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Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona (Washington: National Park Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, 1969), Pp

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Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona (Washington: National Park Service Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, 1969), Pp --A I? historic resource study september 1977 • / ' ' ^. :, : .. .. _. ;IENVER SERVICE CENTER , RANCH OF MICROGRAPHICS i. iBRARY COPY ► ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ORGAN PIPE CACTUS 1 NAT I ONAL MONUMENT / ARIZONA I N PLE4SE RETWN W. TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER DENVER SERVICE CENTER 1 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE I HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY I ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT I ARIZONA I I I I by I Jerome A. Greene I I I I DENVER SERVICE CENTER HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION NATIONAL PARK SERVICE i I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DENVER, COLORADO I . September 1977 1 I I I I I I • I I I I I I I I 1 I . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I Many individuals and institutions have contributed to the completion of this report. I must thank the entire staff at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monu- ment for their gracious assistance during my visits to the area. Superintendent I Ray Martinez, Jr., made available to me all the pertinent records and documents at the park headquarters. Park Aide Jesus V. Jerez accompanied me to the many diverse resource sites throughout the park. His good humor and deep knowledge I of the area helped to broaden my own appreciation for the desert country and its history. I must also acknowledge the help received in the location and use of park library materials from Supervisory Park Ranger Dan Jaramillo, Resource Management Specialist Terry Peters, Park Technicians Ernest H. Mayer, Carl I Douhan, and Kathy Liska, and Clerk Typist Melva Cormack. All of these people shared insights and gave fully of their time and assistance to insure the success I of this study. I also want to thank Thomas D. Mulhern, Acting Chief, Cultural Resources Management Division, and Regional Historian Gordon Chappell, both of the National I Park Service Western Regional Office, San Francisco, for their continued support and administrative aid in what has proved to be an oft-frustrating project. Mr. Chappell also provided some documentary materials of consequence to my work. And Thomas E. White, Interpretive Specialist of the National Park Service's I • Southern Arizona Group Office in Phoenix, has maintained a steady interest in my work from its inception and readily provided me with leads on potential informa- tion sources. Thanks are extended to Historian A. Berle Clemenson, Historic I Preservation Division, Denver Service Center, for sharing with me his familiarity with Southwestern source materials in the early stages of my study, and to Ruth Larison, Librarian, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Denver, for obtaining books I and articles significant to this report through the inter-library loan system. Thanks also go to Robert H. Todd, Branch of Mapping, Denver Service Center, who prepared the Historical Base Map accompanying this study. I Other persons and agencies that assisted in my task include Margaret Bret- Harte, Librarian, and Donald Bufkin, Curator of Maps, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; the late Robert Louis Gray, Jr., Lukeville, Arizona, Richard Bittman, Economic Development Specialist, Papago Tribe, Sells, Arizona; John Vuich, Assistant Geologist, Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson; Joseph Shearer, Pima County Mining Property Appraiser, Tucson; Marsha Luke, Bureau of Land Management Office, Phoenix; and the staff personnel of the Map Collection, University of Arizona Library, Tucson; the National Park Service Western Archeological Center, Tucson; the Arizona State Library, Phoenix; the Arizona Room of the Library of Arizona State University, Tempe; the Recorder's Office, Pima County Courthouse, Tucson; the University of Colorado Libraries, Boulder; the Denver Public Library; and the Golden, Colorado, Public Library. Finally, a word of appreciation is due Wilton E. Hoy, presently Park Ranger at Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. Mr. Hoy for many years was Park Ranger at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, in which capacity and on his own I . iii I initiative he accomplished substantive research on this area of scant historical documentation. A dedicated chronicler and scholar, Mr. Hoy very generously allowed me to utilize in my work the fruits of his own endeavor. This munifi- cent gesture not only facilitated my understanding of Organ Pipe's history and contributed immensely to my study, but permitted the project to proceed more economically than it would have otherwise. Mr. Hoy's contribution is sincerely appreciated. I (It is suggested that further use of the material herein cited as being from Mr. Hoy's monographs be approved by him. ) Jerome A. Greene I March 23, 1977 I I I I I I I I iv * I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i i i 1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . ix PART I: HISTORY OF THE LAND AREA OF ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT 1 INTRODUCTION: THE SETTING . 