NOTE: Every attempt has been made to provide historically accurate information about each trail, however, as with other historic research, ■ El Camino del Diablo ■ Southern Trails to California: some information is confl icti ng or difficult to verify. Historic trails 4 enthusiasts are encouraged to explore the suggested reading references Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail ~ Kearny's Gila River Trail for additional information. Ii.- ~ ■ Old Spanish Trail Cooke's Wagon Road (The Mormon Battalion Trail) Iii.. ~-­ ■ Beale Wagon Road Leach's Wagon Road 7 ■ The Old Arizona Road - "The Honeymoon Trail" Butterfield Overland Route Managing and conserving Arizona's natural, cu ltural, and ~ ~ recreational resources for the benefit of fl'1'e people, both Arizona r ,1 ■ General Crook Trail in ours parks and through our partners. State Park5 till' 1,•arly days ol Antona, before the highways and rai lroads ■ El Camino del Diablo (1540) ■ Juan Bautista de Anza National unlike most trails, General Crook recorded each mile by counting ■ The Old Arizona Road I wen: construl'tl'd, pcopil' trawled nwrland on foot, on the revolutions of a wagon wheel and marking the trail with tree nl111rsl'bad,, or by wagon. l'hese early travelers and the Native The "Devil's llighway" traverses a vast uninhabited part of Historic Trail (1775) blazes and rock carvings at every milepost location. Telegraph "The Honeymoon Trail" Anw11ra11s til'vl'iop1.•d trails, 111a11y that mainly fo llowed the rivers, the Sonoran Desert in southwestern Arizona that includes the Leading a group of several hundred robust Spanish colonists, lines between the forts were also strung along the route of the (1872) thro11ghou1 the ll'rntory that eventually liccame Ari1011a. Cabw1 Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, the Organ Pipe Cactus their livestock, and goods, Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Bautista de S11111l' sep111en1s ol these trails rc111ai11 in ex istence today as trail. The 138-mile long Old Arizona Road was a 11.•111i11tbs ol A11m11a\ rid1 lw,tnry. Stories and movies or the National Monument, and the Bany M. Goldwater Air Force Anza set out from Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico, to establish an For 22 years the General Crook Trail was used by troops trail built by members of the Morn1on religion. Bu111.·rlii.:ld Owrland Route. the Old Spanish Trail, the Clcncral Crook Range. overl,rnd route to San Francisco Bay in California in 1775-76. patrolling the northern portion of the Apache Indian territrny. The It staited in St. George, Utal1, and culminated Trail, and 01he1 historic trails bring to mind the exciting chapters in This 60-mile-long historic dirt track crosses an area of more Diaries of this expedition suggest that at least 240 people trail follows one of the more striking geologic features in Arizona, at Lee's Feny on the Colorado River in A111011a\ hentage. than 4,000 square miles, without a doubt some of North were in the paity, which included a Catholic priest, 30 families, a the Mogollon Rim, and today 's highways parallel this original Arizona. l'tails in Ari/Ona provided ,upply, trade and travel routes for America's most arid and isolated "outback." The "Camino" was, dozen soldiers, women, children, guides, interpreters, and n1inl'rs, Native Amcril'an huntl'rs and nomadic fanners, the Cavalry, trail. After the surrender of the Apache Indian leader, Geronimo, Completed in 1872, the trail served the muleteers. Over one thousand head of cattle, sheep, horses, and i.'\plor1.•rs Imm the Aml'ncas and Europe, cattle and , hccp drives, to early travelers, the shortest route across southern Arizona, as Arizonans continued to use the trail for travel until the completion needs of the settlers located in the Arizona 111issiona11es, and yes, even g11n lightcrs, renegades, and bandits. well as away from Apache Territo1y. mules accompanied the expedition. of the highway in 1928, which totals 46 years of continuous trail Strip, an area north of the Grand Canyon. As 'I hl'se Inti Is tell the storie.s or the courageous and tenacious people The east-west route of the Camino threads its way through a The detennined colonists spent three months traversing the usage. Many miles of the General Crook Trail are marked with the trail snaked southward ii went to Fort who hrawly lahon:d through the process of ,couting ou t the best trail basin and range maze of desert and rugged mountain country. deserts of the Southwest before reaching the missions of the rock cairns and white-and-yellow V-shaped chevrons that were Pearce, over the Hurricane Cl iffs, and through cmmlors, local111g precious water, and clearing the way for others to Following a path traveled by pre-historic Indians, Spanish padres California coast. Another three months were spent travelling up placed on trees in the late 1970s in a special project by the Boy Antelope Valley, Pipe Springs, and Kanab, l'ollow. Bahies wen: horn on these trails, and people died, as well, the Pacific coast to the Golden Gate, where the city of San frn111 illne,,, exhaustion, a111bush, balllcs, and dehydration. and explorers, and prospectors on their way to the California gold Scouts of America. Utah. When it entered Arizona the trail led l1iday 111any or the h1,1oril' trails 111 Ari1011a have cities and fields, many people