San Carlos e r The Franciscan priests in California Borromeo Soledad Arkansas R. believed they were starting missions to save San Miguel souls. They also wanted to teach the native Mississippi R. people to live the way the missionaries San Luís Obispo La Purísima thought was right. They thought they were Santa Ynez

helping the California Indians, but many Santa Barbara San Buenaventura Indians were treated very harshly. The San Fernando Rey G u l f mission system even caused some native Pacific San Gabriel Ocean o f societies to disappear. Others could no San Juan Capistrano longer live the way their people had lived M e x i c o San Luís Rey for thousands of years. Read about the Mission San Diego de Alcalá mission system. Then, decide for yourself El Camino Real San Diego Bay

whether it helped or hurt the California Caribbean Sea Indians. Spanish Missions, 1769–1823

l THEBUILDINGS safe, enclosed u THE SPANISH that had the in a California space where placed missions fertile soil and mission were people could work about a day’s walk freshwater needed arranged around a or gather. Around apart on El Camino for farming. Some square courtyard. the outside of Real (The Royal Indians objected to Each mission had the mission were Road). Missions the missionaries a church, sleeping outbuildings like were usually claiming the land areas, a kitchen, barns. Farmland located near for farming and workshops, and and pastures for California Indian grazing. Often, storerooms. The livestock surround- villages or trails. native people had courtyard was a ed the mission. This made it easier to compete with for missionaries the missions for to recruit Indians. food and other The Spanish also resources. looked for sites

spanish_exploration_sp7.indd 16 2/6/17 1:29 PM 15

THEGOALOFTHE missions was to turn California Indians into loyal, tax-paying Spanish subjects. The missionaries tried to do this by convert- ing Indians to Christianity and teaching them Spanish. Then they taught them to farm and live a more European way of life.

u SPANISH SOLDIERS near good harbors. the harbor against u SPANISH SOLDIERS helped the priests the Indians to forced native The Spanish want- enemy ships. The came to California train and discipline live there. Some people to build ed to protect these same soldiers with the missionar- the Indians. The Indians revolted, or forts called pre- ports for the use could also protect ies. In some cases, soldiers protected fought back. Others sidios near some of Spanish ships. the mission and the soldiers lived at the missions and simply ran away. missions. Most Soldiers living in a nearby settlements. the missions and sometimes forced were built presidio defended

l MOSTOFTHE soldiers and settlers in Alta California came from New Spain. New Spain was a diverse place where Native , Europeans, Africans, and Asians all lived together. The settlers of Alta California included u SOONAFTER The more settlers to people from all of the first missions were started to live in the pueblos. these backgrounds. were founded, the supply food for Each was More than half of Spanish began the soldiers in built around a the first settlers of creating farming the presidios. central plaza, or had towns called The Spanish also open square. African ancestors. pueblos nearby. hoped to attract

spanish_exploration_sp7.indd 17 2/3/17 4:39 PM 16 Native Californians and the Missions Imagine you’re a ten-year-old California Instead of living with your family, you Indian living in a mission around 1800. sleep on a mat in a dormitory. You prob- What is your life like? How do you spend ably do not go to school. Instead, you your days? spend your day working hard in the fields, Life follows a strict schedule. The mis- kitchens, laundry, or another part of the sion bells tell you when to get up in the mission. There are no stores to buy things, morning and when to go to sleep at night. so people at the mission grow their own They also tell you when to start work, when food and make their own clothing, soap, to eat, and when to go to church. candles, leather, and metal tools.

THEMISSIONARIES they did most of saw the Indians as the day-to-day souls to be saved, work at the mis- but also as needed sions. This included workers. Native farming, caring for Californians did the animals, build- nearly all of the ing new buildings, work of building cooking, cleaning, the missions and washing clothes, presidios. Later, and making tools.

r SOME CALIFORNIA er seen before. Indians came The missionaries to the missions offered them gifts because they such as colored wanted to. Some cloth and beads. Indians were Some Indians were impressed by the interested in mis- things the mis- sion life because sionaries brought the missionaries with them. Many seemed to have were things the plenty of food. Indians had nev-

spanish_exploration_sp8.indd 16 2/3/17 4:44 PM 17 d THEMISSIONS Europeans arrived. needed those changed the For example, the plants for food. natural landscape missions intro- Once their food of California. This duced livestock and other resourc- made it hard for that ate or tram- es were gone, the California pled wild plants. some California Indians to live Both native people Indians had to the way they and the wild ani- move to the mis- had before the mals they hunted sions to survive.