3 CHAPTER I: PREHISTORY AND ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS . 5 I A. The Earliest Residents . S. B. The Amargosans . 5 C. Archeology of the Monument . 6 D. The Hohokam and Piman Peoples . .. 7 E. The Papagos . ... .... .. .... .. .. 7 1. Economy . .. .. .. .. 8 2. Distribution , . ... .. ...... ... 8 3. Political and Social Conditions . 9 F. Papago Relations with Outsiders . ... .. 9 G. The Papagos and the Organ Pipe Country . ... 10 1. Salt Pilgrimages . 10' 2. The Arenefios . 11 CHAPTER II: SPANISH EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES . 13, A. Early Adventurers . 13 B. Entrada of the Missionaries . 13 E C. Father Kino and the Spanish Frontier . 14 1. Exploring the Papagueria . 14 2. Arrival at Sonoita . 15 3. Establishing Mission San Marcelo del Sonoydag ....... 16 4. The Kino Legacy . .. 17 D. Failure of the Missions and the Pima Revolt of 17S1 ....... 18 I E. Expulsion of the Jesuits . 18 F. Deterioration of New Spain's Frontier . 19 I CHAPTER III: MEXICO'S NORTHERN TIER . 21 A. Mexico and the Sonoran Frontier . 21 B. Development of Sonoita . 21 I 1. Indian Troubles . 21 2. Sonoita at Mid-Century . 22 I 3. Sonoita in the 1880s and 1890s . .. 23 1 9 I C. Santo Domingo . 24 1. Descriptions of the Community . 24 2. Cipriano Ortega, Ruler of Santo Domingo . 25 3. Santo Domingo's Last Years . 20 1). Other Settlements . 27 E. Local Roads and f:l Camino del Diablo . 27 CHAPTER IV: THE AMERICAN INCURSION . 31 A. The Land Below the Gila . 31 B. The Gray Survey . 32 C. The Gadsden Purchase . ... .. .. 33 D. Determining the Boundary 33 E. Rise and Fall of the Filibusterers • . ... ... .. 35 F. The Crabb Expedition .. .. .. .. .. 35 1. Organization . .. .. ... 35 2. The March to Sonoita . ... ... ... 36 3. Resting at Dunbar's Store . 36 4. Disaster . .. 37 G. The Vanguard of Settlement . .. ... .. .. 37 H. The Sentinel Campaign . .. .. .. .... 38 CHAPTER V: SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS AND BORDER SQUABBLES . 41 A. The McGee and MacDougal Visits . 41 B. The Lumholtz and Bryan Reconnaissances . 42 C. Immigration Problems . 42 D. Villistas and Carranzistas . 44 1. Villista Refuge in the United States . : . 44 2. U.S. Army Border Experiences . 45 I E. Later Difficulties . 46 CHAPTER VI: MINING AND RANCHING . .. .. .. 49 I A. Detrimental Economies .. .. .. ... ..... 49 B. Mining . ...... .. 49 1. Early Mining in Arizona .. .. ... .. 49 I 2. Development at Ajo . SO 3. Revival of the Ajo Mines . .. .. 51 4. Mining Districts Below Ajo . 52 I 5. The Mines of Santo Domingo . 53 6. Interests of Ortega and Levy . 55 7. Other Mines . 55 C. Ranching . .. ... ....... ... .. .. 56 I 1. Growth of the Cattle Industry . .. .. .. 56 2. Legal and Technological Incentives ..... .. .. 57 3. Ranching the Organ Pipe Country . 58 I 4. The Gray Eminence ..... ... .. ... .. 58 CHAPTER VII: NATIONAL. PARK SERVICE ADMINISTRATION .. .. .. 61 I A. Early Legislation Affecting the Land .. ... .. 61 •1 vi .1 I I B. Beginning of Lukeville . 62 C. Creating Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument . 62 D. An Era of Discord . 63 1. Mollifying the Grays--The Grazing Privilege Controversy .. 63 I 2. Indian Grazing Rights . 65 3. Patrolling the Border . .. .. .. .. 66 4. Action of the Mine Owners . 66 I 5. Congress Acquiesces . 66 6. Mining on the Monument . 68 7. Repeal of the Mining Law . 68 E. I Other Management Problems . 69 PART II: DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES, ORGAN PIPE I CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT . 71 A. Water Sources and Ranches . 73 ' 1. Quitobaquito . 73 2. Dos Lomitas Ranch and Blankenship Well ........ 84 3. Gachado Well and Line Camp . 85 4. Dowling Well and Ranch : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 87 S. Bates Well 88 6. Wall's Well . 92 7. Bull Pasture . 94 8. Other Wells, Springs, and Tanks . • • • . • • • • • • . • 95 • a. Pozo Salado (Salt Well) . 95 b. Aguajita Spring . 96 c. Burro Spring , ; ; , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 96 d. Williams Spring , , , ,, , , , , , , ,, , , , , , 97 e. Hocker Well . 97 f. g. CiprianoCorner Well Well . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 9898 h. Pozo Nuevo . 99 i. j. DrippingBonita Springs Well . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 100100 k. Red Tanks Well . 101 1. Acuna Well . 101 m. Cherioni Well . 101 n. Armenta Well . 102 o. Alamo Canyon . 102 p. Wild Horse Tank : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 103 q. Estes Well 104 r. Cement Tank . 104 s. Palo Verde Camp : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 104 B. Mines and Prospects • 104 1. Victoria Mine . 105 2. Milton Mine . 108 3. Growler Mine and Mining Districts . 111 4. Other Mines, Prospects, and Mining Districts ........ 114 a. Martinez Mine . 114 ' • b. Lost Cabin Mine . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 115 c. Copper Mountain Mine 115 I Vii I d. Quitobaquito Mining District . 116 • e. Miscellaneous Mining Sites . .. .. .. 116 ' C. Historical Roads and Trails . ..
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