lost their lives, testimony to the struggle of Francisco now stands. eastward tlu·ough Pioneer Gap, south through early-day adventurers who met their fate in this unforgiving highways built over them, and those that remain arc for the most part ■ Beale Wagon Road (1857) House Rock Valley, ai1d then east along the u11prn1cc1cd and forgolll'II pathways with li11le signage indicating their comer of the American Southwest. Yennilion Cliffs to Lee's Ferry. mull'. A few nl these trails have vestiges of the past sti ll remaining, ■ General Crook Trail (1871) In the fall of 1857 during the time of the first great From 1877 to 1882 the trail was used sud, as wagon wheel rut s cmlicdded into rock su rfaces, bla1.cs on The U.S. A1my sent General George Crook to Arizona to try westward migration, Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a extensively by newly married Monnon 11.:es th at arc sti ll swnding, and telegraph-line insulators altached to ■ Old Spanish Trail (1833) to bring peace between the various Apache Indian tribes and the tr.:e tnmb. An even sma ller number have either been partially Naval officer on assignment with the Depanment of the couples from remote areas who journeyed to St. George to have Suggested Reading References The first direct connection between nonhem New Mexico and settlers living in the territory. In August of 1871 General Crook r.:stnrcd t11 signed along their rou te. Interior, was ordered to lay out a wagon road from Fon their marriages blessed and consecrated in the Monnon Temple A Guide to the Beale Wagon Road, by Jack Beale Smith, The I l1 storic Trails Subcn111 11111tee of the Ari/Ona State Committee southern California, the Old Spanish Trail was first mentioned in and a small group of horseback Anny troops left Fort Apache Defiance to the eastern frontier of California. there; hence the memorable name it became known as, "The publisher Tales of the Beale Road, Flagstaff, Arizona Issue on Trails lunctrons 111 conJUIKlinn wllh An,ona State Park 's I listoric historical records in 1833 when Antonio Annijo fol lowed the seeking the best route for supply wagons and patrol soldiers Arizona was officially part of the Tmitory of New Honeymoon Trail." #4, 1989; Issue #5 199 l Prcscrvauon Office. The ,ubcommittee is comprised or volunteers route. The Old Spanish Trail is a misnomer for a Mexican trai l between Fort Apache, Fort Verde, and Fort Whipple. Mexico at this time, a scant IO years after the land was from land management agc1Kies, professionals in the fields or that extended from Santa Fe, New Mexico, up the Chama River The original trail was approximately 200 miles in length, and :m:111:olngy and history, educators, trail associations, hbtori cal obtained from Mexico. Arizona, Its People and Resources, by Russell C. Ewing, soi:1l' l1 cs, and r.:prescntati ves lrom trails advocacy groups who arc valley, through the Four Comers area and southern Utah to the At the behest of U.S. Secreta1y of War Jefferson Un iversity of Arizona Press, 2nd ed., Tucson, AZ, 1972 present-day site of Las Vegas, Nevada. From Davis, Beale used 25 camels as a grand experiment to 1111ercstcd 111 keeping Ari/Ona\ notable trails history alive for future Frontier Milita,y Posts ofAri:ona, by Ray Bandcs, Dale generations. there, the trail extended into California, crossed navigate the arid wastes of the Great American Stuart King, Globe, AZ, 1960 The map on the n:versc side i, a result of the Historic Trails the Mohave Desert to Cajon Pass through the Dese1t. Beale was enthusiastic about the Suhco111111111 ee \ research, which identifies ten or the most frequently San Bemadino mountains and on to the mission perforn1ance of the camels as well as the route. Historical Atlas ofAri:ona, by Henry P. Walker m1d Don used or h1stm1cally s1gntl1cant trails in Ari1011a's colorfu l past. Each of San Gabriel and Los Angeles. Bufkin, University of Oklahoma Press, Nonnan, OK, 1986 trail has tis own unique story or the way 1t was used, and or the peoples Thousands of immigrants used this trail as they who used 11. Primarily used to take sheep to the West made their way to and through the northern area of HistOJ)' of Ari:ona and New Mexico, by I lubert 11. Bancroft, Coast, the trail reached its apex when gold was what became the state of Arizona. The Arizona State Committee on Trails (ASCOT) Horn & Wallace, new ed., Albuquerque, NM, 1962 discovered in California, and New Mexican The railroad later followed Beale's Wagon ASCOi' is a twcnty•livc 111c111licr co111111it1cc (plus dozens of advisory sheepherders used the opportunity to feed the Road, and eventually the nostalgic Route 66 was Old Spanish Trail: Santa Fe to Los Angeles, by Anne W. memhm) that advises the A111011a State Par~s Board on trail-related mallers. gold rushers. Probably the most famous of the laid as a ribbon of highway along this same Hafen and Leroy R. Hefen, Glendale, CA, 1954 ASC'OT represents 11011 motori,e