u FOR CALIFORNIA with a schedule for the mission could Indians, life in meals, prayers, and face harsh punish- the missions was sleeping. Outside ments. Some were very different than the missions, most whipped or forced what they had Indians had much to wear shackles, been used to. The more freedom. or chains. missions followed Those who did not strict discipline, follow the rules in

d SOME INDIANS to change their missions. The were forced to minds and return soldiers would come to the home. If they tried, punish the run- missions by the the soldiers would aways and any Spanish soldiers force them to Indian villages because the army return to the that took them in. and the mission- aries needed workers. Others Think about the relationship between chose to come Californian Indians, missionaries, and convert to and soldiers at the missions. Do you Christianity. Those think you would like life in a mission? who converted Why or why not? were not allowed

u BY THE LATE the way to chang- and gathering wild 1700s, about ing the economy of food. Afterward, 20,000 Indians California. Before farming was the were living at the the missions, most most important missions. The mis- people in California economic activity. sionaries were on survived by hunting

spanish_exploration_sp8.indd 17 2/3/17 4:45 PM 18 Activities

Create your own map to show the different routes of BE A Spanish explorers to California. Decide how you want to show the journey of each explorer, perhaps using certain MAPMAKER! colors or patterned lines for each route. Label the loca- tions and bodies of water where the explorers traveled. Be sure to include a legend and a title for your map.

JOURNAL WRITING Imagine that you are a member of the Portolá or Anza expedi- tion. What would you see as you travel on the land route to and through California? What might happen as you make your way with the group? Write a journal entry that describes your experience. Include details about an inter- esting or important event on a particular day and how it made you feel. Include the location and date in your journal entry.

Spanish_Expoloration_18-19.indd 18 2/3/17 4:47 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Mexican Settlement Bear Flag Republic: Gold Rush and Rule Road to Statehood Gold, how it glittered in the sunlight! What During mission life in early 19th- What does the phrase “bear flag effect did this brilliant metal have on century Mexico, priests and Spaniards republic” have to do with California? California? How did it change the politics, often clashed with Native Americans and Investigate the pushes and pulls that the environment, and the lives of the . With different rights for differ- brought people here in the first place. people who came to live here? Explore ent groups of people, it’s easy to see why Discover when, why, and how we the effect of sudden wealth – and many residents of Mexico longed for free- became a state in record time. Uncover conflicts – the Gold Rush brought. dom. Learn about Father Miguel ’s the controversies, the characters, and cry for freedom and Alta California’s path the conflicts along the way. to independence.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

LEARN HSS 4.2 Students describe the social, polit- ical, cultural, and economic life and inter- MORE actions among people of California from the ONLINE! pre-Columbian societies to the Spanish mis- sion and Mexican rancho periods. 4.2.2 Identify the early land and sea routes to, and European settlements in, California with a focus • On his 1577 voy- on the exploration of the North Pacific (e.g., by age around the Captain , Vitus Bering, Juan Cabrillo), world, Francis noting especially the importance of mountains, Drake sailed up deserts, ocean currents, and wind patterns. 4.2.3 Describe the Spanish exploration and colonization the west coast of of California, including the relationships among South America. soldiers, missionaries, and Indians (e.g., Juan What country Crespi, Junipero Serra, Gaspar de Portola). 4.2.4 was Drake from, Describe the mapping of, geographic basis of, and and who did he economic factors in the placement and function of the Spanish missions; and understand how the encounter during officer James Cook • Among those who mission system expanded the influence of Spain his exploration? and Danish explor- came to California and Catholicism throughout New Spain and Latin er Vitus Bering. with the Spanish America. 4.2.6 Discuss the role of the • The search for were Africans, in changing the economy of California from a hunt- the Northwest • Much of what we Mexican Indians, er-gatherer economy to an agricultural economy. Passage was the know about the and people of subject of many mixed backgrounds. Historical and Social Science Analysis expeditions. comes from the Together with the Skills: Discover two of diary and letters of California Indians, Research, Evidence, and Point of View the explorers Juan Crespí. Read these people all 1. Students differentiate between primary and who searched for an excerpt from influenced each secondary sources. it – British naval one of his letters. other.

Spanish_Expoloration_18-19.indd 19 2/3/17 4:48 PM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Colleen Ryan David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Jenna Minchuk, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine Scharaldi CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Margaret Mittelbach

GRADE 4 TITLES Stock Montage: p.19 top center (Bear Flag Revolt); Bettmann: pp.12–13 center middle (illustration of Anza expedition); DEA/G. Dagli Orti: p.3 top right (Chinese porcelain); California: Places and Regions Civil Rights Dorling Kindersley: p.3 middle left (Spanish looters), p.3 bottom right (Christian priests); Universal Images Group: p.5 bottom right (sailors), p.17 top right (livestock, mission); Pre-Columbian People of California Cultural Development and Diversity Underwood Archives: p.2 middle center (explorer Juan Cabrillo). Granger Collection: Sarin Images: p.6 bottom left (), p.15 middle right (Presidio of San Spanish Exploration and Colonization California: Becoming an Economic Francisco); Granger, NYC: p.9 bottom right (mission in Mexico), p.12 center middle Power Mexican Settlement and Rule (Juan Baustista de Anza), p.14 bottom left (San Gabriel Mission, c. 1900), p.15 bottom Bear Flag Republic: Road to Statehood A Plan for Government left (Indian settlers), p.16 bottom right (Carmel Mission in California), p.19 top left American Government: (mission life). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Inc.: p.4 bottom right (Chumash people). Gold Rush Craig McCausland: p.5 bottom left (Francis Drake); pictore: p.4 top Federal, State, and Local iStock Images: right (Hernando Cortés). National Park Services: David Rickman: p.13 middle right (Anza’s party crossing the Colorado River). North Wind Picture Archives: p.6 center middle (Spanish at sea), p.7 middle right (pirates capturing a galleon), p.9 middle left (Portolá expedition ship), p.15 middle left (illustration of Spanish soldiers), p.14 ON THE COVER: Illustration of Juan Bautista de Anza on horseback. Getty Images: Bettmann. middle left (diagram of a mission), p.8 top right (King Carlos III), p.17 bottom left (farm fields).San Diego Mission: Zephyrin Engelhardt: p.17 bottom right (soldier detaining Picture Credits: Alamy: California California: p.8 bottom right (Gaspar de Portolá); an Indian). Shutterstock: Eli Maier: p.19 top right (gold nuggets); Lowe Llaguno: p.4 Georg Braum and Frans Hogenberg: p.4 bottom left (historical illustration of Mexico bottom center (Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo); nikiteev konstantin: p.18 bottom (diary); City); Michael DeFreitas: p.9 center middle (San Diego de Alcalá); North Wind Picture Rvector: p.18 top (ancient scroll map). Archives: p.17 top left (Indians eating at a mission); North Wind Picture Archives: p.19 bottom (Francis Drake); Cody Duncan: pp.12–13 top: (Anza Borrego Desert State ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Park); Stock Connection: pp.10–11 (Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá). Bridgeman Brobel Design: Map of Early European Explorers to Alta California, pp.4–5; Map of Images: p.16 middle (Santa Clara de Asis Mission); French School: p.15 bottom right Pacific Routes of the Spanish Galleons, pp.6–7; Routes to Alta California, p.9; Map of (early pueblo plaza). California Missions Resource Center: A. B. Dodge and Alexander Spanish Missions, p.14. Harmer: p.15 top right (Franciscan priest baptizing an Indian). Geographicus Rare Antique Maps: p.2 bottom center (historical map with hypothetical strait/NW Passage). Michael Kline Illustration: The Cost of a Voyage, , cover; Sebastián Getty Images: Peter Dennis: p.7 bottom left (sailors on 15th- or 16th-century ship); Rodríguez Cermeño and Sebastián Vizcaíno, p.5, Juan Crespí, p.9.

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