■ Southern Trails to California ■ Kearny's Gila River Trail (1846) ■ Cooke's Wagon Road ■ Leach's Wagon Road (1857) (1846-1858) As a Colonel in 1846, General Steven W. Kearny led the (The Mormon Battalion Trail) (1846) Trying to improve wagon roads for travelers, the federal Some 2,000 Forty-Niners trod overland on one of several 2000-man "Anny of the West" from Missouri to New Mexico to In July, 1846, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, Monnon pioneers were government authorized funds to survey, mark, and construct routes trails within what was known as the Southern Route to California. take control of the Southwest and blaze a trail to California. preparing to move west under the direction of their leader, Brighain to the west. Under the supervision of James B. Leach, work was Some packed over the Gi la Trail which was first opened by At Santa Fe, Kearny left a garrison of 500 men and assigned Young. A request came from the U.S. government to recruit 500 begun in 1857 on the El Paso and Fott Yuma Wagon Road, which C,'3 General Stephen Watts Kearny and his Almy of the West in 1846, another 500 men to Lt. Col. Cooke to open a wagon road to able-bodied men into a U.S. Almy battalion to assist Kearny's was generally refeJTed to as Leach's Wagon Road. . fol lowing the course of the Gila River from western New Mexico California. He instructed Col. Doniphan to march to Chihualma Anny in the war against Mexico, a war that for the first time The route of Leach's Wagon Road traveled from east to west to its confluence with the Colorado River at Yuma. City with 500 more men, and Kearny himself led the remaining engaged the United States in an anned conflict on foreign soil. until it reached the San Pedro River, then it turned north, The majority of travelers drove wagons over the Southern forces down the Gila River from New Mexico to Yuma Crossing. Young saw this as a way to outfit 500 men and transpott them eventually meeting the Gila River. This route bypassed Tucson, ATizona Trail. It was used in pa11 by Americans in 1846 and 1848 when After crossing the Colorado River Kearny and his troops set and even though it was almost thirty miles shorter than other westward. The Battalion's mission was to reinforce the Army of Phi lip St. George Cooke led his Monnon Battalion out of Santa up his command in California with little resistance. Kearny's the West, which was stationed in California, and to forge a wagon east/west routes in the area, travelers did not use this wagon road Fe, and Major Lawrence P. Graham led his Dragoons out of route was a single-track horse and pack trail when it was first trail from Santa Fe to San Diego. They were commanded by as frequently, because they preferred to stop in Tucson. Mexico. The trail left the Rio Grande River in New Mexico, established. Later, teamsters and freighters found Cooke's trai l to Colonel Philip St. George Cooke, an Anny regular, and led by the angled southwest over New Mexico 's boot heel, then west and be very suitable for wagons, and the trail soon became a major trail-blazing skills of some of the West's most famous scouts. ■ Butterfield Overland Route north by way of Santa Cruz, Tucson, and the Pima Villages, road of transportation in southern Arizona. The Battalion was decimated by sickness and disease; 397 where it joined the Gila Trail. Kearny 's Gila River Trail provided precious water for (1858) men and four women completed the trek Lo California. The In 1858, the Butterfield Overland Route was the first reliable Texas Ranger, John Coffee Hays, sho11ened the route by travelers and pack stock who were making their way to Battalion marched over 2,000 miles of harsh, trackless te1Tito1y, culling off the southwestern leg and heading directly west to California in the mid 1850's, and the route later connected transcontinental corridor developed for mail, freight, and including a route across what is now Arizona. The route entered passenger service. The eastern and western ai·eas of the United Tucson on the Apache Pass Trail. In 1858, the Butterfield with the famous Butterfield Overland Route that traversed the Arizona through Guadalupe Pass in the far southeastern corner, Overland Route combined the Apache Pass segment with the southern area of Arizona east and west. States were finally able to communicate, trade, and use followed the border to the San Pedro River, then to Cienega dependable transponation along a trail that ran from Missouri to lower half of the Gila Trail. Ultimately, with modification, that Creek, and into Tucson where the fir t American flag was posted. California. road became the route of Interstate I0, the major link between Continuing to the Pima Village settlements, the trai I traversed AriLona, New Mexico, and California. The stage could take you on an adventure of over 2,700 miles west to Yuma via the Gila River. Upon reaching San Diego, the in less thai1 25 days. John Butterfield's famous instructions to his Battalion had completed the longest and most arduous infantry hardy drivers: "Remember boys, nothing must stop the Overland Milepost markings were can·ed into trees along march in U.S. military history. Mail!" In all of its three-year history, the stage was only late three the General Crook Trail. times!

For more information please contact: ... Arizona State Parks .... 1300 W. Washington laa' ~ Phoenix, AZ 85007 ...... i,,,.., Ii.... Tel & TTY (602) 542-4174 7 Http://www.pr.state.az.us ""1/'ww ~ This document is available in Arizona TM alternative formats by contacting the State Parks Public Information Officer.

Proiect Manager: Jan Hancock. Graphic Designer: Phyllis Railey. Photographer: Princely Nesadurai

Funding tor this brochure provided by: Arizona Heritage Fund and Federal Recreation Trails Program